Abstract
In 1930, Bleckwenn described the response of acute catatonia to barbiturates.1 In 1935, Meduna demonstrated a response of catatonic states to clinically induced convulsions.2 This was followed by Bini and Cerletti’s demonstration of the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy for catatonic states.3 In the course of the decade, Rolv Gjessing demonstrated that periodic catatonias respond to infusions of high doses of thyroxine.4 Gjessing’s work complemented basic research in the late 1920s and early 1930s by Baruk and De Jong demonstrating an experimental induction of catatonia with agents such as bulbocapnine and later with mescaline and other psychotogenic agents. By the end of the decade even some of the arch skeptics in psychiatry such as Aubrey Lewis could state that a cure for one of the forms of schizophrenia, catatonia, had been found.5 Allied to the discovery of how to cure dementia paralytica, which in some settings had accounted for between 10% and 20% of admissions to asylums, the discoveries on how to model and treat catatonia marked the emergence of modern biological psychiatry
Keywords
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
- Eating Disorder
- Tardive Dyskinesia
- Antidepressant Effect
- Premature Ejaculation
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes and References
W. J. Bleckwenn, “Production of Sleep and Rest in Psychotic Cases.” Arch Neurol Psych 24 (1930), 365–375.
Ladislas Meduna, “Versuche uber die biologische Beeinflussung des Ablaufes der Schizophrenie. 1.: Campher und Cardiazolkrämpfe.” Z. Gesamte Neurol Psychiatrie 152 (1935): 235–262; L. Meduna, “New Methods of Medical Treatment of Schizophrenia.” Arch Neurol Psychiatry 35 (1936): 361–363; Max Fink, “Meduna and the Origins of Convulsive Therapy.” Am J Psychiatry 141 (1984): 1034–1041.
Ugo Cerletti, “Electroshock Therapy.” In A. M. Sackler, et al., eds. The Great Physiodynamic Therapies in Psychiatry. New York: Hoeber-Harper, 1956.
A. Jenner, “Catatonia, Pink Spots and Antipsychiatry.” In D. Healy, ed. The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 3. London: Arnold, 2000, pp. 135–155.
Ibid.
A. Ehrenberg, La fatigue d’être soi. Dépression et société. Paris: Editions Odile Jacob, 1998.
J. Thuillier, Les dix ans qui ont changé la folie. Paris: Robert Laffont, 1980. Translated by G. Hickish and D. Healy as The Ten Years which Changed the Face of Mental Illness. London: Martin Dunitz, 1999; J. Thuillier, “Ten Years which changed Psychiatry.” In D. Healy, ed. The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 3. London: Arnold, 2000, pp. 543–559.
Jean Delay, R. Laine, and J.-F. Buisson, “Note concernant l’action de l’isonicotinyl-hydrazide dans le traitment des états dépréssifs.” Ann Med-Psychol 110 (1952): 689–692; J. Delay, P. Deniker, and J. M. Harl, “Utilisation en thérapeutique psychiatrique d’une phénothiazine d’action centrale élective.” Ann Med Psychol 110 (1952): 112–131; J. Swazey, Chlorpromazine: A Study in Therapeutic Innovation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1974.
Henri Baruk, “Henri Baruk.” In T. Ban and O. Ray, eds. A History of the CINP. Brentwood, TN: J. M. Productions, 1996, pp. 195–196.
P. Brouillot, P. Broussolle, J. Greffe, J. Guyotat, P. Lambert, and P. Lemoine, “The Birth of Psychopharmacotherapy; Explorations in a New World 1952–1968.” In D. Healy, ed. The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 3. London: Arnold, 2000, pp. 1–54.
Nathan S. Kline, “Use of Rauwolfia Serpenthina Benth in Neuropsychiatric Conditions.” Ann N Y Acad Sci 59 (1954): 107–132; David Healy, The Creation of Psychopharmacology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.
J. Brady, “The evolution of behavioural pharmacology.” In D. Healy, ed. The psychopharmacologists, Vol 2, London: Arnold, 1998, 71–92.
Brouillot et al., “The Birth of Psychopharmacotherapy.”
P. Janssen, “From Haloperidol to Risperidone.” In D. Healy, ed. The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 2. London: Arnold, 1998, pp. 39–70.
H. J. Bein, “Biological Research in the Pharmaceutical Industry with Reserpine.” In F. J. Ayd and B. Blackwell, eds. Discoveries in Biological Psychiatry. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1970, pp. 142–152.
L. Uhrbrand and A. Faurbye, “Reversible and Irreversible Dyskinesia after Treatment with Perphenazine, Chlorpromazine, Reserpine and ECT.” Psychopharmacologia 1 (1960): 408–418.
F. J. Fish, “The Influence of the Tranquilizers on the Leonhard Schizophrenic Syndromes.” Encephale 53 (1963): 245–249.
Roland Kuhn, “The First Patient Treated with Imipramine.” In T. Ban and O. Ray, eds. A History of the CINP. Brentwood, TN: J. M. Productions, 1996, p. 436.
Roland Kuhn, “The Treatment of Depressive States with G22355 (Imipramine Hydrochloride).” Am J Psychiatry 115 (1958): 459–464.
David Healy, The Antidepressant Era. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997; Roland Kuhn “From Imipramine to Levoprotiline: The Discovery of Antidepressants.” In D. Healy, ed. The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 2. London: Arnold, 1998, pp. 93–118.
Healy, Antidepressant Era.
Ehrenberg, La fatigue.
Kuhn, “From imipramine,” pp. 93–118.
Thuillier, “Ten Years which changed Psychiatry.”
E._H. Robitzek, I. J. Selikoff, and G. G. Ornstein, “Chemotherapy of Human Tuberculosis with Hydrazine Derivatives of Isonicotinic Acid (Preliminary Report of Representative Cases).” Q Bull Sea View Hosp 13 (1952): 27–51.
“TB Milestone: Two New Drugs Give Real Hope of Defeating the Dread Disease.” Life Mag 3 March 1952, pp. 20–21.
J. A. Smith, “The Use of the Isopropyl Derivative of Isonicotinylhydrazide (Marsilid) in the Treatment of Mental Disease.” Am Practitioner 4 (1953): 519–520.
Max Lurie, “The Enigma of Isoniazid.” In D. Healy, ed. The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 2. London: Arnold, 1998, pp. 119–134.
H. M. Salzer and M. L. Lurie, “Anxiety and Depressive States Treated with Iionicotinyl Hydrazide (Isoniazid).” Arch Neurol Psychiatry 70 (1953): 317–324; H. M. Salzer and M. L. Lurie, “Depressive States Treated with Isonicotinyl Hydrazide (Isoniazid): A Follow Up Study.” Ohio State Med J 51 (1955): 437–441.
Lurie, “The Enigma of isoniazid.”
D._F. Klein and Max Fink, “Behavioral Reaction Patterns with Phenothiazines.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 7 (1962): 449–459.
M. N. Robertson and M. R. Trimble, “Major Tranquillisers Used as Antidepressants.” J Affective Disorders 4 (1982):173–193.
Jean Delay, R. Laine, and J.-F. Buisson, “Note concernant l’action de l’isonicotinyl-hydrazide dans le traitement des états dépréssifs.” Ann Med-Psychol 110 (1952): 689–692.
Vinar, O., “A Psychopharmacology That Nearly Was.” In D. Healy, ed. The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 3. Arnold, London, 2000, pp. 55–79.
D._L. Davies and M. Shepherd, “Reserpine in the Treatment of Anxious and Depressed Patients.” Lancet 1955: 117–120.
Robertson and Trimble, “Major Tranquillisers.”
David Healy and M. Savage, “Reserpine Exhumed.” Br J Psychiatry 172 (1998): 376–378.
Ibid.
H._P. Loomer, J. C. Saunders, and N. S. Kline, “A Clinical and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Iproniazid as a Psychic Energiser.” Psychiat Res Rep 8 (1957): 129–141.
Healy, Antidepressant Era.
N._S. Kline, “The Practical Management of Depression.” JAMA 190 (1965): 732–740.
G. Simpson, “Clinical Psychopharmacology.” In D. Healy, The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 2. London: Arnold, 1998, pp. 285–306.
Janssen, “From Haloperidol to Risperidone.”
H. Osmond and J. R. Smythies, “Schizophrenia: A New Approach.” J Ment Sci 98 (1952): 309–315; A. Hoffer, H. Osmond, and J. R. Smythies, “Schizophrenia: A New Approach: Result of a Year’s Research.” J Ment Sci 100 (1954): 29–42.
Claridge, G. C. “LSD: A Missed Opportunity?” Hum Psychopharmacol 9 (1994): 343–351.
Seymour Kety, “Current Biochemical Approaches to Schizophrenia.” N Engl J Med 276 (1967): 325–331.
A. Carlsson and M. Lindqvist, “Effect of Chlorpromazine or Haloperidol on the Formation of 3-Methoxytyramine and Normetanephrine in Mouse Brain.” Acta Pharmacol 20 (1963): 140–144.
J. Van Rossum, “The Significance of Dopamine Receptor Blockade in the Mechanism of Action of Neuroleptic Drugs.” Arch Int Pharmacodynam Ther 60 (1966), 492–494.
Solomon Snyder, “Visualising Receptors and Beyond.” In D. Healy, ed. The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 3. London: Arnold, 2000, pp. 213–238.
P. Seeman, T. Lee, M. Chau-Wong, and K. Wong, “Antipsychotic Drug Doses and Neuroleptic/Dopamine Receptors.” Nature 261 (1976): 717–719; Solomon Snyder, “The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Focus on the Dopamine Receptor.” Am J Psychiatry 133 (1976): 197–202; Solomon Snyder, “Dopamine Receptor Binding Predicts Clinical and Pharmacological Potencies of Antischizophrenic Drugs.” Science 192 (1976): 481–483; H. Y.
Meltzer and S. Stahl, “The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: A Review.” Schizophrenia Bull 2 (1976): 19.
J. Vetulani, R. Stawarz, J. Pingell, and F. Susler, “A Possible Common Mechanism of Action of Antidepressant Drugs.” N S Arch Pharmacol 243 (1976): 109–114.
T. J. Crow, “Molecular Pathology of Schizophrenia: More Than One Disease Process?” Br Med J 280 (1980): 66–68.; T. J. Crow, “Positive and Negative Schizophrenic Symptoms and the Role of Dopamine.” Br J Psychiatry 137 (1980): 383–386
H. Y. Meltzer, S. Stahl, “The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: a review” Schizophrenia Bulletin 2 (1976).
David Healy, “Schizophrenia: Basic, Reactive, Release and Defect States.” Hum Psychopharmacol 5 (1990): 105–122; D. Healy, “The Marketing of 5HT.” Br J Psychiatry 158 (1991): 737–742.
Healy, Creation of Psychopharmacology.
R. J. Baldessarini, B. M. Cohen, and M. H. Teicher, “Significance of Neuroleptic Doses and Plasma Levels in the Pharmacological Management of the Psychoses.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 45 (1988): 79–91.
L. Farde, F. A. Wiesel, C. Halldin, and G. Sedvall, “Central D-2 Dopamine Receptor Occupancy in Schizophrenic Patients Treated with Antipsychotic Drugs.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 45 (1988): 71–76.
L. Uhrbrand and A. Faurbye, “Reversible and Irreversible Dyskinesia after Treatment with Perphenazine, Chlorpromazine, Reserpine and ECT.” Psychopharmacologia 1 (1960): 408–418.
S. Gelman, Medicating Schizophrenia. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1999.
D. Tarsy and R. J. Baldessarini, “Pharmacologically Induced Behavioral Sensitivity to Apomorphine.” Nature 245 (1973): 262–263.
Edward Shorter, A History of Psychiatry. From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Bristol, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
D. Healy, M. Savage, P. Michael, M. Harris, D. Hirst, M. Carter, D. Cattell, T. McMonagle, N. Sohler, E. Susser, “Psychiatric bed utilisation: 1896 and 1996 compared.” Psychological Medicine 31 (200): 779–790.
E. Warawa, “From Neuroleptics to Antipsychotics.” In D. Healy, ed. The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 3. London: Arnold, 2000, pp. 505–522.
Frank Ayd, “The Discovery of Amitriptyline.” In E. Healy, ed. The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 1. London: Chapman & Hall, 1996, pp. 81–120.
Frank Ayd, Recognising the Depressed Patient. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1961.
A. Carlsson, “The Rise of Neuropsychopharmacology.” In D. Healy, ed. The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 1. London: Chapman & Hall, 1996, pp. 51–80; A. Carlsson and D. T. Wong, “A Note on the Discovery of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.” Life Sci 61 (1997): 1203.
David Healy, “The Three Faces of the Antidepressants.” J Nerv Mental Dis 187 (1999): 174–180.
Ibid.; Healy, “The Marketing of 5HT.”
E. Shorter (2000). “Historical Review of Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression.” In A. Dawson and A. Tylee, eds. Depression: Social and Economic Time Bomb. London: BMJ Books, 2000, pp. 25–30.
T. Okuma, “The Discovery of the Psychotropic Effects of Carbamazepine.” In D. Healy, ed. The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 3. London: Arnold, 2000, pp. 259–280; T. Kobayakawa, “Psychopharmaceuticals in Japan.” In D. Healy, ed. The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 3. London: Arnold, 2000, pp. 281–292.
Peter Kramer, Listening to Prozac. New York: Viking Press, 1993.
David Healy, “Treating More Patients Than Ever Before,” Lecture at Sixth Hannah Conference on the History of Psychiatry, Toronto, 18 April 2001. Available on request.
Ibid.
G. Bush, M. Fink, G. Petrides, F. Dowling, and A. Francis, “Catatonia. Rating Scale and Standardised Examination.” Acta Psychiatr Scand 93 (1996):129–136.
U. Osby, N. Correia, L. Brandt, A. Ekbom, and P. Sparen, “Time Trends in Schizophrenia Mortality in Stockholm County, Sweden: A Cohort Study.” Br Med J 321 (2000): 483–484.
D. Healy, The Creation of Psychopharmacology. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press, 2002.
M. Hamilton, “Rating Scales in Depression.” In P. Kielholz, ed. Depressive Illness, Diagnosis, Assessment, Treatment. Bern: Hans Huber Publishers, 1972, pp. 100–108.
J. M. Zito, D. J. Safer, S. dosReis, J. F. Gardner, M. Boles, F. Lynch, “Trends in the prescribing of psychotropic medications to preschoolers.” Journal of the American Medical Association 283 (2000): 1025–1030.
E. Haikan, Venus Envy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
S._A. Glantz, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, and D. E. Barnes. The Cigarette Papers. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
D. Healy, C. Langmaack, and M. Savage, “Suicide in the Course of the Treatment of Depression.” J Psychopharmacol 13 (1999): 94–99.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Healy, D. (2008). The Intersection of Psychopharmacology and Psychiatry in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century. In: Wallace, E.R., Gach, J. (eds) History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34708-0_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34708-0_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-34707-3
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-34708-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)