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Hyperpolarization Methods in NMR Spectroscopy pp 75–103Cite as

Improving NMR and MRI Sensitivity with Parahydrogen

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Part of the book series: Topics in Current Chemistry ((TOPCURRCHEM,volume 338))

Abstract

Parahydrogen induced polarisation (PHIP) has wide utility in NMR and MRI as it can increase the sensitivity of both techniques. The transfer of spin order from parahydrogen to nuclei in the analyte leads to an increased magnetic response following interrogation by RF pulses. This spin transfer is catalysed by a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst. The increased magnetic response not only reduces the number of transients required to obtain the spectrum or image, but can also illuminate previously undetectable species present in solution. From its theoretical prediction to its experimental validation, PHIP has been applied in a range of different areas such as the structural analysis of complexes, understanding reaction mechanisms involving hydrogen and for the production of contrast agents for use in MRI. PHIP can also be readily combined with other techniques such as photochemistry which widens its field of applicability. In this review, we detail the properties of parahydrogen and the methods for its preparation and utilisation in homogeneous and heterogeneous based hydrogenation and non-hydrogenative reactions. Specific examples are explained for the application of PHIP in photochemical and hydroformylation reactions. Pulse sequences designed to be compatible with PHIP are described to exemplify how the increase in sensitivity can be increased even further by the interrogation of the magnetic states optimally. Finally, a section on the use of PHIP in the production of contrast agents suitable for MRI, and the monitoring of hydrogenation reactions using imaging techniques is discussed.

Please note the Erratum to this chapter at the end of the book

An erratum to this chapter is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39728-8_428

An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39728-8_428

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Abbreviations

ALTADENA:

Adiabatic longitudinal transport after dissociation engenders nuclear alignment

CIDNP:

Chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarisation

COD:

Cyclooctadiene

DEPT:

Distortionless enhancement by polarisation transfer

DNP:

Dynamic nuclear polarisation

dpae:

1,2-Bis(diphenylarsino)ethane

dppe:

1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane

dppm:

1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)methane

FISP:

Fast imaging with steady state precession

HFM:

Hollow fibre membrane

HMBC:

Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation

HMQC:

Heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation

HOHAHA:

Homonuclear Hartman–Hahn spectroscopy

IMes:

1,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazole-2-ylidene

INADEQUATE:

Incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer experiment

INEPT:

Insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarisation transfer

MAA:

Methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate

MAP:

Methyl 2-acetamidopropanote

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

OPSY:

Only parahydrogen spectroscopy

PASADENA:

Parahydrogen and synthesis allow dramatically enhanced nuclear alignment

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PHIP:

Parahydrogen induced polarisation

RF:

Radio frequency

S/N:

Signal-to-noise

SABRE:

Signal amplification by reversible exchange

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulphate

SEPP:

Selective excitation of polarisation using PASADENA

TOCSY:

Total correlation spectroscopy

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the EPSRC (grant number EP/G009546/1) and the University of York for their financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK

    Simon B. Duckett & Ryan E. Mewis

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  1. Simon B. Duckett
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  2. Ryan E. Mewis
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Correspondence to Ryan E. Mewis .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Europ. Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Lars T. Kuhn

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Duckett, S.B., Mewis, R.E. (2012). Improving NMR and MRI Sensitivity with Parahydrogen. In: Kuhn, L. (eds) Hyperpolarization Methods in NMR Spectroscopy. Topics in Current Chemistry, vol 338. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/128_2012_388

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