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Sources and Occurrence of Cyanotoxins Worldwide

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Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle

Part of the book series: Environmental Pollution ((EPOL,volume 16))

Abstract

The eutrophication of water resources, mainly attributed to antrophogenic activities such as sewage and agricultural runoffs, has led to a worldwide increase in the formation of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (Cyano-HABs). Cyano-HABs have the ability to produce and release toxic compounds, commonly known as cyanotoxins, which comprise a potent threat for human and animal health as well as negative economical impacts. This chapter presents an overview on the sources and occurrence of species of cyanobacteria and their association with the production of cyanotoxins throughout the world. The main bloom-forming cyanobacteria that have been detected include Microcystis, Cylindrospermopsis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, and Planktothrix. The main cyanotoxins related to these cyanobacteria are microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a and saxitoxins.

All authors have contributed equally to this chapter.

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Acknowledgements

D. D. Dionysiou, K. E. O’Shea, C. Williams and J. Westrick acknowledge funding from a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Grant (RD-83322301) for their work on cyanotoxins. M. G. Antoniou is grateful to the Rindsberg Memorial Fund of UC and the University Research Council of UC for a Summer Research Fellowship. J. Westrick thanks Annis Water Research Institute, Muskegon, MI for accommodating her research needs during her 2008-2009 sabbatical.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0071, USA

    Miguel Pelaez, Maria G. Antoniou, Xuexiang He & Dionysios D. Dionysiou

  2. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA

    Armah A. de la Cruz

  3. Laboratory of Catalytic - Photocatalytic Processes (Solar Energy – Environment), National Center of Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 153 10Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece

    Katerina Tsimeli, Theodoros Triantis & Anastasia Hiskia

  4. Organic Micropollutants Laboratory, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company (EYDAP SA), Oropou 116, 111 46 Galatsi, Athens, Greece

    Triantafyllos Kaloudis

  5. GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, Palatka, FL, USA

    Christopher Williams, Mark Aubel, Andrew Chapman & Amanda Foss

  6. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33183, USA

    Urooj Khan & Kevin E. O’Shea

  7. Department of Chemistry, Lake Superior State University, Marie, MI, 49783, USA

    Judy Westrick

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  1. Miguel Pelaez
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  4. Dionysios D. Dionysiou
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dionysios D. Dionysiou .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Kallipoleos 75, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus

    Despo Fatta-Kassinos

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 57, Aalborg, 9000, Denmark

    Kai Bester

  3. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Bresisacher Straße 115b, Freiburg, D 79106, Germany

    Klaus Kümmerer

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Pelaez, M. et al. (2010). Sources and Occurrence of Cyanotoxins Worldwide. In: Fatta-Kassinos, D., Bester, K., Kümmerer, K. (eds) Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle. Environmental Pollution, vol 16. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3509-7_6

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