Skip to main content

Insights Gained from Succession for the Restoration of Landscape Structure and Function

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: SPRINGER SERIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ((SSEM))

Abstract

Restoration starts with the desire to improve degraded and destroyed landscapes or ecosystems. Land can be returned to utility through enhancing fertility, by reversing the long-term effects of agriculture, mining, or logging or by ameliorating toxicity. Plant communities also can be modified to resemble their former condition in an effort to provide conservation benefits (van Andel and Aronson 2006). In this chapter, we focus on insights from succession that enhance the rate and quality of restoration. Restoration outcomes are affected by aboveground and belowground processes, but are usually assessed as impacts on aboveground structure and function.We emphasize those processes that can be readily manipulated through a model that features “bottlenecks” to effective restoration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen, M. F., Allen, E. B., and Gomez-Pompa, A. 2005. Effects of mycorrhizae and nontarget organisms on restoration of a seasonal tropical forest in Quintana Roo, Mexico: Factors limiting tree establishment. Restoration Ecology 13:325–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, M. 2005. Vegbank, on-line vegetation data bank. URL: http://vegbank.org/ vegbank/index.jsp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bach, C. E. 2001. Long-term effects of insect herbivory and sand accretion on plant succession on sand dunes. Ecology 82:1401–1416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baer, S. G., Blair, J. M., Collins, S. L., and Knapp, A. K. 2004. Plant community responses to resources availability and heterogeneity during restoration. Oecologia 139:617–629.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, W. L., and Walford, G. M. 1995. Multiple stable states and models of riparian vegetation succession on the Animas River, Colorado. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 85:320–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, E. S., and Olff, H. 2003. Impact of different-sized herbivores on recruitment opportunities for subordinate herbs in grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science 14:465–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, E. S., Olff, H., Vandenberghe, C., De Mayer, K., Smit, R., and Gleichman, J. M. 2004. Ecological anachronisms in the recruitment of temperate light-demanding tree species in wooded pastures. Journal of Applied Ecology 41:571–582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, J. D., and Wilson, S. D. 2004. Using ecological restoration to constrain biological invasion. Journal of Applied Ecology 41:1058–1064.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, J. P. 1998. The impact of grazing on plant communities. In: Grazing and Conservation Management. M. F. Wallis DeVries, J. P. Bakker, and S. E. Van Vieren (eds.). Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 137–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, J. P. 2005. Vegetation conservation, management and restoration. In: Vegetation Ecology. E. van der Maarel (ed.). Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 309–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, J. P., and Berendse, F. 1999. Constraints in the restoration of ecological diversity in grassland and heathland communities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14:63–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, J. P., and Londo, G. 1998. Grazing for conservation management in historical perspective. In: Grazing and Conservation Management. M. F. Wallis DeVries, J. P. Bakker, and S. E. Van Vieren (eds.). Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 23–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, J. P., and van Wieren, S. E. (eds.). 1998. Grazing and Conservation Management. Dordrect: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, J. P., Elzinga, J., and De Vries, Y. 2002. Effects of long-term cutting in a grassland system: Perspectives for restoration of plant communities on nutrient-poor soils. Applied Vegetation Science 5:107–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barchuk, A. H., Valiente-Banuet, A., and Díaz, M. P. 2005. Effect of shrubs and seasonal variability of rainfall on the establishment of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco in two edaphically contrasting environments. Austral Ecology 30:695–705.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bastin, L., and Thomas, C. D. 1999. The distribution of plant species in urban vegetation fragments. Landscape Ecology 14:493–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, G. 2005. The co-distribution of species in relation to the neutral theory of community ecology. Ecology 86:1757–1770.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J. A. 1992. Effects of grazing, competition, disturbance and fire on species composition and diversity in grassland communities. Journal of Vegetation Science 3:187–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyers, J. L. 2004. Postfire seedling for erosion control: Effectiveness and impacts on native plant communities. Conservation Biology 18:947–956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bignal, E. M., and McCracken, D. I. 1996. Low-intensity farming systems in the conservation of the countryside. Journal of Applied Ecology 33:413–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, J. G. 2002. Early primary succession on Mount St. Helens: The impact of insect herbivores on colonizing lupines. Ecology 83:191–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, J. G., Fagan, W. F., Schade, J. D., and Crisafulli, C. M. 2005. Causes and consequences of herbivory on prairie lupine (Lupinus lepidus) in early primary succession. In: Ecological Responses to the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens. V. H. Dale, F. J. Swanson, and C. M. Crisafulli (eds.). New York: Springer, pp. 151–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobbink, R., Hornung, M, and Roelfos, J. G. M. 1998. The effects of air-borne nitrogen pollutants on species diversity in natural and semi-natural vegetation: A review. Journal of Ecology 86:717–738.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, M. L. 2003. Effects of increased soil nitrogen on the dominance of alien annual plants in the Mojave Desert. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:344–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callaway, R. M., Kidodze, D., Chiboshvili, M. and Khetsuriani, L. 2005. Unpalatable plants protect neighbors from grazing and increase plant community diversity. Ecology 86:1856–1862.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro, J., Zamora, R., and Hodar, J. A. 2002. Mechanisms blocking Pinus sylvestris colonization of Mediterranean mountain meadows. Journal of Vegetation Science 13:725–731.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson B. R., Walker, L. R., Clarkson, B. D., and Silvester, W. B. 2002. Effect of Coriaria arborea on seed banks during primary succession on Mt. Tarawera, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 40:629–638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, V. A., and Hobbs, R. J. 2002. Ecological consequences of altered hydrological regimes in fragmented ecosystems in southern Australia: Impacts and possible management response. Austral Ecology 27:546–564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dana, E. D., Vivas, S., and Mota, J. F. 2002. Urban vegetation of Almeria City—A contribution to urban ecology in Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning 59:203–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, D. W. 1993. The effects of herbivory and granivory on terrestrial plant succession. Oikos 68:23–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Blois, S., Brisson, J., and Bouchard, A. 2004. Herbaceous covers to control tree invasion in rights-of-way: Ecological concepts and applications. Environmental Management 33:506–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Deyn, G. B., Raaijmakers, C. E., Zoomer, H. R., Berg, M. P., de Ruiter, P. C., Verhoef, H. A., Bezerer, T. M., and van der Putten, W. H. 2003. Soil invertebrate fauna enhances grassland succession and diversity. Nature 422:711–713.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • del Moral, R. 1983. Initial recovery of subalpine vegetation on Mount St. Helens, Washington. American Midland Naturalist 109:72–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • del Moral, R., and Ellis, E. E. 2004. Gradients in heterogeneity and structure on lahars, Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA. Plant Ecology 175:273–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • del Moral, R., and Lacher, I. L. 2005. Vegetation patterns 25 years after the eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington. American Journal of Botany 92:1948–1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • del Moral, R., and Rozzell, L. R. 2005. Long-term effects of Lupinus lepidus on vegetation dynamics at Mount St. Helens. Plant Ecology 182:203–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • del Moral, R., and Wood, D. M. 1993. Understanding dynamics of early succession on Mount St. Helens. Journal of Vegetation Science 4:223–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Souza, F. M., and Batista, J. L. F. 2004. Restoration of seasonal semi-deciduous forests in Brazil: Influence of age and restoration design on forest structure. Forest Ecology and Management 191:185–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Díaz, S, Cabido, M., Zak, M., Martinéz Carretero, E., and Araníbar, J. 1999. Plant functional traits, ecosystem structure and land-use history along a climatic gradient in central-western Argentina. Journal of Vegetation Science 10:651–660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Díaz, S., Hodgson, J., Thompson, G. K., Cabido, M, Comelissen, J. H. C., Jalili, A., Montserrat-Marti, G. Grime, J. P., Zarrinkamer, F., Asri, Y., Band, S. R., Basconcelo, S., Castro-Diez, P., Funes, P., Hamzehee, B., Khoshnevi, M., Harguindeguy, N., Perez-Rontome, M. C., Shirvany, F. A., Vendramini, F., Yazdani, S., Abbas-Azimi, R., Bogaard, A., Boustani, S., Charles, M., Dehghan, M., de Torres-Espuny, L., Falczuk, V., Guerrero-Campo, J., Hynd, A., Jones, G., Kowsary, E., Kazemi-Saeed, F., Maestro-Martinez, M., Romo-Diez, A., Shaw, S., Siavash, B., Villar-Salvador, P., and Zak, M. R. 2004. The plant traits that drive ecosystems: Evidence from three continents. Journal of Vegetation Science 15:295–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dostal, P. 2005. Effect of three mound-building ant species on the formation of soil seed banks in mountain grassland. Flora 200:148–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egler, F. E. 1954. Vegetation science concepts: I. Initial floristic composition, a factor in old-field vegetation development. Vegetatio 4:412–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fargione, J. E., and Tilman, D. 2005. Diversity decreases invasion via both sampling and complementarity effects. Ecology Letters 8:604–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fattorini, M., and Halle, S. 2004. The dynamic environmental filter model: How do filtering effects change in assembling communities after disturbance? In: Assembly Rules and Restoration Ecology. V. M. Temperton, R. J. Hobbs, T. J. Nuttle, and S. Halle (eds.). Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. 96–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldpausch, T. R., Rondon, M. A., Femandes, E. C. M., Riha, S. J., and Wandelli, E. 2004. Carbon and nutrient accumulation in secondary forests regenerating on pastures in central Amazonia. Ecological Applications 14:S164–S176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fike, J., and Niering, W. A. 1999. Four decades of old field vegetation development and the role of Celastrus orbiculatus in the northeastern United States. Journal of Vegetation Science 10:483–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukami, T., Bezemer, T. M., Mortimer, S. R., and van der Putten, W. H. 2005. Species divergence and trait convergence in experimental plant community assembly. Ecology Letters 8:1283–1290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, R. N., and del Moral, R. 2003. The role of refugia and dispersal in primary succession on Mount St. Helens, Washington. Journal of Vegetation Science 14:637–644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, D., and Obeso, J. R. 2003. Facilitation by herbivore-mediated nurse plants in a threatened tree, Taxus baccata : Local effects and landscape level consistency. Ecography 26:739–750.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorb, S. N., Gorb, E. V., and Punttila, P. 2000. Effects of redispersal of seeds by ants on the vegetation pattern in a deciduous forest: A case study. Acta Oecologica 21:293–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, P. 2005. Facilitation of Urtica dioica colonisation by Lupinus arboreus on a nutrient-poor mining spoil. Plant Ecology 178:141–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotelli, N. J. 1991. Metapopulation models-the rescue effect, the propagule rain, and the core-satellite hypothesis. American Naturalist 138:768–776.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grime, J. P. 2001. Plant Strategies, Vegetation Processes, and Ecosystem Properties. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkes, C. V., and Sullivan, J. J. 2001. The impact of herbivory on plants in different resource conditions: A meta-analysis. Ecology 82:2045–2058.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hector, A., Schmid, B., Beierkuhnlein, C., Caldeira, M. C., Diemer, M., Dimitrakopoulos, P. G., Finn, J. A., Freitas, H., Giller, P. S., Good, J., Harris, R., Hogberg, P., Huss-Danell, K., Joshi, J., Jumpponen, A., Korner, C., Leadley, P. W., Loreau, M., Minns, A., Mulder, C. P. H., O'Donovan, G., Otway, S. J., Pereira, J. S., Prinz, A., Read, D. J., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Schulze, E. D., Siamantziouras, A. S. D., Spehn, E. M., Terry, A. C., Troumbis, A. Y., Woodward, F. I., Yachi, S., and Lawton, J. H. 1999. Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 285:1123–1127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henríquez, J. M., and Lusk, C. H. 2005. Facilitation of Nothofagus antarctica (Fagaceae) seedlings by the prostrate shrub Empetrum rubrum (Empetraceae) on glacial moraines in Patagonia. Austral Ecology 30:885–890.

    Google Scholar 

  • HilleRisLambers, J., Harpole, W. S., Tilman, D., Knops, J., and Reich, P. B. 2004. Mechanisms responsible for the positive diversity-productivity relationship in Minnesota grasslands. Ecology Letters 7:661–668.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodkinson, I. D., Webb, N. R., and Coulson, S. J. 2002. Primary community assembly on land -the missing stages: Why are the heterotrophic organisms always there first? Journal of Ecology 90:569–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holl, K. D., Loik, M. E., Lin, E. H. V., and Samuels, I. A. 2000. Tropical montane forest restoration in Costa Rica: Overcoming barriers to dispersal and establishment. Restoration Ecology 8:339–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hölzel, N., and Otte, A. 2003. Restoration of a species-rich flood meadow by topsoil removal and diaspore transfer with plant material. Applied Vegetation Science 6:131–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honnay, O., Verhaeghe, W., and Hermy, M. 2001. Plant community assembly along dendritic networks of small forest streams. Ecology 82:1691–1702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honnay, O., Verheyen, K., and Hermy, M. 2002. Permeability of ancient forest edges for weedy plant species invasion. Forest Ecology and Management 161:109–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooper, E. R., Legendre, P., and Condit, R. 2004. Factors affecting community composition of forest regeneration in deforested, abandoned land in Panama. Ecology 85:3313–3326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooper, E. R., Legendre, P., and Condit, R. 2005. Barriers to forest regeneration of deforested and abandoned land in Panama. Journal of Applied Ecology 42:1165–1174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, H. F., and Lane, D. 2004. Vole-driven succession in experimental wet-prairie restorations. Ecological Applications 14:1295–1305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huttl, R. F., and Weber, E. 2001. Forest ecosystem development in post-mining landscapes: a case study of the Lusatian lignite district. Naturwissenschaften 88:322–329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, A. S., Lamont, B. B., Fairbanks, M. M. and Rafferty, C. M. 2003. Kangaroos avoid eating seedlings with or near others with volatile essential oils. Journal of Chemical Ecology 29:2621–2635.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, C. C., and del Moral, R. 2005. Effects of microsite conditions on seedling establishment on the foreland of Coleman Glacier, Washington. Journal of Vegetation Science 16:293–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khater, C., Martin, A., and Maillet, J. 2003. Spontaneous vegetation dynamics and restoration prospects for limestone quarries in Lebanon. Applied Vegetation Science 6:199–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knevel, I. C., Bekker, R. M., Kleyer, M., and Bakker, J. P. 2003. Life-history traits of the Northwest European flora: A data-base (LEDA). Journal of Vegetation Science 14:611–614.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, J. M., Richardson, J., and Lamont, B. B. 2004. Grazing by kangaroos limit the establishment of the grass trees Xanthorrhoea gracilis and X. preissii in restored bauxite mines in Eucalypt forests of Southwestern Australia. Restoration Ecology 12:297–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochy, M., and Wilson, S. D. 2005. Variation in nitrogen deposition and available soil nitrogen in a forest-grassland ecotone in Canada. Landscape Ecology 20:191–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, D. R., and Bassiri Rad, H. 2005. Diminishing spatial heterogeneity in soil organic matter across a prairie restoration chronosequence. Restoration Ecology 13:403–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, J. L., and Pimm, S. L. 1999. When does restoration succeed? In: Ecological Assembly: Advances, Perspectives, Retreats. E. Weiher and P. Keddy (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 363–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margules, C. R., and Pressey, R. L. 2000. Systematic conservation planning. Nature 405:243–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Garza, C., and Howe, H. F. 2003. Restoring tropical diversity: Beating the time tax on species loss. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:423–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCune, B., and Allen, T. F. H. 1985. Will similar forests develop on similar sites? Canadian Journal of Botany 63:367–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEuen, A. B., and Curran, L. M. 2004. Seed dispersal and recruitment limitation across spatial scales in temperate forest fragments. Ecology 85:507–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgantini, L. L., and Kansas, J. L. 2003. Differentiating mature and old-growth forests in the upper foothills and subalpine subregions of west-central Alberta. Forestry Chronicle 79:602–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murakami, K., Maenaka, H., and Morimoto, Y. 2005. Factors influencing species diversity of ferns and fern allies in fragmented forest patches in the Kyoto city area. Landscape and Urban Planning 70:221–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niering, W. A., and Egler, F. E. 1955. A shrub community of Viburnum lentago, stable for twenty-five years. Ecology 36:356–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, J. A. E., and Rejmanek, M. 2005. Recovery of native plant communities after the control of a dominant invasive plant species, Foeniculum vulgare : Implications for management. Biological Conservation 125:562–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. P., and Chadwick, M. J. 1985. Factors affecting the accumulation of nitrogen in colliery spoil. Journal of Applied Ecology 22:249–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piessens, K., Honnay, O., Nackaerts, K., and Hermy, M. 2004. Plant species richness and composition of heathland relics in north-western Belgium: Evidence for a rescue-effect? Journal of Biogeography 31:1683–1692.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polley, H. W., Derner, J. D., and Wilsey, B. J. 2005. Patterns of plant species diversity in remnant and restored tallgrass prairies. Restoration Ecology 13:480–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prach, K., Bartha, S., Joyce, C. B., Pyšek, P., van Diggelen, P., and Wiegleb, G. 2001a. The role of spontaneous vegetation in ecosystem restoration: A perspective. Applied Vegetation Science 4:111–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prach, K., Pyšek, P., and Bastl, M. 2001b. Spontaneous vegetation succession in human-disturbed habitats: A pattern across seres. Applied Vegetation Science 4:83–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyšek, P., Chocholouskova, Z., Pyšek, A., Jarosik, V., Chytry, M., and Tichy, L. 2005. Trends in species diversity and composition of urban vegetation over three decades. Journal of Vegetation Science 15:781–788.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey, D. S. L., and Wilson, J. C. 1997. The impact of grazing by macropods on coastal foredune vegetation in southeast Queensland. Australian Journal of Ecology 22:288–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rayfield, R., Anand, M., and Laurence, S. 2005. Assessing simple versus complex restoration strategies for industrially disturbed forests. Restoration Ecology 13:639–650.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, N., and Naeth, M. A. 2005. Establishment of a vegetation cover on tundra kimberlite mine tailings: 2. A field study. Restoration Ecology 13:602–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodwell, J. (ed.). 1991–2000. British Plant Communities. Vol. 1–5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roscher, C., Temperton, V. M., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Schmitz, M., Schumaher, J., Schmid, B., Buchmann, N., Weisser, W. W., and Schulze, E. D. 2005. Over yielding in experimental grassland communities—irrespective of species pool or spatial scale. Ecology Letters 8:576–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, J. S. 2002. Functional redundancy in ecology and conservation. Oikos 98:156–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, K. A., Fox, B. J., and Fox, M. D. 2002. Changes to plant species richness in forest fragments: Fragment age, disturbance and fire history may be as important as area. Journal of Biogeography 29:749–765.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaminée J. H. J. (ed.). 1995–1999. De Vegetatie van Nederland. Vol. 1–5. Uppsala: Opulus Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, M. W., Brigham, C. A., Hoeksema, J. D., Lyons, K. G., Mills, M. H., and van Mantgem, P. J. 2000. Linking biodiversity to ecosystem functions: Implications for conservation ecology. Oecologia 122:297–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekura, L. S., Mal, T. K., and Dvorak, D. F. 2005. A long-term study of seedling regeneration for an oak forest restoration in Cleveland Metroparks Brecksville Reservation, Ohio. Biodiversity and Conservation 14:2397–2418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiels, A. B., and Walker, L. R. 2003. Bird perches increase forest seeds on Puerto Rican landslides. Restoration Ecology 11:457–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slocum, M. G., and Horvitz, C. C. 2000. Seed arrival under different genera of trees in a neotropical pasture. Plant Ecology 149:51–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. D., and Knapp, A. K. 2003. Dominant species maintain ecosystem function with non-random species loss. Ecology Letters 6:509–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyman, H. A. 2003. Revegetation of bare patches in a semi-arid rangeland of South Africa: An evaluation of various techniques. Journal of Arid Environments 55:417–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spehn, E. M., Hector, A., Joshi J., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Schmid, B., Bazeley-White, E., Beierkuhnlein, C., Caldeira, M. C., Diemer, M., Dimitrakopoulos, P. G., Finn, J. A., Freitas, H., Giller, P. S., Good, J., Harris, R., Hogberg, P., Huss-Danell, K., Jumpponen, A., Koricheva, J., Leadley, P. W., Loreau, M., Minns, A., Mulder, C. P. H., O'Donovan, G., Otway, S. J., Palmborg, C., Pereira, J. S., Pfisterer, A. B., Prinz, A., Read, D. J., Schulze, E. D., Siamantziouras, A. S. D., Terry, A. C., Troumbis, A. Y., Woodward, F. I., Yachi, S., and Lawton, J. H. 2005. Ecosystem effects of biodiversity manipulations in European grasslands. Ecological Monographs 75:37–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suding, K. N., Collins, S. L., Gouch, L., Clark, C., Cleland, E. E., Gross, K. L., Milchunas, D. G., and Pennings, S. 2005. Functional- and abundance-based mechanisms explain diversity loss due to N fertilization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102:4387–4392.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Svenning, J. C., and Wright, S. J. 2005. Seed limitation in a Panamanian forest. Journal of Ecology 93:853–862.

    Google Scholar 

  • Symstad, A. J., and Tilman, D. 2001. Diversity loss, recruitment limitation, and ecosystem functioning: Lessons learned from a removal experiment. Oikos 92:424–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Symstad, A. J., Chapin, F. S., Wall, D. H., Gross, K. L., Huenneke, L. F., Mittelbach, G. G., Peters, D. P. C., and Tilman, D. 2003. Long-term and large-scale perspectives on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. BioScience 53:89–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taverna, K., Peet, R. K., and Phillips, L. C. 2005. Long-term change in ground-layer vegetation of deciduous forests of the North Carolina Piedmont, USA. Journal of Ecology 93:202–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Temperton, V. M., Hobbs, R. J., Nuttle, T., and Halle, S. (eds.). 2004. Assembly Rules and Restoration Ecology. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Temperton, V. M., and Zirr, K. 2004. Order of arrival and availability of safe sites. In: Assembly Rules and Restoration Ecology. V. M. Temperton, R. J. Hobbs, T. Nuttle, and S. Halle (eds.). Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. 285–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toh, I., Gillespie, M., and Lamb, D. 1999. The role of isolated trees in facilitating tree seedling recruitment at a degraded sub-tropical rainforest site. Restoration Ecology 7:288–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuyuzaki, S., Titus, J. T., and del Moral, R. 1997. Seedling establishment patterns on the Pumice Plain, Mount St. Helens, Washington. Journal of Vegetation Science 8:727–734.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, M. G., Baker, W. L., Peterson, C. J., and Peet, R. K. 1998. Factors influencing succession: Lessons from large, infrequent natural disturbances. Ecosystems 1:511–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vail, S. G. 1992. Selection for over-compensatory plant responses to herbivory: A mechanism for the evolution of plant-herbivore mutualism. American Naturalist 139:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Andel, J., and Aronson, J. 2006. Restoration Ecology — The New Frontier. Oxford, U. K.: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Heijden, M. G. A., Klironomos, J. N., Ursic, M., Mountoglis, P., Streitwolf-Engel, R., Boller, T., Wiemken, A., and Sanders, I. R. 1998. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verheyen, K., and Hermy, M. 2004. Recruitment and growth of herb-layer species with different colonizing capacities in ancient and recent forests. Journal of Vegetation Science 15:125–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, M. 2004. The roles of seed dispersal ability and seedling salt tolerance in community assembly of a severely degraded site. In: Assembly Rules and Restoration Ecology. V. M. Temperton, R. J. Hobbs, T. Nuttle, and S. Halle (eds.). Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. 266–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, L. R. 1993. Nitrogen fixers and species replacement in primary succession. In: Primary Succession on Land. J. Miles and D. W. H. Walton (eds.). Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell, pp. 249–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, L. R., and del Moral, R. 2003. Primary Succession and Ecosystem Rehabilitation. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, L. R., Bellingham, P. J., and Peltzer, D. A. 2006. Plant characteristics are poor predictors of microsite colonization during the first two years of primary succession. Journal of Vegetation Science 17:397–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiher, E., and Keddy, P. 1995. The assembly of experimental wetland plant communities. Oikos 73:323–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, E., Tucker, N., Meyers, N., and Wilson, J. 2004. Seed dispersal to revegetated isolated rainforest patches in North Queensland. Forest Ecology and Management 192:409–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolters, M., Garbutt, A., and Bakker, J. P. 2005. Salt-marsh restoration: Evaluating the success of de-embankments in north-west Europe. Biological Conservation 123:249–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, T. P., Person, D. A., and Clary, J. J. 2005. The ecology of restoration: Historical links, emerging issues and unexplored realms. Ecology Letters 8:662–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zanini, L., and Ganade, G. 2005. Restoration of Araucaria forest: The role of perches, pioneer vegetation, and soil fertility. Restoration Ecology 13:507–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zavaleta, E. S., Shaw, M. R., Chiariello, N. R., Mooney, H. A., and Field, C. B. 2003. Additive effects of simulated climate changes, elevated C02 and nitrogen deposition on grassland diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100:7650–7654.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moral, R., Walker, L.R., Bakker, J.P. (2007). Insights Gained from Succession for the Restoration of Landscape Structure and Function. In: Walker, L.R., Walker, J., Hobbs, R.J. (eds) Linking Restoration and Ecological Succession. SPRINGER SERIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35303-6_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics