Summary
Data on the distribution of Longidoridae and nepoviruses in Bulgaria and Slovenia are summarized. Six species of Longidorus (L. apulus, L. attenuatus, L. arthensis, L. fasciatus, L. elongatus, L. macrosoma), one Paralongidorus species (P. maximus) and three Xiphinema species (X. diversicaudatum, X. index, X. rivesi) are known as natural vectors of nine nepoviruses in Europe. Currently, 10 and 13 species of Xiphinema; 6 and 15 of Longidorus are reported to occur in Slovenia and Bulgaria, respectively. Paralongidorus maximus has been reported only in Bulgaria. Among the virus vector species X. index, X. diversicaudatum and L. elongatus occur in both countries, X. rivesi only in Slovenia and L. attenuatus, L. macrosoma, X. italiae and P. maximus only in Bulgaria. A report of X. index and Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) in Bulgaria was related to transgenic grape tolerance to the same virus. Nepoviruses have been reported from Slovenia, but despite an evident relationship in the occurrence of GFLV and X. index in several vineyards the only laboratory proven transmission is that of TRSV and ToRSV to bait plants by a Slovenian population of X. rivesi.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abrantes, I. M. De O., Santos, M. S. N. De A. (1997): General principles of nematode identification. In: Santos, M. S. N. De A., Abrantes, I. M. De O., Brown, D. J. F., Lemos, R. M. (Eds) An introduction to virus vector nematodes and their associated viruses. Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Coimbra, Portugal, pp. 113–127
Alphey, T. J. V., Taylor, C. E. (1986): European atlas of the Longidoridae and Trichodoridae. Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, 123 pp.
Arias, M., Bravo, M. A. (1997): Identification of genera and species in subfamily Longidorinae. In: Santos, M. S. N. De A., Abrantes, I. M. De O., Brown, D. J. F., Lemos R. M. (Eds) An introduction to virus vector nematodes and their associated viruses. Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Coimbra, Portugal, pp. 128–176
Brown, D. J. F., Boag, B. (1997): Sampling for virus vector nematodes. In: Santos, M. S. N. De A., Abrantes, I. M. De O., Brown, D. J. F., Lemos R. M. (Eds) An introduction to virus vector nematodes and their associated viruses. Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Coimbra, Portugal, pp. 69–96
Brown, D. J. F., Halbrendt, J. M. (1997): Identification of Xiphinema species (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). In: Santos, M. S. N. De A., Abrantes, I. M. De O., Brown, D. J. F., Lemos, R. M. (Eds) An introduction to virus vector nematodes and their associated viruses. Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Coimbra, Portugal, pp. 177–223
Brown, D. J. F. Weischer, B. (1998): Specifity, exclusivity and complementarity in the transmission of plant viruses by plant parasitic nematodes: an annotated terminology. Fundam. Appl. Nematol., 21: 1–11
Cadman, C. H. (1963): Biology of soil-borne viruses. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 1: 143–142
Catalano, L., Savino, V., Lamberti, F. (1992): Presence of grapevine fanleaf nepovirus in populations of longidorid nematodes and their vectoring capacity. Nematol. Mediterr., 20: 67–70
Choleva-abadjieva, B. (1975): [Study on the species composition and distribution of nematodes of the family Longidoridae (Nematoda, Dorylaimoidea) on the vine in Bulgaria.] Acta Zool. Bulg., 3: 19–30
Choleva, B., Budurova, L. (1983): [Parasitic nematode species on black current (Ribes nigrum var europaeum L.).] Acta Zool. Bulg., 21: 67–77
Choleva, B., Peykova, Y., Nedelchev, S. (1992): Study of distribution of nematode virus vectors (Fam. Longidoridae) of raspberry crops in Bulgaria. Khelminthologiya, 32: 5–10
Cohn, E., Tanne, E., Nitzany, F. E. (1970): Xiphinema italiae, a new vector of grapevine fanleaf virus. Phytopathology, 60: 181–182
Coomans, A., Huys, R., Heyns, J., Luc, M. (2001): Character analysis, phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Xiphinema Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Longidoridae). Annales Sciences Zoologiques, Muse’e Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, 287: 1–239
de Luca, F., Reyes, A., Grunder, J., Kunz, P., Agostinelli, A., de Giorgi, C., Lamberti, F. (2004): Characterization and sequence variation in the rDNA region of six nematode species of the genus Longidorus (Nematoda). J. Nematol., 36: 147–152
Digiaro, M., Elbeaino, T., Martelli, G. P. (2007): Development of degenerate and species-specific primers for the differential and simultaneous RT-PCR detection of grapevine-infecting nepoviruses of subgroups A, B and C. J. Virol. Methods, 141(1): 34–40
Duarte, I. M. N., Brown, D. J. F. (1997): Sampling, detection and identification of nematode transmitted viruses. In: Santos, M. S. N. De A., Abrantes, I. M. De O., Brown, D. J. F., Lemos, R. M. (Eds) An introduction to virus vector nematodes and their associated viruses. Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Coimbra, Portugal, pp. 313–355
Geric Stare, B., Knapič, M., Mavrič, I., Modic, Š., Munda, A., Širca, S., Škerlavaj, V., Urek, G., Urbančič, Z. M., Viršček Marn, M., Zidarič, I., Žerjav, M. (2009): [Technical report of expert work on plant protection for 2009]. Ljubljana, Kmetijski inštitut Slovenije, 2009, pp. 122
Harrison, B. D. (1961): Soil borne viruses — tobacco rattle virus. Annual report of Rothamsted Experimental Station for 1961, England, 118 pp.
Harrison, B. D. (1964): Specific nematode vectors for serologically distinctive forms of raspberry ringspot and tomato black ring viruses. Virology, 22: 544–550
He, Y., Subbotin, S. A., Rubtsova, T. V., Lamberti, F., Brown, D. J. F., Moens, M. (2005): A molecular phylogenetic approach to Longidoridae. Nematology, 7: 111–124
Hewitt, W. B., Raski, D. J., Goheen, A. C. (1958): Nematode vector of soil borne virus of grapevines. Phytopathology, 48: 586–595
Hooper, D. J. (1986): Extraction of free-living stages from soil. In: Laboratory methods for work with plant and soil nematodes (Ed. by Southey, J.F.), pp. 5–30. Reference Book, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food No. 402. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, UK.
Hubschen, J., Kling, L., Ipach, U., Zinkernagel, V., Brown, D. J. F., Neilson, R. (2004): Development and validation of species-specific primers that provide a molecular diagnostic for virus-vector longidorid nematodes and related species in German viticulture. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 110: 883–891
Hunt, D. (1993): Aphelenchida, Longidoridae and Trichodoridae: their systematics and bionomics. CAB International, Wallingford, 352 pp.
Kamenova, I., Tsvetkov, I., Atanasov, A. (2007): Virus testing of certified grapevine planting material in Bulgaria. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, 21: 66–68
Katalan-gateva, S., Budurova, L., Choleva, B. (1982): [Phytonematode fauna of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L) from district of Blagoevgrad.] Annuaire de L’Universite de Sofia “Kliment Ohridski”, Livre 1- Zoologie, 70: 55–61
Lamberti, F., Choleva, B., Agostinelli, A. (1983): Longidoridae from Bulgaria (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) with descriptions of three new species of Longidorus and two new species of Xiphinema. Nemat Mediterr., 11: 49–72
Lamberti, F., Molinari, S., Moens, M., Brown, D. J. F. (2000): The Xiphinema americanum group. I. Putative species, their geographical occurrence and distribution. Russian Journal of Nematology, 8: 65–84
Lazarova S., De Luca F., Peneva, V. 2008. On two closely related species of the Xiphinema americanumgroup: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva et Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi et Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile. ZooKeys 3, 29–50.
Lazarova, S., Elshishka, M., Groza, M., Peneva, V. (2010): Nematodes of Longidoridae and Trichodoridae from riparian habitats in Bulgaria. Proceedings of the 30 th ESN Symposium, Vienna, 19–23 September 2010, p. 127
Loof, P. A. A., Chen, Q. (1999): A revised polytomous key for the identification of species of the genus Longidorus Micoletzky, 1922. Supplement 1. (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Nematology, 1: 55–59
Macfarlane, S. A., Neilson, R., Brown, D. J. F. (2002): Nematodes. Advances in Botanical Research, 36: 169–198
Martelli, G. P. (1993): Graft-transmissible diseases of grapevines. Handbook for detection and diagnosis. FAO, Rome, Italy, 263 pp.
Mincheva, Y., Lazarova, S., Peneva, V. (2008): Xiphinema pirinense n. sp. (Dorylaimida: Longidoridae), a new species with a digitate tail from Bulgaria. Syst. Parasitol., 70: 215–222
Peneva, V., Choleva., B. (1992): Nematodes of the family Longidoridae from forest nurseries in Bulgaria. II. Genus Xiphinema Cobb, 1913. Khelminthologyia, 32: 47–66
Peneva, V., Lazarova, S., Groza, M., Brown, D. J. F. (2005): Diversity of fam. Longidoridae (Nematoda) in Bulgaria. Abstracts of the Seventh National Conference of Prasitology, 22–25 September 2005, p. 99
Mavrič Pleško, I., Marn, M. V., Širca, S., Urek, G. (2009): Biological, serological and molecular characterisation of Raspberry bushy dwarf virus from grapevine and its detection in the nematode Longidorus juvenilis. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 123(3): 261–26
Ploeg, A. T., Brown, D. J. F. (1997): Extraction of virus vector nematodes. In: Santos, M. S. N. De A., Abrantes, I. M. De O., Brown, D. J. F., Lemos R. M. (Eds) An introduction to virus vector nematodes and their associated viruses. Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Coimbra, Portugal, pp. 97–112
Pompe Novak, M., Gutierrez-aguirre, I., Vojvoda, J., Blas, M., Tomažič, I., Vigne, E., Fuchs, M., Ravnikar, M., Petrovič, N. (2007): Genetic variability within RNA2 of grapevine fanleaf virus. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 117: 307–312
Seinhorst, J. M. (1959): A rapid method for the transfer of nematodes from fixative to anhydrous glycerin. Nematologica, 4: 67–69
Širca, S., Urek, G. (2004): The occurrence of Xiphinema species in Slovenia. In: European Society of Nematologists XXVII International Symposium: Rome, 14–18 June 2004: Programme and Abstracts, p 62
Širca, S., Geric Stare, B. Mavrič Pleško, I., Marn, M. V., Urek, G. (2007a): First record of Longidorus juvenilis and L. leptocephalus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) in Slovenia and their morphometrical and ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Russ. J. Nematol., 15(1): 1–8
Širca, S., Stare, B. G., Mavrič Pleško, I., Marn, M. V., Urek, G., Javornik, B. (2007b): Xiphinema rivesi from Slovenia transmit Tobacco ringspot virus and Tomato ringspot virus to Cucumber Bait Plants. Plant Dis., 91(6): 770
Širca, S., Urek, G. (2009): Morphological and molecular characterization of six Longidorus species (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Slovenia. Russ. J. Nematol., 17(2): 95–105
Širca, S., Elshishka, M., Urek, G., Lazarova, S., Mavrič Pleško, I., Marn, M. V., Peneva, V. (2010): Detection of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) in Xiphinema italiae Meyl, 1953 (Longidoridae) from Bulgaria. Proceedings of the 30th ESN Symposium, Vienna, 19–23 September 2010, 113
Stoyanov, D., Kostadinov, A. (1975): [Distribution of some parasitic nematodes of family Longidoridae in vineyrds in Bulgaria.] Lozarstvo i Vinarstvo, 24: 16–20
Taylor, C. E., Brown, D. J. F. (1997): Nematode vectors of plant viruses. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 286 pp.
Trudgill, D. L., Brown, D. J. F., Mcnamara, D. G. (1983): Methods and criteria for assessing the transmission of plant viruses by longidorid nematodes. Rev. Nematol., 6: 133–141
Tsvetkov, I., Choleva, B., Yankulova, M., Colova, V., Atanasov, A. (2003): Evaluation of transgenic grapes tolerance toward grapevine fanleaf virus. Proceedings of the 14th ICVG Conference, 231–232
Urek, G., Širca, S., Karssen, G. (2003a): A review of plant-parasitic nematodes in Slovenia. Nematology, 5: 391–403
Urek, G., Širca, S., Kox, L., Karssen, G. (2003b): First report of the dagger nematode Xiphinema rivesi, a member of the X. americanum group, from Slovenia. Plant Dis., 87(1): 100
Urek, G., Širca, S. (2005): Longidoridae species from Slovenian vineyard soils. Lectures and papers presented at the 7th Slovenian Conference on Plant Protection, Zreče, Slovenia, 8–10 March 2005, DRSV 2005, 356–359
Urek, G., Širca, S., Karssen, G. (2005): Morphometrics of Xiphinema rivesi Dalmasso, 1969 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Slovenia. Russ. J. Nematol., 13: 13–17
Wang, S., Gerderich, R. C. (1998): Immunofluorescent localization of tobacco ringspot nepovirus in the vector nematode Xiphinema americanum. Phytopathology, 88: 885–889
Yankulova, M., Tsvetkov, I., Kamenov, I., Kondakova, V., Vulchev, V. (2007): Grapevine virus disease in Bulgaria. Lozarstvo i Vinarstvo, 56(1): 19–24
Ye, W. M., Robbins, R. T. (2004): Cluster analysis of Longidorus species (Nematoda: Longidoridae), a new approach in species identification. J. Nematol., 36: 207–218
Ye, W. M., Szalanski, A. L., Robbins, R. T. (2004): Phylogenetic relationships and genetic variation in Longidorus and Xiphinema species using ITS1 sequence of ribosomal DNA. J. Nematol., 36: 14–19
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Peneva, V.K., Urek, G., Lazarova, S. et al. Longidoridae and nepoviruses in Bulgaria and Slovenia. Helminthologia 49, 49–56 (2012). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11687-012-0008-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11687-012-0008-z