Abstract
The technologies and advances in the field of three-dimensional (3D) displays within the past two decades are reviewed. Specifically, the developments in diffractive, refractive, reflective and occlusive 3D display strategies are discussed, highlighting the advantages and limitations of the associated systems. The partial pixel and the partial object pixel architectures associated with autostereoscopic displays are discussed in some detail, while other techniques are briefly introduced. It is shown that major breakthroughs occurred with the development of computer-generated holography (CGH), liquid crystal arrays (LCA) and other spatial light modulators (SLM), and also the discrete fabrication of diffractive and holographic optical elements (DOE and HOE), micromirror arrays, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). These techniques and components have enabled the implementation of spatially and angularly multiplexed 3D images and scenes with potentially dynamic (time-varying) features.
Key words
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bains, S., 1996, Low-cost autostereoscopic screen creates 3-D views, Laser Focus World, 26–28.
Boff, K.R., Kaufman, L., and Thomas, J.P., 1986, Handbook of perception and human performance, Vol.1, Sensory Processes and Perception, pp.10, 11, 23, Wiley & Sons.
Börner, R., 1993, Autostereoscopic 3D-imaging by front and rear projection and on flat panel displays, Displays 14, 39–46.
Chen, S.-T., 1996, Analytical Investigations of Dynamic and Static Optical Gratings and Some Modern Applications. Ph.D. dissertation, Binghamton University, SUNY.
Chen, S.-T., and Chatterjee, M.R., 1995, Computer generated spatially multiplexed message display using a holographic optical element array, Optical Society of America Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon.
Chen, S.-T., and Chatterjee, M.R., 1998, Implementation of a spatially multiplexed pixelated three-dimensional display by use of a holographic optical element array, Appl. Opt. 37, 7504–7513.
Cross, L., 1977, Multiplex Holography, SPIE Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA.
DeMeis, R., 1996, Parallax images provide 3-D color display, Laser Focus World, 39–40.
Dodgson, N.A., 1996, Analysis of the viewing zone of the Cambridge autostereoscopic display, Appl. Opt. 35, 1705–1710.
Ernst, H., Petzold, J., Larice, R., and Breide, S., 1996, Mixing of computer graphics and high quality stereographic video, IEEE Trans, on Consumer Elect. 42, 795–799.
Hamagishi, G., Sakata, M., Yamashita, A., Mashitani, K., Nakayama, E., Kishimoto, S., and Kanatani, K., 1995, New stereoscopic LC displays without special glasses, Asia Display’ 95, 791–794.
Hashimoto, N., and Morokawa, S., 1995, Motion-picture holography using liquid-crystal television spatial light mondulators, SID 95 Digest, 847–850.
Honda, T., 1995, Dynamic holographic 3D display using LCD, Asia Display’ 95, 777–780.
Iizuka, K., 1985, Engineering Optics, Chapter 8, Spring-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Joachimowicz, K.E., and Gold, R.S., 1990, Stereoscopic (3-D) projection display using polarized color multiplexing, Opt. Eng. 29, 838–842.
Jones, M.W., Nordin, G.P., Kulick, J.H., Lindquist, R.G., and Kowel, S.T., 1995, A liquid crystal display based implementation of a real-time ICVision holographic stereogram display, Proc. SPIE 2406, 154–164.
Jones, M.W., Nordin, G.P., Kulick, J.H., Lindquist, R.G., and Kowel, S.T., 1995, Real-time three-dimensional display based on the partial pixel architecture, Opt. Lett. 20, 1418–20.
Khoo, I., 1995, Holographic grating formation in dye-or fullerence-C60-doped liquid crystals, Opt. Photon. News, p.29.
King, M.C., 1968, Multiple exposure hologram recording of a 3-D image with 360° view, Appl. Opt. 7,1641–1642.
King, M.C., Noll, A.M., and Berry, D.H., 1969, A new approach to computer generated holography, Appl. Opt. 9, 471–475.
Kulick, J.H., Nordin, G.P., Parker, A., Kowel, S.T., Lindquist, R.G., Jones, M., and Nasiatka, P., 1995, Partial Pixels: a three-dimensional diffractive display architecture, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 73–83.
MacFarlane, D.L., 1994, Volumetric three-dimensional display, App. Opt. 33, 7453–7457.
Meerholz, K., 1994, A photorefractive polymer with high gain and diffraction near 100%, Nature 371, 497.
Mortensen, P., 1996, Stereoscopic display watches the viewer, Laser Focus World, 61–3.
Murillo-Mora, L..M., Okada, K., Honda, T., and Tsujiuchi, J., 1995, Color Conical Holographic Stereogram, Opt. Eng. 34, 814.
Nordin, G.P., Kulick, J.H., Lindquist, R.G., Nasiatka, P.J., Jones, M.W., Friends, M., and Kowel, S.T., 1995, Liquid crystal-on-silicon implementation of the partial pixel three-dimensional display architecture, Appl. Opt. 34, 3756–63.
Okoshi, T., 1976, in Three-Dimensional Imaging Techniques. Academic Press, New York.
Palais, J.C., and Miller, M.E., 1996, Holographic movies, Opt. Eng. 35, 2578–2582.
Pastoor, S., and Wörking, M., 1997, 3-D Displays: A review of current technologies, Displays 17, 100–110. Also available online at http://www.dgp.toronto.edu/.
Sato, K., 1995, Development of 3-D TV by electro-holography, Proc. 2nd Int. Display Workshop, Hamamatsu, 73–76.
Schulze, E., 1995, Synthesis of moving holographic stereograms with high-resolution spatial light modulators, Proc. SPIE 2406, 124–126.
Soltan, P., Trias, J., Dahlke, W., Lasher, M., and McDonald, M., 1995, Laser-based 3D volumetric display system — Second generation, in K. Morgan, et.al. (Eds.), Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare, IOS Press and Ohmsha, 349–357.
Spierings W., and van Nuland, E., 1992, Development of an office holoprinter II, SPIE 1667, Practical Holography VI, 52–62.
St. Hilaire, P., Benton, S.A., Lucente, M., and Hubel, P.M., 1992, Color images with the MIT holographic video display, SPIE 1667, Practical Holography VI, 73–84.
St. Hilaire, P., Benton, S.A., and Lucente, M., 1992, Synthetic aperture holography: a novel approach to three-dimensional displays, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 9, 1969–77.
Takahashi, S., Toda, T., and Iwata, F., 1991, Three dimensional grating images, in Practical Holography V, S.A. Benton, ed., Proc. SP1E 1461, 199–205.
Takeda, T., Fukui, Y., Hashimoto, K., and Hiruma, N., 1995, Three-dimensional visual stimulator, Appl. Opt. 34, 732–38.
Toda, T., Takahashi, S., and Iwata, F., 1995, 3D video system using grating image, Proc. SPIE 2406, 191–198.
Travis, A.R., 1990, Autostereoscopic 3-D display, Appl. Opt. 29, 4341–43.
Trayner, D., and Orr, E., 1996, Autostereoscopic display using holographic optical elements, Proc. SPIE 2653, 65–74.
Xenotech Australia, 1996, The Xenotech 3-D auto stereoscopic display system. Technical Information. Suite 1, 41, Walters Drive, Osborne Park, Western Australia 6017.
Yamada, H., Akiyama, K., Muraoka, K., and Yamaguchi, Y., 1993, The comparison of three kinds of screens for a volume scanning type 3D display, TAO First Int-Symp. 1993 (Telecom. Advancement Org. of Japan, 2-31-19, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105).
Yan, J., Kowel, S.T., Cho, H.J., Ahn, C.H., Nordin, G.P., and Kulick, J.H., 2004, Autostereoscopic three-dimensional display based on a micromirror array, Appl. Opt. 43, 3686–3696.
Yaroslavski. L.P., and Merzlyakov, N.S., 1980, Methods of digital holography, Consultants Bureau, New York.
Yoshikawa, H., 1993, Digital holographic signal processing, TAO First Int.Symp., 1993 (Telecom. Advancement Org. of Japan, 2-31-19, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, Japan).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chatterjee, M.R., Chen, ST. (2006). Autostereoscopic, Partial Pixel, Spatially Multiplexed, and other 3D Display Technologies. In: Poon, TC. (eds) Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Display. Springer, Boston, MA . https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31397-4_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31397-4_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-31340-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-31397-9
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)