Abstract
A geochemical investigation in the study area should be primarily focused on characterizing the complex chemical inventory of the groundwater, surface water, soil, rock, stream and lacustrine sediments, and soil gas. Geochemical site characterization includes a determination of geogenic background values and anthropogenic input. This distinction is possible only if the size of the area and the number of sampling points is adequate for a statistical evaluation. A geochemical investigation usually takes place following the geological, hydrogeological and geophysical surveys, the results of which are used for a focused and representative sampling strategy. The approach and the scope of a geochemical site investigation depend on the following:
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the objective and phase of the investigation,
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the contamination potential,
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the compartment under consideration (e.g., the groundwater, soil, or air), and
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the natural environmental conditions.
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DIN 1319-4 Fundamentals of metrology — Part 4: Evaluation of measurements; uncertainty of measurement. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 4019-1, Sbsoil; Settlement Calculations for Perpendicular Central Loading. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 4021 Soil; exploration by excavation and borings; sampling. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 4022-1 Subsoil and groundwater; classification and description of soil and rock; borehole logging of soil and rock not involving continuous core sample recovery. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 4022-2 Subsoil and groundwater; Designation and description of soil types and rock; Stratigraphic representation for borings in rock. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 4022-3 Subsoil and groundwater; Designation and description of soil types and rock; Borehole log for boring in soil (loose rock) by continuous extraction of cores. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 4023 Borehole logging; graphical representation of the results. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 4030-1 Assessment of water, soil and gases for their aggressiveness to concrete; principles and limiting values. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 4030-2 Assessment of water, soil and gases for their aggressiveness to concrete; collection and examination of water and soil samples. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 4049-1 Hydrology; basic terms. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 4049-2 Hydrology; terms relating to quality of waters. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 4049-3 Hydrology — Part 3: Terms for the quantitative hydrology. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 4084 Subsoil; Calculations of terrain rupture and slope rupture. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 4124 Excavations and trenches — Slopes, planking and strutting, breadths of working spaces. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 18123 Soil, investigation and testing — Determination of grain-size distribution. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 18129 Soil, investigation and testing — Determination of lime content. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 19682-2 Methods of soil investigations for agricultural water engineering — Field tests — Part 2: Determination of soil texture. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 19684-3 Methods of soil investigations for agricultural water engineering — Chemical laboratory tests — Part 3: Determination of the loss on ignition and the residue of soil after ignition. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 19711 Graphical and letter symbols for hydrogeology. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 19730 Soil quality — Extraction of trace elements with ammonium nitrate solution. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 19731 Soil quality — Utilization of soil material. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 19734 Soil quality — Determination of chromium(VI) in phosphate extract. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 19738 Soil quality — Absorption availability of organic and inorganic pollutants from contaminated soil material. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 32645 Chemical analysis; decision limit; detection limit and determination limit; estimation in case of repeatability; terms, methods, evaluation. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38402-12 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; general information (group A); sampling from barrages and lakes (A 12). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38402-13 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; general information (group A); sampling from aquifers (A 13). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38402-15 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; general information (group A); sampling of flowing waters (A 15). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38404-5 German standard methods for examination of water, waste water and sludge; physical and physico-chemical characteristics (group C); determination of pH value (C5). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38405-1 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; anions (group D); determination of chloride ions (D 1). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38405-4 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; anions (group D); determination of fluoride (D 4). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38405-5 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; anions (group D); determination of sulfate ions (D 5). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38405-9 German standard methods for examination of water, waste water and sludge; anions (group D), determination of nitrate ion (D9). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38405-13 German Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water, Waste Water and Sludge; Anions (Group D); Determination of Cyanides (D 13). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38405-14 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; anions (group D); determination of cyanides in drinking water, and in groundwater and surface water with low pollution levels (D 14).
DIN 38405-23 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge — Anions (Group D) — Part 23: Determination of selenium by atomic absorption spectrometry (D 23). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38405-24 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; anions (group D); photometric determination of chromium(VI) using 1,5-diphenylcarbonohydrazide (D 24). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38405-26 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; anions (group D); determination of dissolved sulfide by spectrometry (D 26). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38405-32 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge — Anions (group D) — Part 32: Determination of antimony by atomic absorption spectrometry (D 32). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38406-5 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; cations (group E); determination of ammonia-nitrogen (E 5). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38406-6 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge — Cations (group E) — Part 6: Determination of lead by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (E 6). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38406-7 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; cations (group E); determination of copper by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (E 7). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38406-E7 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; cations (group E); determination of copper by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (E 7). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38406-8 German standard methods for examination of water, waste water and sludge — Cations (group E) — Part 8: Determination of zinc — Method by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) using an air-ethine flame (E 8). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38406-11 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; cations (group E); determination of nickel by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (E 11). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38406-13 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; cations (group E); determination of potassium by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) using an air-acetylene flame (E 13). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38406-14 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; cations (group E); determination of sodium by atomic absorption spectrometry (ASS) using an air-acetylene flame (E 14). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38406-24 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; cations (group E); determination of cobalt by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (E 24). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38406-26 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge — Cations (group E) — Part 26: Determination of thallium by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) using electrothermal atomisation (E 26). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38406-28 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge — Cations (group E) — Part 28: Determination of dissolved barium by atomic absorption spectrometry (E 28). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38406-32 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge — Cations (group E) — Part 32: Determination of iron by atomic absorption spectrometry (E 32). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38406-33 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge — Cations (group E) — Part 33: Determination of manganese by atomic absorption spectrometry (E 33). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38407-2 German standard methods for the determination of water, waste water and sludge; jointly determinable substances (group F); determination of low volatile halogenated hydrocarbons by gas chromatography (F 2). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38407-3 German standard methods for the determination of water, waste water and sludge — Jointly determinable substances (group F) — Part 3: Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (F 3). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38407-8 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge — Jointly determinable substances (group F) — Part 8: Determination of 6 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in water by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (F 8). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38407-9 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; substance group analysis (group F); determination of benzene and some of its derivatives by gas chromatography (F 9). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38407-14 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water, and sludge — Jointly determinable substances (group F) — Part 14: Determination of phenoxyalkyl carbonic acids by gas chromatography and mass-spectrometric detection after solid-liquid-extraction and derivatization (F 14). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38409-1 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; parameters characterizing effects and substances (group H); determination of total dry residue, filtrate dry residue and residue on ignition (H 1). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38409-8 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; summary indices of actions and substances (group H); determination of extractable organically bonded halogens (EOX) (H 8). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38409-16 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; general measures of effects and substances (group H); determination of the phenol index (H 16). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38409-41 German Standard Methods for Examination of Water, Waste Water and Sludge; Summary Action and Material Characteristic Parameters (Group H); Determination of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in the Range over 15 mg/1 (H41). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38413-2 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; individual constituents (group P); determination of vinyl chloride by headspace gas chromatography (P 2). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38414-4 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; sludge and sediments (group S); determination of leachability by water (S 4). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38414-17 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; sludge and sediments (group S); determination of strippable and extractable organically bound halogens (S 17). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38414-18 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; sludge and sediments (group S); determination of adsorbed organically bound halogens (AOX) (S 18). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38414-20 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge — Sludge and sediments (group S) — Part 20: Determination of 6 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) (S 20). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38414-22 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge — Sludge and sediments (group S) — Part 22: Determination of dry residue by freezing and preparation of the freeze dried mass of sludge (S 22). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38414-23 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge — Sludge and sediments (group S) — Part 23: Determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescence detection (S 23). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 38414-24 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge — Sludge and sediments (group S) — Part 24: Determination of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuranes (PCDF) (S 24). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 51084 Testing of oxidic raw materials for ceramic, glass and glazes; determination of fluoride content. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN 51527-1 Testing of petroleum products; determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); preseparation by liquid chromatography and determination of six selected PCB compounds by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector
DIN EN 932-1 Test for general properties of aggregates — Part 1: Methods for sampling; German version EN 932-1:1996. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN 1233 Water quality — Determination of chromium — Atomic absorption spectrometric methods. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN 1483 Water quality — Determination of mercury. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN 1484 (H14) Water analysis — Guidelines for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN 12338 Water quality — Determination of mercury — Methods after enrichment by amalgamation. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN 12673 Water quality — Gas Chromatographic determination of some selected chlorophenols in water. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN 25663 Water quality; determination of Kjeldahl nitrogen; method after mineralization with selenium. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN 25667-2 Water quality; sampling; part 2: guidance on sampling techniques. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN 25813 Water quality; determination of dissolved oxygen; iodometric method. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN 25814 Water quality; determination of dissolved oxygen by the electrochemical probe method. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN 26777 Water quality; determination of nitrite; molecular absorption spectrometric method. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN 27888 Water quality; determination of electrical conductivity. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 5667-3 Water quality — Sampling — Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of water samples (ISO 5667-3); German version EN ISO 5667-3. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 5961 Water quality — Determination of cadmium by atomic absorption spectrometry. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 6468 Water quality — Determination of certain organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorobenzenes — Gas-chromatographic method after liquid-liquid extraction. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 7027 Water quality — Determination of turbidity. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 7887 Water quality — Examination and determination of colour. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 7980 Water quality — Determination of calcium and magnesium — Atomic absorption spectrometric method. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 9377-2 Water quality — Determination of hydrocarbon oil index — Part 2: Method using solvent extraction and gas chromatography. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 10301 Water quality — Determination of highly volatile halogenated hydrocarbons — Gas-chromatographic methods. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 10304-1 Water quality — Determination of dissolved fluoride, chloride, nitrite, orthophosphate, bromide, nitrate and sulfate ions, using liquid chromatography of ions — Part 1: Method for water with low contamination. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 10304-3 Water quality — Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions — Part 3: Determination of chromate, iodide, sulfite, thiocyanate and thiosulfate. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 11732 Water quality — Determination of ammonium nitrogen — Method by flow analysis (CFA and FIA) and spectrometric detection. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 11885 Water quality — Determination of 33 elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 11969 Water quality — Determination of arsenic — Atomic absorption spectrometric method (hydride technique). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 10695 Water quality — Determination of selected organic nitrogen and phosphorus compounds — Gas Chromatographic methods. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 13395 Water quality — Determination of nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen and the sum of both by flow analysis (CFA and FIA) and spectrometric detection. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 14403 Water quality — Determination of total cyanide and free cyanide by continuous flow analysis. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 15913 Water quality — Determination of selected phenoxyalkanoic herbicides, including bentazones and hydroxybenzonitriles by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction and derivatization. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN EN ISO 17294-2 Water quality — Application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) — Part 2: Determination of 62 elements (ISO 17294-2:2003); German version EN ISO 17294-2:2004. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 9964-3 Water quality — Determination of sodium and potassium — Part 3: Determination of sodium and potassium by flame emission spectrometry. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 10381-1 Soil quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 10381-2 Soil quality — Sampling — Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 10381-3 Soil quality — Sampling — Part 3: Guidance on safety. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 10381-4 Soil quality — Sampling — Part 4: Guidance on the procedure for investigation of natural, near-natural and cultivated sites. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 10381-5 Soil quality — Sampling — Part 5: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and industrial sites with regard to soil contamination. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 10382 Soil quality — Determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls — Gas-chromatographic method with electron capture detection. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 10694 Soil quality — Determination of organic and total carbon after dry combustion (elementary analysis). Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 11047 Soil quality — Determination of cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc in aqua regia extracts of soil — Flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric methods. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 11074-1 Soil quality — Vocabulary — Part 1: Terms and definitions relating to the protection and pollution of the soil. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 11261 Soil quality — Determination of total nitrogen — Modified Kjeldahl method. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 11262 Soil quality — Determination of cyanide. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 11264 Soil quality — Determination of herbicides using high performance liquid chromatography with UV-detection. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 11265 Soil quality — Determination of the specific electrical conductivity. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 11272 Soil quality — Determination of dry bulk density. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 11277 Soil quality — Determination of particle size distribution in mineral soil material — Method by sieving and sedimentation. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 11464 Soil quality — Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysis. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 11465 Soil quality — Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis — Gravimetric method. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 11466 Soil quality — Extraction of trace elements soluble in aqua regia. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 13877 Soil quality — Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons — Method using high-performance liquid Chromatographic. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 14154 Soil quality — Determination of some selected chlorophenols in soils — Gaschromatographic method. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN ISO 14507 Soil quality — Pretreatment of samples for determination of organic contaminants. Beuth, Berlin.
DIN V 4019-100 Soil — Analysis of settlement — Part 100: Analysis in accordance with partial safety factor concept. Pre-standard. Beuth, Berlin.
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ISO 5667-1 Water quality; Sampling; Part 1: guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 5667-3 Water quality; Sampling; Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of water samples. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 5667-4 Water quality; Sampling; Part 4: guidance on sampling from lakes, natural and man-made. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 5667-6 Water quality; sampling; Part 6: guidance on sampling of rivers and streams. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 5667-11 Water quality; sampling; Part 11: guidance on sampling of groundwaters. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 5667-18 Water quality — Sampling — Part 18: guidance on sampling of groundwater at contaminated sites. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 6878 Water quality — Determination of phosphorus — Ammonium molybdate spectrometric method. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 8165-2 Water quality — Determination of selected monovalent phenols — Part 2: Method by derivatization and gas chromatography. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 8245 Water quality — Guidelines for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 9377-2 Water quality — Determination of hydrocarbon oil index — Part 2: Method using solvent extraction and gas chromatography. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 9562 Water quality — Determination of adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX). International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 10390 Soil quality — Determination of pH. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 10694 Soil quality — Determination of organic and total carbon after dry combustion (elementary analysis). International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 10695 Water quality — Determination of selected organic nitrogen and phosphorus compounds — Gas Chromatographic methods. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 11074-2 Soil quality — Vocabulary — Part 2: Terms and definitions relating to sampling. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 11262 Soil quality — Determination of cyanide. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 11272 Soil quality — Determination of dry bulk density. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 11277 Soil quality — Determination of particle size distribution in mineral soil material — Method by sieving and sedimentation. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 11369 Water quality — Determination of selected plant treatment agents — Method using high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection after solid-liquid extraction. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 14869-1 Soil quality — Dissolution for the determination of total element content — Part 1: Dissolution with hydrofluoric and perchloric acids. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 14869-2 Soil quality — Dissolution for the determination of total element content — Part 2: Dissolution by alkaline fusion. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 15009 Soil quality — Gas Chromatographic determination of the content of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalene and volatile halogenated hydrocarbons — Purge-and-trap method with thermal desorption. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 15913 Water quality — Determination of selected phenoxyalkanoic herbicides, including bentazones and hydroxybenzonitriles by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction and derivatization. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 16703 Soil quality — Determination of content of hydrocarbon in the range Clo to C40 by gas chromatography. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 17294-2 Water quality — Application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) — Part 2: Determination of 62 elements. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO 17993 Water quality — Determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in water by HPLC with fluorescence detection after liquid-liquid extraction. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO CD 16772 Soil quality — Determination of mercury in aqua regia soil extracts with cold-vapour atomic spectrometry or cold-vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO/DIS 5667-1 Water quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO/DIS 9377-4 Water quality — Determination of hydrocarbon oil index — Part 4: Method using solvent extraction and gas chromatography. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
ISO/ TR 11046 Soil quality — Determination of mineral oil content — Methods by infrared spectrometry and gas Chromatographic method. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
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Altfelder, S. et al. (2007). Methods for Characterizing the Geochemical and Microbiological Conditions. In: Environmental Geology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74671-3_17
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