Abstract
The main objective was to evaluate a Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (SLO) based particle tracking method as a means of quantitative assessment of retinal blood velocity and vessel diameter changes in response to hypoxia and hyperoxia. Retinal blood velocities were measured by tracking fluorescent microspheres (1.0 μm diameter) in anesthetized adult pigmented rats. Velocities were calculated based on microsphere position changes and the recording frame rate. Hypoxia was induced by inspiring a mixture of nitrogen and air and hyperoxia was induced by inspiring 100% oxygen. Average blood velocities during hypoxia obtained for arteries, veins, and small vessels (diameter < 40 μm) were 39.9 ± 9.9, 34.9 ± 2.7, and 8.8 ± 1.8 mm/sec, respectively, whereas during hyperoxia, the average blood velocities obtained were 23.7 ± 6.2, 28.2 ± 2.7, and 7.6 ± 0.7 mm/sec. Hypoxia was found to increase the diameters of arteries by 25%but did not change the diameters of veins; whereas, hyperoxia was found to decrease their diameters by 25% and 18%. Changes detected in vessel diameter and blood velocity suggest that the level of oxygen tension alters retinal hemodynamics. Dynamics of retinal hemodynamics in response to hypoxia and hyperoxia can be assessed using the SLO imaging method.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
A. Bill, In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 2, The Cardiovascular System, Circulation of the eye, edited by C.C.M.E. Renkin and S.R. Geiger (Am. Physiol. Soc., Bethesda, MD, 1975), pp. 1001–1033.
J.E. Grunwald, C.E. Riva, S.H. Sinclair, A.J. Brucker, B.L. Petrig, Laser Doppler velocimetry study of retinal circulation in diabetes mellitus, Arch Ophthalmol,104, 991–996 (1986).
V. Patel, S. Rassam, R. Newsom, J. Wiek, E. Kohner, Retinal blood flow in diabetic retinopathy, BMJ, 305, 678–683 (1992).
V. Patel, S.M. Rassam, H.C. Chen, E.M. Kohner, Oxygen reactivity in diabetes mellitus: effect of hypertension and hyperglycaemia, Clin Sci (Lond), 86, 689–695 (1994).
F. Fillacier, G.A. Peyman, Q. Luo, B. Khoobehi, Study of lymphocyte dynamics in the ocular circulation: technique of labeling cells, Curr Eye Res, 14, 579–584 (1995).
J. Ben-nun, Comparative flow velocity of erythrocytes and leukocytes in feline retinal capillaries, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 37, 1854–1859 (1996).
R.D. Braun, M.W. Dewhirst, D.L. Hatchell, Quantification of erythrocyte flow in the choroid of the albino rat, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 272, 1444–1453 (1997).
B. Khoobehi, G.A. Peyman, Fluorescent labeling of blood cells for evaluation of retinal and choroidal circulation, Ophthalmic Surg Lasers, 30, 140–145 (1999).
S.D. Wajer, M. Taomoto, D.S. McLeod, R.L. McCally, H. Nishiwaki, M.E. Fabry, R.L. Nagel, G.A. Lutty, Velocity measurements of normal and sickle red blood cells in the rat retinal and choroidal vasculatures, Microvasc Res, 60, 281–293 (2000).
B. Khoobehi, B. Shoelson, Y.Z. Zhang, G.A. Peyman, Fluorescent microsphere imaging: a particle-tracking approach to the hemodynamic assessment of the retina and choroids, Ophthalmic Surg Lasers, 28, 937–947 (1997).
E.C. Butcher, I.L. Weissman, Direct fluorescent labeling of cells with fluorescein or rhodamine isothiocyanate. I. Technical aspects, J Immunol Methods, 37, 97–108 (1980).
T.H. Williamson, G.M. Baxter, Central retinal vein occlusion, an investigation by color Doppler imaging. Blood velocity characteristics and prediction of iris neovascularization, Ophthalmology, 101, 1362–1372 (1994).
T. Nagaoka, T. Sakamoto, F. Mori, E. Sato, A. Yoshida, The effect of nitric oxide on retinal blood flow during hypoxia in cats, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 43, 3037–3044 (2002).
H.F. Duijm, A.H. Rulo, M. Astin, O. Maepea, T.J. van den Berg, E.L. Greve, Study of choroidal blood flow by comparison of SLO fluorescein angiography and microspheres, Exp Eye Res, 63, 693–704 (1996).
N. Masaoka, K. Nakaya, Y. Koura, M. Ohsaki, Hemodynamic changes in two patients with retinal circulatory disturbances shown by fluorescein angiography using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope, Retina, 21, 155–160 (2001).
G. Eperon, M. Johhson, N.J. David, The effect of arterial PO2 on relative retinal blood flow in monkeys, Invest Ophtahlmol, 14, 342–352 (1975).
J. Ahmed, M.K. Pulfer, R.A. Linsenmeier, Measurement of blood flow through the retinal circulation of the cat during normoxia and hypoxemia using fluorescent microspheres, Microvasc res, 62, 143–153 (2001).
A. Deussen, M. Sonntag, R.Vogel, L-arginine-derived nitric oxide: A major determinant of uveal blood flow, Exp Eye Res, 57, 129–134 (1993).
N. Toda, Y. Kitamura, T. Okamura, Role of nitroxidergic nerve in dog retinal arterioles in vivo and arteries in vitro, Am J Physiol, 266, H1985–H1992 (1994).
S. Harino, K. Nishimura, K. Kitanishi, M. Suzuki, P. Reinach, Role of nitric oxide in mediating retinal blood flow regulation in cats, J Ocur Pharmacol Ther, 5, 295–303 (1999).
J.E. Grunwald, C.E. Riva, B.L. Petrig, S.H. Sinclair, A.J. Brucker, Effect of pure O2-breathing on retinal blood flow in normals and in patients with background diabetic retinopathy, Curr Eye Res, 3, 239–241 (1984).
B. Kiss, E. Polska, G. Dorner, K. Polak, O. Findl, G.F. Mayrl, H.G. Eichler, M. Wolzt, L. Schmetterer, Retinal blood flow during hyperoxia in humans revisited: concerted results using different measurement techniques, Microvasc Res, 64, 75–85 (2002).
C.E. Riva, J.E. Grunwald, S.H. Sinclair, Laser Doppler Velocimetry study of the effect of pure oxygen breathing on retinal blood flow, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 34, 47–51 (1983).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lorentz, K., Zayas-Santiago, A., Tummala, S., Derwent, J.J.K. (2008). Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope-particle Tracking Method to Assess Blood Velocity During Hypoxia and Hyperoxia. In: Kang, K.A., Harrison, D.K., Bruley, D.F. (eds) Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXIX. Advances In Experimental Medicine And Biology, vol 614. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74911-2_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74911-2_29
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-74910-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-74911-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)