Abstract
Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a family of flexible analytical fractionating techniques which have the great advantage that separation is achieved solely through the interaction of the sample with an external physical field and without a stationary phase. This has the advantage of avoiding the large variety of problems due to non-specific sample interactions with column materials associated with other chromatographic techniques. Furthermore, the range of information accessible is very broad and often complimentary when various FFF techniques are applied, so that even very complex systems with broad size distribution, heterogeneous mixtures or strongly interacting systems can be characterized. The range of particle sizes or hydrodynamic radii which can be separated is very broad ranging from 1 nm to 100 μm, covering the entire colloidal, polymeric and even most of the microparticle domain. No other fractionating technique can cover about 5 orders of magnitude of the particle size, even with complex distributions.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Giddings JC (1966) Sep Sci 1:123
Gunderson JJ, Giddings JC (1989) Field-flow fractionation. In: Booth C, Price C (eds) Polymer characterization. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 279–291
Caldwell KD (1988) Anal Chem 60:959A
Giddings JC (1981) Anal Chem 53:1170A
Lightfoot EN, Chiang AS, Noble PT (1981) Annu Rev Fluid Mech 13:351
Kirkland JJ, Rementer SW, Yau WW (1981) Anal Chem 53:1730
Giddings JC, Graff KA, Caldwell KD, Myers MN (1983) Adv Chem Ser 203:257
Janca J, Kleparnik K, Jahnova V, Chmelik J (1984) J Liq Chrom 7:1
Giddings JC, Caldwell KD, Jones HK (1987) Measuring particle size distribution of simple and complex colloids by sedimentation field-flow fractionation. In: Provder T (ed) Particle size distribution: assessment and characterization. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 215–230
Janca J (1987) Chem Listy 81:1034
Beckett R, Bigelow JC, Jue Z, Giddings JC (1989) Analysis of humic substances using flow field-flow fractionation. In: MacCarthy P, Suffet IH (eds) Influences of aquatic humic substances on fate and treatment of pollutants. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 65–80
Giddings JC, Barman BN, Liu MK (1991) Separation of cells by field-flow fractionation and related methods. In: Kompala DS, Todd P (eds) Cell separation Science and technology. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 128–144
Levin S (1991) Biomed Chromatogr 5:133
Giddings JC (1993) Science 260:1456
Myers MN, Chen P, Giddings JC (1993) Polymer separation and molecular-weight distribution by thermal field-flow fractionation. In: Provder T (ed) Chromatography of Polymers: characterization by SEC and FFF. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 47–62
Barman BN, Giddings JC (1993) Separation and characterization of Polymer latex beads and aggregates by sedimentation field-flow fractionation. In: Provder T (ed) Chromatography of Polymers: characterization by SEC and FFF. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 30–46
Ratanathanawongs SK, Giddings JC (1993) Particle size analysis using field-flow fractionation. In: Provder T (ed) Chromatography of Polymers: characterization by SEC and FFF. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 13–29
Janca J (1993) Mikrochim Acta 111:135
Mori Y (1994) Adv Colloid Interf Sci 53:129
Giddings JC, Ratanathanawongs SK, Barman BN, Moon MH, Liu GY, Tjelta BL, Hansen ME (1994) Adv Chem Ser 234:309
Schimpf ME (1996) Trends Polym Sci 4:114
Myers MN (1997) J Microcolum Sep 9:151
Moon MH, Lee SH (1997) J Microcolum Sep 9:565
Janca J (1997) J Liq Chromatogr Rel Technol 20:2555
Martin M (1998) Theory of field-flow fractionation. In: Brown PR, Grushka E (eds) Advances in Chromatography. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 1–138
Janca J (1998) Chem Listy 92:449
Janca J (1988) Field-flow fractionation: analysis of Macromolecules and particles. Marcel Dekker, New York
Giddings JC (1991) Unified separation Science. John Wiley & Sons, New York
Thompson GH, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1967) Sep Sci 2:797
Berg HC, Purcell EM (1967) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 58:862
Berg HC, Purcell EM (1967) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 58:821
Berg HC, Purcell EM (1967) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 58:1286
Giddings JC (1968) J Chem Phys 49:81
Hovingh ME, Thompson GH, Giddings JC (1970) Anal Chem 42:195
Caldwell KD, Kesner LF, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1972) Science 176:296
Kesner LF, Caldwell KD, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1976) Anal Chem 48:1834
Lee HL, Reis JFG, Dohner J, Lightfoot EN (1974) AIChE J 20:776
Yang FJF, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1974) Anal Chem 46:1924
Giddings JC, Smith LK, Myers MN (1976) Anal Chem 48:1587
Giddings JC, Caldwell KD, Moellmer JF, Dickinson TH, Myers MN, Martin M (1979) Anal Chem 48:30
Giddings JC, Yang FJF, Myers MN (1976) Anal Chem 48:1126
Giddings JC, Yang FJF, Myers MN (1977) Sep Sci Technol 12:381
Giddings JC, Martin M, Myers MN (1979) Sep Sci Technol 14:611
Doshi MR, Gill WN (1979) Chem Eng Sci 34:725
Vickrey TM, Garcia-Ramirez JA (1980) Sep Sci Technol 15:1297
Giddings JC, Brantley SL (1984) Sep Sci Technol 19:631
Wahlund KG, Giddings JC (1987) Anal Chem 59:1332
Liu M-K, Williams PS, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1991) Anal Chem 63:2115
Liu MK, Li P, Giddings JC (1993) Protein Sci 2:1520
Dean GA, Cardile CM, Stead RJ, Alecu ID (1994) J Mater Sci Lett 13:872
Moon MH, Kwon H, Park I (1997) J Liq Chrom Related Tech 20:2803
Li P, Hansen M, Giddings JC (1998) J Microcol Sep 10:7
Wyatt PJ (1991) Polym Mat Sci Eng 65:198
Giddings JC, Kumar V, Williams PS, Myers MN (1990) Polymer separation by thermal field-flow fractionation: high speed power programming. In: Craver CD, Provder T (eds) Polymer characterization: physical properties, spectroscopic, and Chromatographic methods. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 1–21
Gunderson JJ, Giddings JC (1986) Macromolecules 19:2618
Mori Y, Scarlett B, Merkus HG (1990) J Chromatogr 515:27
Hansen ME, Giddings JC, Beckett R (1989) J Coll Interf Sci 132:300
Sisson R, Giddings JC (1994) Anal Chem 66:4043
Benincasa MA, Giddings JC (1992) Anal Chem 64:790
Giddings JC, Benincasa MA, Liu M-K, Li P (1992) J Liq Chromatogr 15:1729
Williams PS, Moon MH, Xu Y, Giddings JC (1996) Chem Eng Sci 51:4477
Williams PS, Moon MH, Giddings JC (1996) Colloids Surf A 113:215
Small H (1974) J Colloid Interface Sci 48:147
Husain A, Hamielec AE, Vlachopoulos J (1981) J Liq Chromatogr 4(S-2):295
Penlidis A, Hamielec AE, MacGregor JF (1983) J Liq Chromatogr 6:179
Jahnová V, Janca J (1984) Chem Listy 78:346
Giddings JC (1978) Sep Sci Technol 13:241
Myers MN, Giddings JC (1982) Anal Chem 54:2284
Moon MH, Giddings JC (1992) Anal Chem 64:3029
Schauer T (1995) Part Syst Charact 12:284
Giddings JC (1983) Sep Sci Technol 18:765
Janca J (1982) Makromol Chem Rapid Commun 3:887
Janca J (1983) Makromol Chem Rapid Commun 4:267
Janca J, Chmelik J (1984) Anal Chem 56:2481
Caldwell KD, Li J (1989) J Colloid Interface Sci 132:256
Kirkland JJ, Rementer SW, Yau WW (1989) J Appl Polym Sci 38:1383
Giddings JC (1988) Chem Eng News 66:34
Chase MW, Davies CA, Downey JR, Frurip DJ, McDonald RA, Syverud AN (1985) Janaf thermochemical tables, 3rd edn. 1. AL-CO. J Phys Chem Ref Data 14 (Suppl 1): 1–926
Williams PS, Koch T, Giddings JC (1992) Chem Eng Comm 111:121
Giddings JC, Yang FJF, Myers MN (1975) Sep Sci 10:133
Giddings JC, G. Karaiskakis, Caldwell KD, Myers MN (1983) J Colloid Interface Sci 92:66
Giddings JC, Karaiskakis K, Caldwell KD (1981) Sep Sci Technol 16:607
Janca J, Jahnova V (1983) J Liq Chrom 6:1559
Schimpf ME, Giddings JC (1989) J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 27:1317
Giddings JC (1973) J Chem Educ 50:667
Giddings JC (1973) Sep Sci 8:567
Krishnamurthy S, Subramanian RS (1977) Sep Sci 12:347
Gajdos LJ, Brenner H (1978) Sep Sci Technol 13:215
Giddings JC, Schure MR, Myers MN, Velez GR (1984) Anal Chem 56:2099
Davis JM, Giddings JC (1985) J Phys Chem 89:3398
Giddings JC (1986) Anal Chem 58:735
Berthod A, Armstrong DW (1987) Anal Chem 59:2410
Andreev VP, Semenov SN, Kustensov AA, Reifman LS (1987) Zh Fiz Khim 61:1
Giddings JC, Schure MR (1987) Chem Eng Sci 42:1471
Ugrozov VV (1989) Zh Fiz Khim 62:89
Davis JM (1989) Sep Sci Technol 24:219
Martin M, Williams PS (1992) Theoretical basis of field-flow fractionation. In: Dondi F, Guichon G (eds) Theoretical advancement in Chromatography and related separation techniques. Kluver, Dordrecht, pp 513–580
Andreev VP, Stefanovich LA (1993) Chromatographia 37:325
Giddings JC (1993) J Microcol Sep 5:497
Williams PS, Giddings JC (1994) Anal Chem 66:4215
Buffham BA (1996) J Colloid Interface Sci 181:490
Semenov SN (1996) Zh Fiz Khim 70:1674
Zolotarev PP, Ugrozov VV, Skornyakov EP (1988) Zh Fiz Khim 62:1896
Davis JM, Giddings JC (1986) Sep Sc Technol 21:969
Davis JM (1986) Anal Chem 58:161
Hoyos M, Martin M (1994) Anal Chem 66:1718
Schure MR, Caldwell KD, Giddings JC (1986) Anal Chem 58:1509
Janca J, Chmelik J, Jahnove V, Novekove N, Urbenkov E (1991) Chem Anal 36:657–666
Tank C (1995) Trennung und Charakterisierung komplexer Polymere und Kolloide durch Feld-Flu\ Fraktionierung. PhD Thesis, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
Schimpf ME, Giddings JC (1987) Macromolecules 20:1561
Schimpf ME, Giddings JC (1990) J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 28:2673
Ko G-H, Richards R, Schimpf ME (1996) Sep Sci Technol 31:1035
Giddings JC (1994) Anal Chem 66:2783
Schimpf ME (1990) J Chromatogr 517:405
Gunderson JJ, Giddings JC (1986) Anal Chim Acta 189:1
Stegemann G, van Asten AC, Kraak JC, Poppe H, Tijssen R (1994) Anal Chem 66:1147
van Asten AC, Stegemann G, Kok WT, Tjissen R, Poppe H (1994) Anal Chem 66:3073
Giddings JC, Martin M, Myers MN (1978) J Chromatogr 158:419
Schimpf ME (1993) Ind J Technol 31:443
Hellmann MY (1977) In: Cazes J (ed) Liquid Chromatography of Polymers and related materials. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 29–39
Caldwell KD, Brimhall SL, Gao Y, Giddings JC (1988) J Appl Polym Sci 36:703
Schimpf ME, Williams PS, Giddings JC (1989) J Appl Polym Sci 37:2059
Schimpf ME, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1987) J Appl Polym Sci 33:117
Freifelder D (1982) Applications to biochemistry and molecular biology. In: Physical biochemistry. WH Freeman and Co., San Francisco, chap 13
Bird RB, Armstrong RC, Hassager O (1977) In: Dynamics of Polymeric liquids. John Wiley, New York, pp 169–253
Gao YS, Caldwell KD, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1985) Macromolecules 18:1272
Li J, Caldwell KD, Mächtle W (1990) J Chromatogr 517:361
Pauck T, Cölfen H (1998) Anal Chem 70:3886
Yau WW, Kirkland JJ (1981) J Chromatogr 218:217
Yang FS, Caldwell KD, Giddings JC (1983) J Colloid Interface Sci 92:81
Janca J, Pribylova D, Bouchal K, Tyrackova V, Zurkova E (1986) J Liq Chromatogr 9:2059
Vickrey TM (1983) Liquid Chromatography detectors. Chromatogr Sci Ser. Marcel Dekker, New York, chap 23, p 434
Ouano AC, Kaye W (1974) J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed 12:1151
Martin M, Hes J (1984) Sep Sci Technol 19:685
Roessner D, Kulicke W-M (1994) J Chromatogr A 687:249
Thielking H, Roessner D, Kulicke WM (1995) Anal Chem 67:3229
Hanselmann R, Ehrat M, Widmer HM (1995) Starch/Stärke 46:345
Thielking H, Kulicke WM (1996) Anal Chem 68:1169
Shortt DW, Roessner D, Wyatt PJ (1996) Am Lab 28:21
Lee S, Kwon O-S (1995) Determination of molecular weight and size of ultrahigh molecular weight Polymers using thermal field-flow fractionation and light scattering. In: Provder T, Barth HG, Urban MW (eds) Chromatographic characterization of Polymers: hyphenated and multidimensional techniques. Amercian Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 93–107
Oppenheimer LE, Mourey TH (1984) J Chromatogr 298:217
Schimpf ME (1995) Determination of molecular weight and composition in copolymers using thermal field-flow fractionation combined with viscometry. In: Provder T, Barth HG, Urban MW (eds) Chromatographic characterization of Polymers: hyphenated and multidimensional techniques. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 183–196
Caldwell KD, Jones HK, Giddings JC (1986) Colloids Surf 18:123
Kirkland JJ, Rementer SW (1992) Anal Chem 64:904
Kirkland JJ, Rementer SW, Yau WW (1991) J Appl Polym Sci Appl Polym Symp 48:39
Stabinger H, Leopold H, Kratky O (1967) Monatsh Chem 98:436
Trathnigg B, Jorde C (1984) J Liq Chromatogr 7:1789
Kirkland JJ, Yau WW (1991) J Chromatogr 550:799
Beckett R (1991) At Spectrosc 12(special issue):228
Taylor HE, Garbarino JR, Murphy DM, Beckett R (1992) Anal Chem 64:2036
Murphy DM, Garbarino JR, Taylor HW, Hart BT, Beckett R (1993) J Chromatogr 642:459
Hassellöv M, Hulthe G, Lyven B, Stenhagen G (1997) J Liq Chromatgr Rel Technol 20:2843
Wyatt PJ (1993) Anal Chim Acta 272:1
Barth HG, Boyes BE, Jackson C (1996) Anal Chem 68:445R
Lee S, Rao SP, Moon MH, Giddings JC (1996) Anal Chem 68:1545
Blo G, Contado C, Fagioli F, Rodriguez MHB, Dondi F (1995) Chromatographia 41:715
Dondi F, Blo G, Martin M (1997) Annali di Chimica 87:113
Giddings JC (1985) Anal Chem 57:945
Lee S, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1989) Anal Chem 61:2439
Giddings JC (1990) Anal Chem 62:2306
Williams PS, Giddings JC, Beckett R (1987) J Liq Chromatogr 10:1961
Grushka E, Caldwell KD, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1973) Field-flow fractionation. In: Perry ES, Oss CJV, Grushka E (eds) Separation and purification methods. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 127–151
Giddings JC, Caldwell KD (1984) Anal Chem 56:2093
Kirkland JJ, Yau WW (1985) Macromolecules 18:2305
Wahlund K-G, Winegarner HS, Caldwell KD, Giddings JC (1986) Anal Chem 58:573
Hecker R (1998) The characterization of polyacrylamide flocculants. PhD Thesis, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia
Yau WW, Kirkland JJ (1981) Sep Sci Technol 16:577
Kirkland JJ, Rementer SW, Yau WW (1988) Anal Chem 60:610
Williams PS, Giddings JC (1987) Anal Chem 59:2038
Kirkland JJ, Yau WW (1990) J Chromatogr 499:655
Kirkland JJ, Yau WW, Doerner WA, Grant JW (1980) Anal Chem 52:1944
Yang FJ, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1977) J Colloid Interface Sci 60:574
Wyatt PJ, Villalpando D (1997) Langmuir 13:3913
Giddings JC, Yang FJF, Myers MN (1974) Anal Chem 46:1917
Giddings JC, Myers MN, Caldwell KD, Fisher SR (1980) Analysis of biological macromolecules and particles by field-flow fractionation. In: Glick D (ed) Methods of biochemical analysis. John Wiley, New York, pp 79–136
Kirkland JJ, Dilks CH Jr, Yau WW (1983) J Chromatogr 255:255
Mächtle W (1992) Analysis of Polymer dispersions with an eight cell AUC-multiplexer: High resolution particle size distribution and density gradient techniques. In: Harding SE, Rowe AJR, Horton JC (eds) Analytical ultracentrifugation in biochemistry and Polymer Science. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 147–175
Cölfen H (1998) unpublished results
Kirkland JJ, Yau WW (1982) Science 218:121
Mächtle W (1984) Makromol Chem Macromol Chem Phys 185:1025
Müller HG, Herrmann F (1995) Progr Colloid Polym Sci 99:114
Yonker CR, Caldwell KD, Giddings JC, van Etten JL (1985) J Virol Methods 11:145
Caldwell KD, Karaiskakis G, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1981) J Pharm Sci 70:1350
Moon MH, Giddings JC (1993) J Pharm Biomed Anal 11:911
Li JT, Caldwell KD (1991) Langmuir 7:2034
Beckett R, Ho J, Jiang Y, Giddings JC (1991) Langmuir 7:2040
Langwost B, Caldwell KD (1992) Chromatographia 34:317
Caldwell KD, Li J, Li J-T, Dalgleish DG (1992) J Chromatogr 604:63
Giddings JC, Karaiskakis G, Caldwell KD (1981) Sep Sci Technol 16:725
Giddings JC, Yang FS (1985) J Colloid Interface Sci 105:55
Karaiskakis G, Myers MN, Caldwell KD, Giddings JC (1981) Anal Chem 53:1314
Giddings JC (1986) Anal Chem 58:2052
Thompson GH, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1969) Anal Chem 41:1219
Myers MN, Caldwell KD, Giddings JC (1974) J Sep Sci 9:47
Sanyal SK, Adhikari M (1981) J Indian Chem Soc 58:1055
Giddings JC, Myers MN, Janca J (1979) J Chromatogr 186:37
Martin M, Reynaud P (1980) Anal Chem 52:2293
Giddings JC, Martin M, Myers MN (1981) J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 19:815
Janca J, Klepárník K (1981) Sep Sci Technol 16:657
Giddings JC, Smith LK, Myers MN (1975) Anal Chem 47:2389
Emery AH, Drickamer HG (1955) J Chem Phys 23:2252
Bonner FJ (1967) Ark Kemi 27:19
Grew KE (1969) Transport phenomena in fluids. Marcel Dekker, New York
Giddings JC, Caldwell KD, Myers MN (1976) Macromolecules 9:106
Gunderson JJ, Caldwell KD, Giddings JC (1984) Sep Sci Technol 19:667
Giddings JC (1976) J Chromatogr 125:3
Brochard F, Martin M (1982) Bull Soc Fr Phys 46:17
Brochard-Wyart F (1983) Macromolecules 16:149
Giddings JC, Hovingh ME, Thompson GH (1970) J Phys Chem 74:4291
Ngyuen M, Beckett R (1993) Polym Int 30:337
Nguyen M, Beckett R (1996) Sep Sci Technol 31:291
Nguyen M, Beckett R (1996) Sep Sc Technol 31:453
Köhler W (1993) J Chem Phys 98:660
Schimpf ME, Wheeler LM, Romeo PF (1993) Co Polymer retention in thermal field-flow fractionation: dependence on composition and conformation. In: Provder T (ed) Chromatography of Polymers: characterization by SEC and FFF. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 63–76
Liu G, Giddings JC (1992) Chromatographia 34:483
Pauck T, Cölfen H, unpublished results
van Asten AC, Boelens HFM, Kok WT, Poppe H, Williams PS, Giddings JC (1994) Sep Sci Technol 29:513
Westerman-Clark G (1978) Sep Sc Technol 13:819
Belgaied JE, Hoyos M, Martin M (1994) J Chromatogr A 678:85
Giddings JC (1979) Pure Appl Chem 51:1459
Brimhall SL, Myers MN, Caldwell KD, Giddings JC (1981) Sep Sc Technol 16:671
Kirkland JJ, Yau WW (1986) J Chromatogr 353:95
Smith LK, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1977) Anal Chem 49:1750
Martin M, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1979) J Liq Chromatogr 2:147
Giddings JC, Myers MN, Moellmer JF (1978) J Chromatog 149:501
Ratanathanawongs SK, Lee I, Giddings JC (1991) Separation and characterization of 0.01-50 μm particles using flow field-flow fractionation. In: Provder T (ed) Particle size distribution II. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 229–246
Beckett R, Jue Z, Giddings JC (1987) Environ Sci Technol 21:289
Giddings JC, Yang FJ, Myers MN (1976) Science 193:1244
Lee HL, Lightfoot EN (1976) Sep Sc Technol 11:417
Davis JM (1991) Anal Chim Acta 246:161
Wahlund KG, Litzén A (1989) J Chromatogr 461:73
Litzén A, Wahlund KG (1989) J Chromatogr 476:413
Kirkland JJ, Dilks Jr CH, Rementer SW, Yau WW (1992) J Chromatogr 593:339
Joensson JA, Carlshaf A (1989) Anal Chem 61:11
Carlshaf A, Jönsson A (1989) J Chromatogr 461:89
Carlshaf A, Jonsson JA (1991) J Microcol Sep 3:411
Granger J, Dodds J (1992) Sep Sc Technol 27:1691
Carlshaf A, Jonsson JA (1993) Sep Sc Technol 28:1031
Wijnhoven JEGJ, Koorn JP, Poppe H, Kok WT (1995) J Chromatogr 699:119
Giddings JC, Yang FJ, Myers MN (1977) Anal Biochem 81:395
Giddings JC, Yang FJ, Myers MN (1977) J Virol 21:131
Giddings JC, Lin GC, Myers MN (1978) J Colloid Interface Sci 65:67
Giddings JC, Lin GC, Myers MN (1978) J Liq Chromatogr 1:1
Giddings JC (1984) Sep Sc Technol 19:831
Yang FJ, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1977) Anal Chem 49:659
Giddings JC, Lin HC, Caldwell KD, Myers MN (1983) Sep Sc Technol 18:293
Giddings JC, Yang FJ, Myers MN (1977) Sep Sc Technol 12:499
Granger J, Dodds J, Leclerc D, Midoux N (1986) Chem Eng Sci 41:3119
Litzén A, Wahlund KG (1991) Anal Chem 63:1001
Williams PS (1997) J Microcolumn Sep 9:459
Wittgren B, Wahlund KG, Dérand H, Wesslén B (1996) Macromolecules 29:268
Wittgren B, Wahlund KG, Dérand H, Wesslén B (1996) Langmuir 12:5999
Litzén A (1992) Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. PhD Thesis, University of Uppsala, Sweden
Wittgren B (1997) Size characterization of water-soluble Polymers using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. PhD Thesis, Lund University, Sweden
Giddings JC (1989) J Chromatogr 480:21
Giddings JC, Lin GC, Myers MN (1976) Sep Sc Technol 11:553
Caldwell KD, Gao YS (1993) Anal Chem 65:1764
Schimpf ME, Russell DD, Lewis JK (1994) J Liq Chromatogr 17:3221
Schimpf ME, Caldwell KC (1995) Am Lab 27:64
Reis JFG, Lightfoot EN (1976) AIChE J 22:779
Reis JFG, Ramkrishna D, Lightfoot EN (1978) AIChE J 24:679
Davis JM, Fan FRF, Bard J (1987) Anal Chem 59:1339
Subramanian RS, Jayaraj K, Krishnamurthy S (1978) Sep Sc Technol 13:273
Hunter RJ (1993) Introduction to modern colloid Science. Oxford University Press, Oxford
O’Brien RW, White LR (1978) J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 2 74:1607
Chiang AS, Kmiotek EH, Langan SM, Noble PT, Reis JFG, Lightfoot EN (1979) Sep Sci Technol 14:453
Shah AB, Reis JFG, Lightfoot EN, Moore RE (1979) Sep Sc Technol 14:475
Lightfoot EN, Noble PT, Chiang AS, Ugulini TA (1981) Sep Sc Technol 16:619
Palkar SA, Schure MR (1997) Anal Chem 69:3223
Palkar SA, Schure MR (1997) Anal Chem 69:3230
Semenov SN, Kuznetsov AA (1984) Zh Fiz Khim 60:424
Semenov SN (1986) Zh Fiz Khim 60:1231
Schunk TC, Gorse J, Burke MF (1984) Sep Sc Technol 19:653
Gorse J, Schunk TC, Burke MF (1984) Sep Sc Technol 19:1073
Pohl HA (1978) Dielectroporesis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Pethig R (1991) Application of AC electrical fields to the manipulation and characterization of cells. In: Karube I (ed) Automation in biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 159–185
Becker FF, Wang XB, Huang Y, Pethig R, Vykoukal J, Gascoyne PRC (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:860
Gascoyne PRC, Huang Y, Pethig R, Vykoukal J, Becker FF (1992) Meas Sci Technol 3:439
Talary MS, Mills KI, Hoy T, Burnett AK, Pethig R (1995) Med Biol Eng Comp 33:235
Markx GH, Talary MS, Pethig R (1994) J Biotechnol 32:29
Markx GH, Pethig R (1995) Biotechnol Bioeng 45:337
Wang XB, Huang Y, Burg JPH, Markx GH, Pethig R (1993) J Phys D: Appl Phys 26:1278
Doshi MR, Gill WN, Subramanian RS (1975) Chem Eng Sci 30:1467
Pearlstein J, Shiue MP (1995) Sep Sc Technol 30:2251
Shiue MP, Pearlstein AJ (1995) J Chromatogr A 707:87
Semyonov SN, Maslow KI (1988) J Chromatogr 446:151
Kononenko VL, Giddings JC, Myers MN (1997) J Microcolumn Sep 9:321
Kononenko VL, Shimkus JK, Giddings JC, Myers MN (1997) Feasibility studies on photophoretic effects in field-flow fractionation of particles. J Liq Chrom Rel Technol 20:2907
Cox RG, Brenner H (1968) Chem Eng Sci 23:147
Ho BP, Leal LG (1974) J Fluid Mech 65:365
Cox RG, Hsu SK (1977) Int J Multiphase Flow 3:201
Chen K, Wahlund KG, Giddings JC (1988) Anal Chem 60:362
Giddings JC, Moon MH, Williams PS, Myers MN (1991) Anal Chem 63:1366
Giddings JC, Myers MN, Moon MH, Barman BN (1991) Particle separation and size characterization by sedimentation field-flow fractionation. In: Provder T (ed) Particle size distribution. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 198–216
Compton BJ, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1983) Chem Biomed Environ Instrum 12:299
Caldwell KD, Cheng ZQ, Hradecky P, Giddings JC (1984) Cell Biophys 6:233
Caldwell KD, Nguyen TT, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1979) Sep Sc Technol 14:935
Giddings JC, Chen X, Wahlund KG, Myers MN (1987) Anal Chem 59:1957
Peterson RE, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1984) Sep Sc Technol 19:307
Koch T, Giddings JC (1986) Anal Chem 58:994
Williams PS, Lee S, Giddings JC (1994) Chem Eng Commun 130:143
Williams PS, Moon MH, Giddings JC (1992) Fast separation and characterization of micron size particles by sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation: role of lift forces. In: Stanley-Wood NG, Lines RW (eds) Particle size analysis. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 280–289
Ratanathanawongs SK, Giddings JC (1992) Anal Chem 64:6
DiMarzio EA, Guttman CM (1970) Macromolecules 3:131
Mori S, Porter RS, Johnson JF (1974) Anal Chem 46:1599
DosRamos JG, Silebi CA (1990) J Colloid Interface Sci 135:165
Meselson M, Stahl FW, Vinograd J (1957) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 43:581
Janca J (1992) Am Lab 24:15
Chmelik J, Janca J (1986) J Liq Chromatogr 9:55
Janca J (1987) Makromol Chem Rapid Comm 8:233
Janca J, Novakova N (1987) J Liq Chromatogr 10:2869
Janca J, Novakova N (1988) J Chromatogr 452:549
Janca J (1991) J Liq Chromatogr 14:3317
Chmelik J, Thormann W (1992) J Chromatogr 600:305
Chmelik J, Deml M, Janca J (1989) Anal Chem 61:912
Giddings JC (1992) Am Lab 24:20D–M
Chmelik J (1991) J Chromatogr 539:111
Chmelik J, Janca J (1989) Chem Listy 83:321
Chmelik J (1991) J Chromatogr 545:349
Chmelik J, Thormann W (1992) J Chromatogr 600:297
Chmelik J, Thormann W (1993) J Chromatogr 632:229
Karaiskakis G, Koliadima A (1989) Chromatographia 28:31
Koliadima A, Karaiskakis G (1990) J Chromatogr 517:345
Koliadima A, Karaiskakis G (1994) Chromatographia 39:74
Athanasopoulou A, Karaiskakis G (1995) Chromatographia 40:734
Hansen ME, Giddings JC (1989) Anal Chem 61:811
Athanasopoulou A, Koliadima A, Karaiskakis G (1996) Instrum Sci Technol 24:79
Karaiskakis G, Athanasopoulou A, Koliadima A (1997) J Microcolumn Sep 9:275
Kataoka K, Okano T, Sakurai Y, Nishimura T, Maeda M, Inoue S, Watanabe T, Tsuruta T (1982) Makromol Chem Rapid Comm 3:275
Kataoka K, Okano T, Sakurai Y, Nishimura T, Inoue S, Watanabe T, Maruyama M, Tsuruta T (1983) Eur Polym J 19:979
Maruyama A, Tsuruta T, Kataoka K, Sakurai Y (1987) Makromol Chem Rapid Comm 8:27
Bigelow JC, Nabeshima Y, Kataoka K, Giddings JC (1991) Separation of cells and measurement of surface adhesion forces. In: Compala DS, Todd P (eds) ACS Symp Ser. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, p 146
Janca J, Pribylova D, Konak C, Sedlacek B (1987) Anal Sci 3:297
Myers MN, Giddings JC (1979) Powder Technol 23:15
Schure MR, Myers MN, Caldwell KD, Byron C, Chan KP, Giddings JC (1985) Environ Sci Technol 19:686
Giddings JC (1985) Sep Sc Technol 20:749
Levin S, Giddings JC (1991) J Chem Tech Biotechnol 50:43
Giddings JC (1992) Sep Sc Technol 27:1489
Fuh CB, Trujillo EM, Giddings JC (1995) Sep Sc Technol 30:3861
Giddings JC (1988) Sep Sc Technol 23:119
Giddings JC (1985) Sep Sc Technol 20:749
Fuh CB, Chen SY (1998) J Chromatogr 813:313
Williams PS, Levin S, Lenczycki T, Giddings JC (1992) Ind Eng Chem Res 31:2172
Fuh CB, Levin S, Giddings JC (1993) Anal Biochem 208:80
Reid RC, Prausnitz JM, Sherwood TK (1977) The properties of gases and liquids; 3rd edn. MacGraw-Hill chemical engineering series. McGraw-Hill Book, New York, p 688
Morawetz H (1975) Macromolecules in solution. Wiley-Inter Science, New York
Giddings JC, Yoon YH, Caldwell KD, Myers MN, Hovingh ME (1975) Sep Sc Technol 10:447
Giddings JC, Myers MN, Yang FJF, Smith LK (1976) Mass analysis of particles and Macromolecules by field-flow fractionation. In: Kerker M (ed) Colloid and interface Science. Academic Press, New York, pp 381–398
van Asten AC, Venema E, Kok WT, Poppe H (1993) J Chromatogr 644:83
van Asten AC, Kok WT, Tijssen R, Poppe H (1994) J Chromatogr A 676:361
Pasti L, Roccasalvo S, Dondi F, Reschiglian P (1995) J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 33:1225
Martin M, Ignatiadis I, Reynaud R (1987) Fuel 66:1436
Janca J, Martin M (1992) Chromatographia 34:125
Giddings JC, Li S, Williams PS, Schimpf ME (1988) Makromol Chem Rapid Commun 9:817
Lee S (1993) Gel-content determination of Polymers using thermal field-flow fractionation. In: Provder T (ed) Chromatography of Polymers: characterization by SEC and FFF. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 77–88
Lee S, Molnar A (1995) Macromolecules 28:6354
Shiundu PM, Remsen EE, Giddings JC (1996) Appl Polym Sci 60:1695
van Asten AC, van Dam RJ, Kok WT, Tijssen R, Poppe H (1995) J Chromatogr A 703:245
Kirkland JJ, Boone LS, Yau WW (1990) J Chromatogr 517:377
Rue CA, Schimpf ME (1994) Anal Chem 66:4054
Kirkland JJ, Dilks CH Jr., Rementer SW (1992) Anal Chem 64:1295
Tank C, Antonietti M (1996) Macromol Chem Phys 197:2943
Derand H, Wesslen B, Wittgren B, Wahlund K-G (1996) Macromolecules 29:8770
Hecker R, Fawell PD, Jefferson A, Farrow JB (1999) J Chromatogr A 837:139
Brimhall SL, Myers MN, Caldwell KD, Giddings JC (1984) J Polym Sci Polym Lett Ed 22:339
Brimhall SL, Myers MN, Caldwell KD, Giddings JC (1984) Polym Mater Sci Eng 50:48
Kirkland JJ, Dilks CH (1992) Anal Chem 64:2836
Miller ME, Giddings JC (1998) J Microcolumn Sep 10:75
Schallinger LE, Yau WW, Kirkland JJ (1984) Science 225:434
Arner EC, Kirkland JJ (1989) Biochim Biophys Acta 993:100
Schallinger E, Arner EC, Kirkland JJ (1988) Biochim Biophys Acta 966:231
Schallinger LE, Gray JE, Wagner LW, Knowlton S, Kirkland JJ (1985) J Chromatogr 342:67
Lou J, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1994) J Liq Chromatogr 17:3239
White RJ (1997) Polym Int 43:373
Liu M-K, Giddings JC (1993) Macromolecules 26:3576
Dycus PJM, Healy KD, Stearman GK, Wells MJM (1995) Sep Sc Technol 30:1435
Beckett R (1987) Environ Technol Lett 9:339
Schimpf ME, Wahlund KG (1997) J Microcolumn Sep 9:535
van den Hoop MAGT, van Leeuwen HP(1997) Coll Surf A: Physicochem, Eng Aspects 120:235
Dixon DR, Wood FJ, Beckett R (1992) Environ Technol 13:1117
Beckett R, Wood FJ, Dixon DR (1992) Environ Technol 13:1129
Washizu M, Suzuki S, Nishizaka T, Shinohara T (1992) 1992 IEEE Ind Appl Soc Annu Meetings 1 and 2, pp 1446–1452
Yang FS, Caldwell KD, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1983) J Colloid Interface Sci 93:115
Kirkland JJ, Yau WW (1983) Anal Chem 55:2165
Oppenheimer LE, Smith GA (1988) Langmuir 4:144
Barman BN, Giddings JC (1992) Langmuir 8:51
Jones HK, Barman BH, Giddings JC (1988) J Chromatogr 455:1
Barman BN, Giddings JC (1991) Overview of colloidal aggregation by sedimentation field-flow fractionation. In: Provder T (ed) Particle size distribution II: Assessment and characterization. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 217–228
Barman BN, Giddings JC (1995) Anal Chem 67:3861
Arlauskas RA, Burtner DR, Klein DH (1993) Calibration of a photosedimeter using sedimentation field-flow fractionation and gas Chromatography. In: Provder T (ed) Chromatography of Polymers: characterization by SEC and FFF. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 2–12
Yang F-S, Caldwell KD, Giddings JC, Astle L (1984) Anal Biochem 138:488
Arlauskas RA, Weers JG (1996) Langmuir 12:1923
Hansen ME, Short DC (1990) J Chromatogr 517:333
Li J, Caldwell KD, Anderson BD (1993) Pharm Res 10:535
Weers JG, Arlauskas RA (1995) Langmuir 11:474
Levin S, Klausner E (1995) Pharm Res 12:1218
Schimpf ME (1987) Characterization of Polymers and their thermal diffusion by thermal field-flow fractionation. PhD Thesis, University of Utah, USA
Liu G, Giddings JC (1991) Anal Chem 63:296
Shiundu PM, Liu G, Giddings JC (1995) Anal Chem 67:2705
Shiundu PM, Giddings JC (1995) J Chromatogr 715:117
Moon MH, Kwon H, Park I (1997) Anal Chem 69:1436
Ratanathanawongs SK, Giddings JC (1993) Polym Mater Sci Eng 70:26
Caldwell KD, Li J, Li J (1993) Polym Mater Sci Eng 69:404
Ratanathanawongs SK, Shiundu PM, Giddings JC (1995) Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspects 105:243
Tan JS, Harrison CA, Li JT, Caldwell KD (1998) J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36:537
Dunkel M, Tri N, Beckett R, Caldwell KD (1997) J Microcolumn Sep 9:177
Karaiskakis G, Graff KA, Caldwell KD, Giddings JC (1982) Int J Environ Anal Chem 12:1
Beckett R, Nicholson G, Hart BT, Hansen M, Giddings JC (1988) Water Res 22:1535
McCarthy JF, Zachara JM (1989) Environ Sci Technol 23:496
Beckett R, Hotchin DM, Hart BT (1990) J Chromatogr 517:435
Caldwell KD, Karaiskakis G, Giddings JC (1981) Colloids Surf 3:233
Kirkland JJ, Yau WW, Szoka FC (1982) Science 215:296
Cardot PJP, Gerota J, Martin M (1991) J Chromatogr 568:93
Merino A, Bories C, Gantier J-C, Cardot PJP (1991) J Chromatogr 572:291
Merino-Dugay A, Cardot PJP, Czok M, Guernet M, Andreux AP (1992) J Chromatogr 579:73
Bories C, Cardot PJP, Abramowski V, Poüs C, Merino-Dugay A, Baron B (1992) J Chromatogr 579:143
Urbánková E, Vacek A, Nováková N, Matulík F, Chmelík J (1992) J Chromatogr 583:27
Pazourek J, Chmelík J (1993) Chromatographia 35:591
Pazourek J, Urbánková E, Chmelík J (1994) J Chromatogr A 660:113
Cardot PJP, Elgéa C, Guernet M, Godet D, Andreux JP (1994) J Chromatogr B 654:193
Bernard A, Bories C, Loiseau PM, Cardot PJP (1995) J Chromatogr B 664:444
Reschiglian P, Torsi G (1995) Chromatographia 40:467
Meng H, Caldwell KD, Giddings JC (1984) Fuel ProcessTechnol 8:313
Graff KA, Caldwell KD, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1984) Fuel 63:621
Giddings JC, Moon MH (1991) Anal Chem 63:2869
Giddings JC, Ratanathanawongs SK, Moon MH (1991) KONA: Powder Particle 9:200
Beckett R, Jiang Y, Liu G, Moon MH, Giddings JC (1994) Part Sci Technol 12:89
Ratanathanawongs SK, Giddings JC (1989) J Chromatogr 467:341
Ratanathanawongs SK, Giddings JC (1994) Chromatographia 38:545
Fox A, Schallinger LE, Kirkland JJ (1985) J Microbiol Methods 3:273
Mozersky SM, Caldwell KD, Jones SB, Maleeff BE, Barford RA (1988) Anal Biochem 172:113
Gilbart J, Wells AF, Hoe MH, Fox A (1987) J Chromatogr 387:428
Caldwell KD, Nguyen TT, Giddings JC, Mazzone HM (1980) J Virol Methods 1:241
Caldwell KD, Compton BJ, Giddings JC, Olson RJ (1984) Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 25:153
Sklaviadis T, Dreyer R, Manuelidis L (1992) Virus Res 26:241
Moon MH, Giddings JC (1993) J Food Sci 58:1166
Li P, Giddings JC (1996) J Pharm Sci 85:895
Li P, Hansen M, Giddings JC (1997) J Liq Chromatogr Rel Tech 20:2777
Barman BN, Myers MN, Giddings JC (1989) Powder Technol 59:53
Barman BN, Ashwood ER, Giddings JC (1993) Anal Biochem 212:35
Barman BN (1994) J Colloid Interf Sci 167:467
Yue V, Kowal R, Neargarder L, Bond L, Muetterties A, Parsons R (1994) Clin Chem 40:1810
Tong X, Caldwell KD (1995) J Chromatogr B 674:39
Hoffstetter-Kuhn S, Rösler T, Ehrat M, Widmer HM (1992) Anal Biochem 206:300
Sharma RV, Edwards RT, Beckett R (1993) Appl Environ Microbiol 1864
Fuh CB, Giddings JC (1995) Biotechnol Prog 11:14
Caldwell KD, Karaiskakis G, Giddings JC (1981) J Chromatogr 215:323
Myers MN, Graff KA, Giddings JC (1980) Nucl Technol 51:147
Giddings JC, Graff KA, Myers MN, Caldwell KD (1980) Sep Sc Technol 15:615
Martin M, Reynaud R (1984) Collect Colloq Semin Inst Fr Pet 40:263
Markx GH, Rousselet J, Pethig R (1997) J Liq Chromatogr Rel Tech 20:2857
Keil RG, Tsamakis E, Fuh CB, Giddings JC, Hedges JI (1994) Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58:879
Contado C, Dondi F, Beckett R, Giddings JC (1997) Anal Chim Acta 345:99
DeGennes PG (1976) Macromolecules 9:594
Litzén A, Wahlund K-G (1991) J Chromatogr 548:393
Inagaki H, Tanaka T (1980) Anal Chem 52:201
Williams PS, Xu Y, Reschiglian P, Giddings JC (1997) Anal Chem 69:349
Dilks CH Jr., Yau WW, Kirkland JJ (1984) J Chromatogr 315:45
Janca J (1984) Steric exclusion liquid Chromatography of Polymers. Chromatogr Sci Ser. Marcel Dekker, New York, chap 25, p 329
Jahnova V, Matulik F, Janca J (1987) Anal Chem 59:1039
Wyatt PJ (1998) J Colloid Interface Sci 197:9
Dalas E, Karaiskakis G (1987) Colloids Surf 28:169
Beckett R, Giddings JC (1997) J Colloid Interf Sci 186:53
Kirkland JJ, Schallinger LE, Yau WW (1985) Anal Chem 57:2271
Miller ME, Lee H, Li X, Szentirmay R, Giddings JC (1994) Polym Prepr (ACS Div Polym Chem) 35:764
Wijnhoven JEGJ, van Bommel MR, Poppe H, Kok WT (1996) Chromatographia 42:409
Johann C, Kilz PJ (1991) J Appl Polym Sci: Appl Polym Symp 48:111
Wyatt PJ (1991) J Liq Chromatogr 14:2351
Adolphi U, Kulicke WM (1997) Polymer 38:1513
Thielking H, Kulicke WM (1998) J Microcolumn Sep 10:51
Antonietti M, Briel A, Tank C (1995) Acta Polymer 46:254
Korgel BA, Vanzanten JH, Monbouquette HG (1998) Biophys J 74:3264
Wittgren B, Wahlund KG (1997) J Chromatogr A 760:205
Wittgren B, Wahlund KG (1997) J Chromatogr A 791:135
Wittgren B, Borgstrom L, Piculell L, Wahlund KG (1998) Bio Polymers 45:85
Zahoransky RA, Dummin H, Laile E, Schauer T (1997) Talanta 44:2225
Lee H, Kim S, Williams R, Giddings JC (1998) Anal Chem 70:2495
Jensen KD, Williams SK, Giddings JC (1996) J Chromatogr 746:137
Moon MH, Giddings JC (1996) Ind Eng Chem Res 35:1072
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cölfen, H., Antonietti, M. (2000). Field-Flow Fractionation Techniques for Polymer and Colloid Analysis. In: Schmidt, M. (eds) New Developments in Polymer Analytics I. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 150. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48764-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48764-6_2
Received:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-66077-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-48764-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive