Skip to main content

Radiological Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer

  • Chapter

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   179.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Spiro S, Porter C. Lung cancer — Where are we today? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:1166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Hackshaw AK, Law MR, Wald NJ. The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke. BMJ 1997; 315:980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Janssen-Heijnen M, Gatta G, Forman D, Capocaccia R, Coebergh J, and the Eurocare Working Group: variation in survival of patients with lung cancer in Europe, 1985–1989. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34:2191.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Filderman A, Shaw C, Matthay R. Lung cancer. Part I: etiology, pathology, natural history, manifestations and diagnostic techniques. Invest Radiol 1986; 21:80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ferguson M. Diagnosing and staging of non-small cell lung cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1990; 4:1053.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Jett J, Cortese D, Fontana R. Lung cancer current concepts and prospects. Cancer 1983; 33:74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Steele JD. The solitary pulmonary nodule. Report of a cooperative study of resected asymptomatic solitary pulmonary nodules in males. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1963; 46:21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Goldmeier E. Limits of visibility of bronchogenic carcinoma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1965; 91:232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Theros E. Varying manifestations of peripheral pulmonary neoplasms: a radiologic-pathologic correlative study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1977; 128:893.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kundel HL. Predictive value and threshold detectability of lung tumors. Radiology 1981; 139:25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Muhm JR, Miller WE, Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, Uhlen-hopp MA. Lung cancer detected during a screening program using four-month chest radiographs. Radiology 1983; 148:609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Woodring J. Pitfalls in the radiologic diagnosis of lung cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990; 154:609.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Gomersall L, Olson S. Imaging in lung cancer. Imaging 2004; 16:1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Good C, Wilson T. The solitary circumscribed pulmonary nodule. JAMA 1958; 166:210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Yankelevitz D, Henschke C. Does 2-year stability imply pulmonary nodules are benign? AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168:325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Patz EF, Jr. Imaging bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 2000; 117:90, 23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Armstrong P. Neoplasms of the lungs, airways and pleura. In: Armstrong P, Wilson A, Dee P, Hansell D (eds.) Imaging Diseases of the Chest. Mosby (Harcourt), London, 2000; p 305.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Stewart J, MacMahon H, Viborny C, Pollak E. Dystrophic calcification in carcinoma of the lung: demonstration by CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987; 148:29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mahoney M, Shipley R, Corcoran H, Dickson B. CT demonstration of calcification in carcinoma of the lung. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990; 154:255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Felson B, Wiot J. Some less familiar roentgen manifestations of carcinoma of the lung. Semin Roentgenol 1977; 12:187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Henschke C, Yankelevitz D, Mirtcheva R, McGuiness G, McCauley D, Miettinen S, ELCAP Group. CT screening for lung cancer: frequency and significance of part-solid and nonsolid nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 178:1053.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Henschke C, McCauley D, Yankelevitz D, et al. Early lung cancer action project: overall design and findings from baseline screening. Lancet 1999; 354:99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hasegawa M, Sone S, Takashima S, et al. Growth rate of small lung cancers detected on mass CT screening. Radiology 2000; 73:1252.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lehar TJ, Carr DT, Miller WE, Payne WS, Woolner LB. Roentgenographic appearance of bronchogenic adenocarcinoma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967; 96:245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Byrd RB, Miller WE, Carr DT, Payne WS, Woolner LB. The roentgenographic appearance of small cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Mayo Clin Proc 1968; 43:337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Byrd RB, Miller WE, Carr DT, Payne WS, Woolner LB. The roentgenographic appearance of large cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Mayo Clin Proc 1968; 43:333.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Byrd RB, Miller WE, Carr DT, Payne WS, Woolner LB. The roentgenographic appearance of squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Mayo Clin Proc 1968; 43:327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Byrd RB, Carr DT, Miller WE, Payne WS, Woolner LB. Radiographic abnormalities in carcinoma of the lung as related to histological cell type. Thorax 1969; 24:573.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Erasmus J, Patz E, McAdams H, et al. Evaluation of adrenal masses in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168:1357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Siegelman S, Khouri N, Leo F, Fishman E, Baverman R, Zerhouni E. Solitary pulmonary nodules: CT assessment. Radiology 1986; 160:307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Muhm J, McCullough A. The enhancing rim: a new sign of a benign pulmonary nodule. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78:1092.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Quinn D, Gianlupi A, Broste S. The changing radiographic presentation of bronchogenic carcinoma with reference to cell types. Chest 1996; 110:1474.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Chaudhuri M. Primary pulmonary cavitating carcinomas. Thorax 1973; 28:354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Matthews M. Morphology of lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1974; 1:175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Revel M, Bissery A, Bienvenu M, Aycard L, Lefort C, Frija G. Are two-dimensional CT measurements of small non-calcified pulmonary nodules reliable? Radiology 2004; 231:453.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Revel M, Lefort C, Bissery A, et al. Pulmonary nodules: preliminary experience with three-dimensional evaluation. Radiology 2004; 231:459.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Nathan M, Collins V, Adams R. Differentiation of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules by growth rate. Radiology 1962; 79:221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Sato M, Saito Y, Endo C, Sakurada A, Feller-Kopman D, Ernst A, Kondo T. The natural history of radiographically occult bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study of overdiagnosis bias. Chest 2004; 126:108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bungay H, Pal C, Davies C, Davies R, Gleeson F. An evaluation of computed tomography as an aid to diagnosis in patients undergoing bronchoscopy for suspected bronchial carcinoma. Clin Radiol 2000; 55:560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Murphy J, Gleeson F, Flower C. Percutaneous needle biopsy of the lung and its impact on patient management. World J Surg 2001; 25:373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Baldwin D, Birchall J, Ganatra R, Pointon K. Evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule: clinical management, role of CT and nuclear medicine. Imaging 2004; 16:22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Dwamena B, Sonnad S, Angobaldo J, Wahl R. Metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: mediastinal staging in the 1990s — meta-analytic comparison of PET and CT. Radiology 1999; 213:530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Pieterman R, van Putten J, Meuezelaar J, et al. Preopera-tive staging of non-small cell lung cancer with positron emission tomography. New Eng J Med 2000; 343:254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Erasmus J, McAdams, HP, Patz E, Goodman, PC, Coleman R. Thoracic FDG PET: state of the art. Radiographics 1998; 18:5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Nomori H, Watanabe K, Ohtsuka M, et al. Evaluation of F-18 fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) PET scanning for pulmonary nodules less than 3 cm in diameter, with special reference to the CT images. Lung Cancer 2004; 45:19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Langen K, Braun U, Rota Kops E, et al. The influence of plasma glucose levels on fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in bronchial carcinomas. J Nucl Med 1993; 34:355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Blum J, Handmaker H, Lister-James J, Rinne N. A multi-center trial with a somatostatin analog 99mTc Depreotide in the evaluation of solitary pulmonary nodules. Chest 2000; 117:1232.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Mountain CF. Revisions in the International System for Staging Lung Cancer. Chest 1997; 111:1710.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Grunenwald D, Mazel C, Girard P, Berthiot G, Dromer C, Baldeyrou P. Total vertebrectomy for en bloc resection of lung cancer invading the spine. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 61:723.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Onitsuka H, Tsukuda M, Araki A, Murakami J, Torii Y, Masuda K. Differentiation of central lung tumor from postobstructive lobar collapse by rapid sequence computed tomography. J Thorac Imaging 1991; 6:28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Tobler J, Levitt RG, Glazer HS, Moran J, Crouch E, Evens RG. Differentiation of proximal bronchogenic carcinoma from post-obstructive lobar collapse by magnetic resonance imaging. Comparison with computed tomography. Invest Radiol 1987; 22:538.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kono M, Adachi S, Kusumoto M, Sakai E. Clinical utility of Gd-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in lung cancer. J Thorac Imaging 1993; 8:18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Houston JG, Fleet M, McMillan N, Cowan MD. Ultrasonic assessment of hemidiaphragmatic movement: an indirect method of evaluating mediastinal invasion in non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Radiol 1995;68:695.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Martini N, Heelan R, Westcott J, et al. Comparative merits of conventional, computed tomographic, and magnetic resonance imaging in assessing mediastinal involvement in surgically confirmed lung carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985; 90:639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Glazer HS, Kaiser LR, Anderson DJ, Molina PL, Emami B, Roper CL, Sagel SS. Indeterminate mediastinal invasion in bronchogenic carcinoma: CT evaluation. Radiology 1989; 173:37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Musset D, Grenier P, Carette MF, et al. Primary lung cancer staging: prospective comparative study of MR imaging with CT. Radiology 1986; 160:607.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Webb WR, Gatsonis C, Zerhouni EA, Heelan RT, Glazer GM, Francis IR, McNeil BJ. CT and MR imaging in staging non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: report of the Radiologic Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology 1991; 178:705.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Mayr B, Lenhard M, Fink U, Heywang-Kobrunner SH, Sunder-Plassmann L, Permanetter W. Preoperative evaluation of bronchogenic carcinoma: value of MR in T-and N-staging. Eur J Radiol 1992; 14:245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Ohno Y, Adachi S, Motoyama A, et al. Multiphase ECG-triggered 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography: utility for evaluation of hilar and mediastinal invasion of bronchogenic carcinoma. J Magn Resonance Imaging 2001; 12:215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Pugatch RD. Radiologic evaluation in chest malignancies. A review of imaging modalities. Chest 1995; 107:294S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kamel EM, Goerres GW, Burger C, von Schulthess GK, Steinert HC. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in patients with lung cancer: detection with PET-CT image fusion — report of six cases. Radiology 2002; 224:153.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Glazer HS, Duncan-Meyer J, Aronberg DJ, Moran JF, Levitt RG, Sagel SS. Pleural and chest wall invasion in bronchogenic carcinoma: CT evaluation. Radiology 1985; 157:191.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Pennes DR, Glazer GM, Wimbish KJ, Gross BH, Long RW, Orringer MB. Chest wall invasion by lung cancer: limitations of CT evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1985; 144:507.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Pearlberg JL, Sandier MA, Beute GH, Lewis JW, Jr., Madrazo BL. Limitations of CT in evaluation of neoplasms involving chest wall. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1987; 11:290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Ratto GB, Piacenza G, Frola C, et al. Chest wall involvement by lung cancer: computed tomographic detection and results of operation. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51:182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Murata K, Takahashi M, Mori M, et al. Chest wall and mediastinal invasion by lung cancer: evaluation with multisection expiratory dynamic CT. Radiology 1994; 191:251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Padovani B, Mouroux J, Seksik L, et al. Chest wall invasion by bronchogenic carcinoma: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 1993; 187:33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Heelan RT, Demas BE, Caravelli JF, et al. Superior sulcus tumors: CT and MR imaging. Radiology 1989; 170:637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Suzuki N, Saitoh T, Kitamura S. Tumor invasion of the chest wall in lung cancer: diagnosis with US. Radiology 1993; 187:39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Nakano N, Yasumitsu T, Kotake Y, Morino H, Ikezoe J. Preoperative histologic diagnosis of chest wall invasion by lung cancer using ultrasonically guided biopsy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 107:891.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Schaffler GJ, Wolf G, Schoellnast H, et al. Non-small cell lung cancer: evaluation of pleural abnormalities on CT scans with 18F FDG PET. Radiology 2004; 231:858.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Erasmus JJ, McAdams HP, Rossi SE, Goodman PC, Coleman RE, Patz EF. FDG PET of pleural effusions in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175:245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Light RW, Erozan YS, Ball WC Jr. Cells in pleural fluid. Their value in differential diagnosis. Arch Intern Med 1973; 132:854.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Tateishi M, Fukuyama Y, Hamatake M, Kohdono S, Ishida T, Sugimachi K. Skip mediastinal lymph node metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. J Surg Oncol 1994; 57:139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. van OH, Brakel K, Heijenbrok MW, van Kasteren JH, van de Moosdijk CN, Roldaan AC, van Gils AP, Hansen BE. Metastases in supraclavicular lymph nodes in lung cancer: assessment with palpation, US, and CT. Radiology 2004; 232:75.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Glazer GM, Gross BH, Quint LE, Francis IR, Bookstein FL, Orringer MB. Normal mediastinal lymph nodes: number and size according to American Thoracic Society mapping. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1985; 144:261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Quint LE, Glazer GM, Orringer MB, Francis IR, Bookstein FL. Mediastinal lymph node detection and sizing at CT and autopsy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986; 147:469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Kerr KM, Lamb D, Wathen CG, Walker WS, Douglas NJ. Pathological assessment of mediastinal lymph nodes in lung cancer: implications for non-invasive mediastinal staging. Thorax 1992; 47:337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. McLoud TC, Bourgouin PM, Greenberg RW, et al. Bronchogenic carcinoma: analysis of staging in the mediastinum with CT by correlative lymph node mapping and sampling. Radiology 1992; 182:319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ohno Y, Hatabu H, Takenaka D, et al. Metastases in mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: quantitative and qualitative assessment with STIR turbo spin-echo MR imaging. Radiology 2004; 231:872.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Steinert HC, Hauser M, Allemann F, Engel H, Berthold T, von Schulthess GK, Weder W Non-small cell lung cancer: nodal staging with FDG PET versus CT with correlative lymph node mapping and sampling. Radiology 1997; 202:441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Antoch G, Stattaus J, Nemat AT, et al. Non-small cell lung cancer: dual-modality PET/CT in preoperative staging. Radiology 2003; 229:526.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Gdeedo A, Van SP, Corthouts B, Van MF, Van MJ, Van ME. Prospective evaluation of computed tomography and mediastinoscopy in mediastinal lymph node staging. Eur Respir J 1997; 10:1547.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Marom EM, McAdams HP, Erasmus JJ, et al. Staging non-small cell lung cancer with whole-body PET. Radiology 1999; 212:803.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. van OH, Hoekstra OS, Smit EF, et al. Effectiveness of positron emission tomography in the preoperative assessment of patients with suspected non-small-cell lung cancer: the PLUS multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359:1388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Toloza EM, Harpole L, McCrory DC. Noninvasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer: a review of the current evidence. Chest 2003; 123:137S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Fritscher-Ravens A, Davidson BL, Hauber HP, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound, positron emission tomography, and computerized tomography for lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168:1293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Potepan P, Meroni E, Spagnoli I, et al. Non-small-cell lung cancer: detection of mediastinal lymph node metastases by endoscopic ultrasound and CT. Eur Radiol 1996; 6:19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Smith RA. Evaluation of the long-term results of surgery for bronchial carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1981; 82:325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Feld R, Rubinstein LV, Weisenberger TH. Sites of recurrence in resected stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: a guide for future studies. J Clin Oncol 1984; 2:1352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Sider L, Horejs D. Frequency of extrathoracic metastases from bronchogenic carcinoma in patients with normal-sized hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes on CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1988; 151:893.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Kormas P, Bradshaw JR, Jeyasingham K. Preoperative computed tomography of the brain in non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Thorax 1992; 47:106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Salvatierra A, Baamonde C, Llamas JM, Cruz F, Lopez-Pujol J. Extrathoracic staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 1990; 97:1052.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Silvestri GA, Littenberg B, Colice GL. The clinical evaluation for detecting metastatic lung cancer. A meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Oliver TW Jr, Bernardino ME, Miller JI, Mansour K, Greene D, Davis WA. Isolated adrenal masses in non-small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Radiology 1984; 153:217.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Korobkin M, Lombardi TJ, Aisen AM, et al. Characterization of adrenal masses with chemical shift and gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 1995; 197:411.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Schrevens L, Lorent N, Dooms C, Vansteenkiste J. The role of PET scan in diagnosis, staging, and management of non-small cell lung cancer. Oncologist 2004; 9:633.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Earnest F, Ryu JH, Miller GM, Luetmer PH, Forstrom LA, Burnett OL, Rowland CM, Swensen SJ, Midthun DE. Suspected non-small cell lung cancer: incidence of occult brain and skeletal metastases and effectiveness of imaging for detection-pilot study. Radiology 1999; 211:137.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Hooper RG, Tenholder MF, Underwood GH, Beechler CR, Spratling L. Computed tomographic scanning of the brain in initial staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 1984; 85:774.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Klein JS, Webb WR. The radiologic staging of lung cancer. J Thorac Imaging 1991; 7:29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Newman SJ, Hansen HH. Proceedings: Frequency, diagnosis, and treatment of brain metastases in 247 consecutive patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer 1974; 33:492.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Kormas P, Bradshaw JR, Jeyasingham K. Preoperative computed tomography of the brain in non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Thorax 1992; 47:106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Colice GL, Birkmeyer JD, Black WC, Littenberg B, Silvestri G. Cost-effectiveness of head CT in patients with lung cancer without clinical evidence of metastases. Chest 1995; 108:1264.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Marom EM, Patz EF, Jr., Swensen SJ. Radiologic findings of bronchogenic carcinoma with pulmonary metastases at presentation. Clin Radiol 1999; 54:665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Osterlind K, Hansen M, Hansen HH, Dombernowsky P. Influence of surgical resection prior to chemotherapy on the long-term results in small cell lung cancer. A study of 150 operable patients. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1986; 22:589.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Abrams J, Doyle LA, Aisner J. Staging, prognostic factors, and special considerations in small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1988; 15:261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Schumacher T, Brink I, Mix M, et al. FDG-PET imaging for the staging and follow-up of small cell lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 2001; 28:483.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. British Thoracic Society guidelines: guidelines on the selection of patients with lung cancer for surgery. Thorax 2001; 56:89.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Dunnick N, Korobkin M. Imaging of adrenal incidentalomas: current status. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179:559.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Padley, S. (2006). Radiological Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer. In: Syrigos, K.N., Nutting, C.M., Roussos, C. (eds) Tumors of the Chest. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31040-1_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31040-1_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-31039-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-31040-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics