Abstract
Because of conflicting claims, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recently reviewed the names of all the trans-fermium elements; MuĆ¼nzenberg (1999) has published a detailed discussion of the problems and the resolution. First, a Transfermium Working Group decided the priority of discoveries. Next, the discoverers proposed names to the IUPAC and names were officially accepted by that body. The names for the elements mendelevium, nobelium, and lawrencium were retained as originally proposed at the time of their discoveries.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baybarz, R. D. (1963) Nucl. Sci. Eng., 17, 463ā7.
Baybarz, R. D. (1965) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 27, 1831ā9.
Baybarz, R. D. (1966) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 28, 1055ā61.
Bemis, C. E. Jr, Silva, R. J., Hensley, D. C., Keller, O. L. Jr, Tarrant, J. R., Hunt, L. D., Dittner, P. F., Hahn, R. L., and Goodman, C. D. (1973) Phys. Rev. Lett., 31, 647ā50.
Bemis, C. E. Jr, Dittner, P. F., Silva, R. J., Haoh, R. L., Tarrant, J. R., Hunt, L. D., and Hensley, D. C. (1977) Phys. Rev. C, 16, 1146ā58.
Brewer, L. (1971) J. Opt. Soc. Am., 61, 1101ā11.
BrĆ¼chle, W., SchƤdel, M., Scherer, U. W., Kratz, J. V., Gregorich, K. E., Lee, D., Nurmia, M., Chasteler, R. M., Hall, H. L., Henderson, R. A., and Hoffman, D. C. (1988) Inorg. Chim. Acta, 146, 267ā76.
Carlson, T. A. and Nestor, C. W. Jr (1977) At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 19, 153ā73.
Choppin, G. R., Harvey, B. G., and Thompson, S. G. (1956) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 2, 66ā8.
Chuburkov, Y. T., Caletka, R., Shalaevskii, M. R., and Zvara, I. (1967) Radiokhimiya, 9, 637ā42.
Chuburkov, Y. T., Belov, V. Z., Caletka, R., Shalaevsky, M. R., and Zvara, I. (1969) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 31, 3113ā18.
David, F., Samhoun, K., Guillaumont, R., and Edelstein, N. (1978) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 40, 69ā74.
David, F., Samhoun, K., Hulet, E. K., Baisden, P. A., Dougan, R., Landrum, J. H., Lougheed, R. W., Wild, J. F., and OāKelley, G. D. (1981) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 43 (11), 2941ā5.
David, F. (1986a) Oxidation Reduction and Thermodynamic Properties of Curium and Heavier Actinide Elements, in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Actinides, vol. 4 (eds. A. J. Freeman and C. Keller), North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 97ā128.
David, F. (1986b) J. Less Common Metals, 121, 27ā35.
David, F., Maslennikov, A. G., and Peretrukhin, V. P. (1990a) J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Articles, 143(2), 415ā26.
David, F., Samhoun, K., Lougheed, R. W., Dougan, R. J., Wild, J. F., Landrum, J. H., Dougan, A. D., and Hulet, E. K. (1990b) Radiochim. Acta, 51, 65ā70.
Das, M. P. (1981) Phys. Rev. A, 23(2), 391ā4.
Desclaux, J. P. and Fricke, B. (1980) J. Phys., 41, 943ā6.
Dittner, P. F., Bemis, C. E. Jr, Hensley, D. C., Silva, R. J., and Goodman, C. C. (1971) Phys. Rev. Lett., 26, 1037ā40.
Druin, V. A. (1971) Sov. J. Nucl. Phys., 12, 146ā7.
Eichler, B., HĆ¼bener, S., GƤggeler, H. W., and Jost, D. T. (1988) Inorg. Chim. Acta, 146, 261ā5.
Eliav, E., Kaldor, U., and Ishikawa, Y. (1995) Phys. Rev. A, 52, 291ā6.
Ermakovl, V. A. and Stary, I. (1967) Radiokhimiya, 9, 197ā201.
Eskola, K., Eskola, P., Nurmia, M., and Ghiorso, A. (1971) Phys. Rev. C, 4, 632ā42.
Fedoseev, E. V., Aizenberg, I., Timokhin, S. N., Travnikov, S. S., Zvara, I., Davydov, A. V., and Myasedov, B. F. (1990) J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Articles, 142(2), 459ā65.
Fields, P. R., Friedman, Am. M., Milstead, J., Atterling, H., Forsling, W., Holm, L. W., and Astrƶm, B. (1957) Phys. Rev., 107, 1460ā2.
Firestone, R. B., Shirley, V. S., Baglin, C. M., Chu, S. Y., and Zipkin, J. (1996) Table of Isotopes, 8th edn, vol. 2, Appendix F, John Wiley, New York, pp. F37ā9; F47.
Fricke, B., Desclaux, J. P., and Waber, J. T. (1972) Phys. Rev. Lett., 28(12), 714ā16.
Ghiorso, A., Thompson, S. G., Higgens, G. H., Seaborg, G. T., Studier, M. H., Fields, P. R., Fried, S. M., Diamond, H., Mech, J. F., Pyle, G. L., Huizengo, J. R., Hirsch, A., Manning, W. M., Browne, C. I., Smith, H. L., and Spencer, R. W. (1955a) Phys. Rev., 99, 1048ā9.
Ghiorso, A., Harvey, B. G., Choppin, G. R., Thompson, S. G., and Seaborg, G. T. (1955b) Phys. Rev., 5, 1518ā19.
Ghiorso, A., Sikkeland, T., Walton, J. R., and Seaborg, G. T. (1958) Phys. Rev. Lett., 1, 18ā20.
Ghiorso, A. (1959) LBNL Report UCRL-8714, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Ghiorso, A., Sikkeland, T., Larsh, A. E., and Latimer, R. M. (1961) Phys. Rev. Lett., 6, 473ā5.
Ghiorso, A. and Sikkeland, T. (1967) Phys. Today, 20(9), 25ā32.
Goodman, L. S., Diamond, H., Stanton, H. E., and Fred, M. S. (1971) Phys. Rev. A, 4, 473ā5.
Gorski, B., Buklanov, G. V., Dok, L. D., Gleisberg, B., Timokhin, S. N., Milek, A., and Salamatin, L. I. (1990) Radiochim. Acta, 51, 59ā63.
Guseva, L. I., Tikhomirova, G. S., Buklanov, G. V., Pkhar, Z. Z., Lebedev, I. A., Katargin, N. V., and Myasoedov, B. F. (1988) Radiokhimiya, 30(1), 21ā5.
Haire, R. G. and Gibson, J. K. (1989) J. Chem. Phys., 91(11), 7085ā96.
Haire, R. G. and Gibson, J. K. (1990) J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Articles, 143, 35ā51.
Hoff, R. W. and Hulet, E. K. (1970) Proc. Am. Nucl. Soc. Symp., in Engineering with Nuclear Explosives, vol. 2, pp. 1283ā94.
Hoffman, D. C., Henderson, R. A., Gregorich, K. E., Bennett, D. A., Chasteler, R. M., Gannett, C. M., Hall, H. L., Lee, D. M., Nurmia, M. J., Cai, S., Agarwal, R., Charlop, A. W., Chu, Y. Y., Seaborg, G. T., and Silva, R. J. (1988) J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Articles, 124, 135ā44.
Hoffman, D. C. (1994) The Heaviest Elements, in Chem. Eng. News, 72(18), 24ā34.
Horwitz, E. P. and Bloomquist, C. A. A. (1969) Chem. Lett., 5, 753ā9.
Horwitz, E. P., Bloomquist, C. A. A., and Henderson, D. J. (1969) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 31, 1149ā66.
Horwitz, E. P. and Bloomquist, C. A. A. (1973) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 35, 271ā84.
HĆ¼bener, S. (1980) Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett., 44(2), 79ā86.
HĆ¼bener, S. and Zvara, I. (1982) diochim. Acta, 31, 89ā94.
Hubert, S., Hussonnois, M., Brillard, L., Goby, G., and Guillaumont, R. (1974) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 36, 2361ā6.
Hulet, E. K., Lougheed, R. W., Brady, J. D., Stone, R. E., and Coops, M. S. (1967) Science, 158, 486ā8.
Hulet, E. K., Lougheed, R. W., Baisden, P. A., Landrum, J. H., Wild, J. F., and Lundqvist, R. F. (1979) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 41, 1743ā7.
Hussonnois, H., Hubert, S., Aubin, L., Guillaumont, R., and Boussieres, G. (1972) Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett., 10, 231ā8.
Johansson, B. and Rosengren, A. (1975) Phys. Rev. B, 11, 1367ā73.
Jost, D. T., GƤggeler, H. W., Vogel, Ch., SchƤdel, M., JƤger, E., Eichler, B., Gregorich, K. E., and Hoffman, D. C. (1988) Inorg. Chim. Acta, 146, 255ā9.
Katz, J. J. and Seaborg, G. T. (1957) Chemistry of the Actinide Elements, Methuen, London, p. 404.
Katz, J. J., Seaborg, G. T., and Morss, L. R. (1986) The Chemistry of the Actinide Elements, Chapman & Hall, London, p. 1165.
Kulyukhin, S. A., Mikheev, N. B., and Rumer, I. A. (1997) Radiochemistry, 39(2), 130ā2.
Leuze, R. E., Baybarz, R. D., and Weaver, B. (1963) Nucl. Sci. Eng., 17, 252ā8.
Lougheed, R. W., Moody, K. J., Dougan, R. J., Wild, J. F., and Hulet, E. K. (1988) LLNL report, Nuclear Chemistry Division FY 1988 Annual Report, Livermore.
Lu, C. C., Carlson, T. A., Malik, F. B., Tucker, T. C., and Nester, C. W. Jr (1971) At. Data, 3, 1ā131.
Lundqvist, R., Hulet, E. K., and Baisden, T. A. (1981) Acta. Chem. Scand., A35, 653ā61.
Macfarlane, R. D. and Griffioen, R. D. (1963) Nucl. Inst. Methods, 24, 461ā4.
Macfarlane, R. D. and McHarris, W. (1974) in Nuclear Spectroscopy and Reactions, vol. A (ed. J. Cerny), Academic Press, New York, p. 24.
Maly, J. (1967) Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 3, 373ā81.
Maly, J. and Cunningham, B. B. (1967) Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 2, 445ā51.
Maly, J., Sikkeland, T., Silva, R. J., and Ghiorso, A. (1968) Science, 160, 1114ā15.
Martin, W.C., Hagan, L., Reader, J., and Sugar, J. (1974) J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, 771ā9.
McDowell, W. J., Keller, O. L. Jr, Dittner, P. F., Tarrant, J. R., and Case, G. N. (1976) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 38, 1207ā10.
McGlashan, M. L. (1970) J. Pure Appl. Chem., 21, 1ā44.
Meyer, R. I., McDowell, W. J., Dittner, P. F., Silva, R. J., and Tarrant, J. R. (1976) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 38, 1171ā3.
Mikheev, N. B., Spitsyn, V. I., Kamenskaya, A. N., Gvozdec, B. A., Druin, V. A., Rumer, I. A., Dyachkova, R. A., Rozenkevitch, N. A., and Auerman, L. N. (1972) Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 8, 929ā36.
Mikheev, N. B., Spitsyn, V. I., Kamenskaya, A. M., Rumer, I. A., Gvozdev, B. A., Rozenkevich, N. A., and Auerman, L. N. (1973) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 208, 1146ā9.
Mikheev, N. B., Spitsyn, V. I., Kamenskaya, A. N., Konovalova, N. A., Rumer, I. A., Auerman, L. N., and Podorozhnyi, A. M. (1977) Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 13, 651ā6.
Mikheev, N. B., Spitsyn, V. I., Kamenskaya, A. N., Mikulski, J., and Petryna, T. (1980) Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett., 43, 85ā92.
Mikheev, N. B., Kamenskaya, A. N., Spitsyn, V. I., Mikulāskil, Ya., Petryna, T., and Konovalova, N. A. (1981a) Radiokhimiya, 23(5), 736ā42.
Mikheev, N. B., Kamenskaya, A. N., Berdonosov, S. S., and Klimov, S. I. (1981b) Radiochimiya, 23(6), 793ā5.
Mikheev, N. B., Spitsyn, V. I., Kamenskaya, A. N., and Berdonosov, S. S. (1982) Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett., 51(4), 257ā64.
Mikheev, N. B., Kamenskaya, A. N., Konovalova, N. A., Rumer, I. A., and Kulyukhin, S. A. (1983) Radiokhimiya, 25(2), 158ā61.
Moeller, T. (1970) J. Chem. Educ., 47, 417ā23.
MĆ¼ller, W. (1967) Actinides Rev., 1, 71ā119.
MĆ¼nzenberg, G. (1999) J. Phys G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 25, 717ā25.
Nugent, L. J., Vander Sluis, K. L., Fricke, B., and Mann, J. B. (1974) Phys. Rev. A, 9(6), 2270ā2.
Nugent, L. J. (1975) in MTP Review of Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 7 (ed. K. W. Bagnall), Butterworths, London, pp. 195ā219.
Phillips, C. S. G. and Williams, R J. P. (1966) in Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 2, Oxford University Press, London, p. 56.
Porter, C. E., Riley, F. D. Jr, Vandergriff, R. D., and Felker, L. K. (1997) Sep. Sci. Technol., 32, 83ā92.
Porter, F. T. and Freedman, M. S. (1971) Phys. Rev. Lett., 27, 293ā7.
Porter, F. T. and Freedman, M. S. (1978) J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7(4), 1267ā84.
Samhoun, K. and David, F. (1976) in Transplutonium Elements, Proc. 4th Int. Transplu-tonium Elements Symp., 1975 (eds. W. MĆ¼ller and R. Lindner), North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 1297ā304.
Samhoun, K., David, F., Hahn, R. L., OāKelley, G. D., Tarrant, J. R., and Hobart, D. E. (1979) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 41, 1749ā54.
Scherer, U. W., Kratz, J. V., SchƤdel, M., BrĆ¼chle, W., Gregorich, K. E., Henderson, R. A., Lee, D., Nurmia, M., and Hoffman, D. C. (1988) Inorg. Chim. Acta, 146, 249ā54.
Seaborg, G. T. (1945) Chem. Eng. News, 23, 2190ā3.
Seaborg, G. T. (1949) in The Transuranium Elements (eds. G. T. Seaborg, J. J. Katz, and W. M. Manning), Natl. Nucl. Energy Ser., Div. IV, 14B, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 1492ā524.
Seaborg, G. T. and Katz, J. J. (1954) in The Transuranium Elements, Natl. Nucl. Energy Ser., Div. IV, 14A, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 733ā68.
Seaborg, G. T. (1963) Man-Made Transuranium Elements, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 26ā30.
Seth, M., Dolg, M., Fulde, P., and Schwerdtfeger, P. (1994) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117, 6597ā8.
Silva, R. J., Sikkeland, T., Nurmia, M., and Ghiorso, A. (1969) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 31, 3405ā9.
Silva, R. J., Sikkeland, T., Nurmia, M., and Ghiorso, A. (1970) Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 6, 733ā9.
Silva, R. J., Dittner, P. F., Keller, O. L. Jr, Eskola, K., Eskola, P., Nurmia, M., and Ghiorso, A. (1973) Nucl. Phys. A, 216, 97ā108.
Silva, R. J., McDowell, W. J., Keller, O. L. Jr, and Tarrant, J. R. (1974) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 13, 2233ā7.
Spitsyn, V. I., Mikheev, N. B., Kamenskaya, A. N., Berdonosov, S. S., and Mikulāskii, Ya. (1982) Radiokhimiya, 24(5), 615ā17.
Stary, I. (1966) Talanta, 13, 421ā37.
Taut, S., HĆ¼bener, S., Eichler, B., GƤggeler, M., SchƤdel, M., and Zvara, I. (1997) Radiochim. Acta, 78, 33ā8.
Templeton, D. H. and Dauben, C. H. (1954) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 5237ā9.
Thompson, S. G., Harvey, B. G., Choppin, G. R., and Seaborg, G. T. (1954) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 6229ā36.
Usuda, S.,Shinohara, N., Yoshikawa, S., and Suzuki, T. (1987) J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Articles, 116(1), 125ā32.
VobeckĆ½, M., Buklanov, G. V., Maslov, O. D., Salamatin, L. I., Schumann, D., Sen, W. G., and Yakushev, A. B. (1991) J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 154(1), 73ā8.
Wijesundera, W. P., Vosko, S. H., and Parpia, F. A. (1995) Phys. Rev. A, 51, 278ā82.
Zvara, I., Belov, V. Z., Domanov, V. P., Zhuikov, B. L., Huebener, S., and Shalaevskii, M. R. (1976) Joint Inst. Nucl. Res. Report JINR P6-10334, Dubna, Russia.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Ā© 2010 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Silva, R.J. (2010). Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium. In: Morss, L.R., Edelstein, N.M., Fuger, J. (eds) The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0211-0_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0211-0_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-0210-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0211-0
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)