Abstract
Genetic analysis of resistance to infectious disease reveals many important cues that have led to new insights into the interaction between pathogen and host. This knowledge might help with a better prognosis for diseases, and to the development of novel therapeutics. This review focuses on genes and loci that control susceptibility to diseases with an important epidemiologic impact, such as AIDS, hepatitis B, gastritis and peptic ulcer, tuberculosis, leprosy, malaria, schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis. New perspectives for the integration of human and mouse genetics that contribute greatly to our understanding of regulatory mechanisms in health and disease, are also discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- C13orf31:
-
chromosome 13 open reading frame 31
- CCDC122:
-
coiled coil domain containing 122
- CCR2:
-
chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2
- CCR5:
-
C-C chemokine receptor type 5, seven transmembrane spanning chemokine receptor
- CD8:
-
T-lymphocyte subset
- CD36:
-
Cluster of Differentiation 36
- CSF :
-
colony-stimulating factor
- CXCR4:
-
receptor for a chemokine also known as fusin
- DARC:
-
Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines
- HLA:
-
Human Leucocyte Antigen
- IFN-AR2 :
-
second subunit of the type I IFN receptor
- IFNGRI :
-
interferon gamma receptor 1
- IL-10RB :
-
Interleukin10 receptor beta
- IL1B :
-
Interleukin-1 beta
- IL12B :
-
(b chain of the interleukin 12)
- Lmr :
-
Leishmania major response
- MHC:
-
Major Histocompatibility Complex
- NOD2 :
-
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2
- NRAMP1:
-
natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1
- NRAMP1/SLC11A1 :
-
natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1/solute carrier family 11, member 1
- RIPK2 :
-
Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2
- SLC11A1 :
-
solute carrier family 11, member 1
- SLC4A1 :
-
solute carrier family 4, member 1 (erythrocyte membrane protein band 3, Diego blood group)
- SP110 :
-
gene for Sp110 nuclear body protein
- TNFA :
-
tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TNFSF15 :
-
tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15
References
Ehrenstein M.R., Notley C.A., The importance of natural IgM: scavenger, protector and regulator, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2010, 10, 778–786
Zhong H., Yang X., Kaplan L.M., Molony C., Schadt E.E., Integrating pathway analysis and genetics of gene expression for genome-wide association studies, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 2010, 86, 581–591
Lipoldová M., Demant P., Genetic susceptibility to infectious disease: lessons from mouse models of leishmaniasis, Nat. Rev. Genet., 2006, 7, 294–305
Haagmans B.L., Andeweg A.C., Osterhaus A.D., The application of genomics to emerging zoonotic viral diseases, PLoS Pathog., 2009, 5, e1000557
Cooke G.S., Hill A.V., Genetics of susceptibility to human infectious disease, Nat. Rev. Genet., 2001, 2, 967–977
Thursz M.R., Kwiatkowski D., Allsopp C.E., Greenwood B.M., Thomas H.C., Hill A.V., Association between an MHC class II allele and clearance of hepatitis B virus in the Gambia, N. Engl. J. Med., 1995, 332, 1065–1069
Turner M.W., The role of mannose-binding lectin in health and disease, Mol. Immunol., 2003, 40, 423–429
Thomas H.C., Foster G.R., Sumiya M., McIntosh D., Jack D.L., Turner M.W., et al., Mutation of gene of mannose-binding protein associated with chronic hepatitis B viral infection, Lancet, 1996, 348, 1417–1419
Blackwell J.M., Black G.F., Peacock C.S., Miller E.N., Sibthorpe D., Gnananandha D., et al., Immunogenetics of leishmanial and mycobacterial infections: the Belem Family Study, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci., 1997, 352, 1331–1345
Chen D.Q., Zeng Y., Zhou J., Yang L., Jiang S., Huang J.D., et al., Association of candidate susceptible loci with chronic infection with hepatitis B virus in a Chinese population, J. Med. Virol., 2010, 82, 371–378
Blackwell J.M., Goswami T., Evans C.A., Sibthorpe D., Papo N., White J.K., et al., SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1) and disease resistance, Cell. Microbiol., 2001, 3, 773–784
Lykouras D., Sampsonas F., Kaparianos A., Karkoulias K., Tsoukalas G., Spiropoulos K., Human genes in TB infection: their role in immune response, Monaldi Arch. Chest. Dis., 2008, 69, 24–31
McDermid J.M., Prentice A.M., Iron and infection: effects of host iron status and the iron-regulatory genes haptoglobin and NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) on host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis and HIV, Clin. Sci. (Lond.), 2006, 110, 503–524
Williams T.N., Red blood cell defects and malaria, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 2006, 149, 121–127
Lipoldová M., Genetic control of susceptibility to human infectious diseases., In: Jonák J., Jonák J. Jr, (Eds.), Molecular Biology and Genetics XII, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic, 2006, 91–104
Willyard C., Researchers come together to study natural HIV resistance, Nat. Med., 2009, 15, 1233
Deng H., Liu R., Ellmeier W., Choe S., Unutmaz D., Burkhart M., et al., Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1, Nature, 1996, 381, 661–666
Liu R., Paxton W.A., Choe S., Ceradini D., Martin S.R., Horuk R., et al., Homozygous defect in HIV- 1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection, Cell, 1996, 86, 367–377
Parczewski M., Leszczyszyn-Pynka M., Kaczmarczyk M., Adler G., Binczak-Kuleta A., Loniewska B., et al., Sequence variants of chemokine receptor genes and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, J. Appl. Genet., 2009, 50, 159–166
Verma R., Gupta R.B., Singh K., Bhasin R., Anand Shukla A., Chauhan S.S., et al., Distribution of CCR5delta32, CCR2-64I and SDF1-3’A and plasma levels of SDF-1 in HIV-1 seronegative North Indians, J. Clin. Virol., 2007, 38, 198–203
Kaslow R.A., Carrington M., Apple R., Park L., Munoz A., Saah A.J., et al., Influence of combinations of human major histocompatibility complex genes on the course of HIV-1 infection, Nat. Med., 1996, 2, 405–411
Kiprov D.D., Sheppard H.W., Hanson C.V., Alloimmunization to prevent AIDS?, Science, 1994, 263, 737–738
Fowke K.R., Nagelkerke N.J., Kimani J., Simonsen J.N., Anzala A.O., Bwayo J.J., et al., Resistance to HIV-1 infection among persistently seronegative prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya, Lancet, 1996, 348, 1347–1351
Mittleman B.B., Shearer G.M., Mother-toinfant transmission of HIV type 1: role of major histocompatibility antigen differences, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 1996, 12, 1397–1400
Hardie R.A., Knight E., Bruneau B., Semeniuk C., Gill K., Nagelkerke N., et al., A common human leucocyte antigen-DP genotype is associated with resistance to HIV-1 infection in Kenyan sex workers, AIDS, 2008, 22, 2038–2042
Delanghe J.R., Langlois M.R., Boelaert J.R., Van Acker J., Van Wanzeele F., van der Groen G., et al., Haptoglobin polymorphism, iron metabolism and mortality in HIV infection, AIDS, 1998, 12, 1027–1032
Thursz M.R., Host genetic factors influencing the outcome of hepatitis, J. Viral Hepat., 1997, 4, 215–220
Frodsham A.J., Zhang L., Dumpis U., Taib N.A., Best S., Durham A., et al., Class II cytokine receptor gene cluster is a major locus for hepatitis B persistence, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2006, 103, 9148–9153
Falush D., Wirth T., Linz B., Pritchard J.K., Stephens M., Kidd M., et al., Traces of human migrations in Helicobacter pylori populations, Science, 2003, 299, 1582–1585
Moodley Y., Linz B., Helicobacter pylori Sequences Reflect Past Human Migrations, Genome Dyn., 2009, 6, 62–74
Malaty H.M., Evans D.G., Evans D.J. Jr., Graham D.Y., Helicobacter pylori in Hispanics: comparison with blacks and whites of similar age and socioeconomic class, Gastroenterology, 1992, 103, 813–816
Gonzalez C.A., Sala N., Capella G., Genetic susceptibility and gastric cancer risk, Int. J. Cancer, 2002, 100, 249–260
Rosenstiel P., Hellmig S., Hampe J., Ott S., Till A., Fischbach W., et al., Influence of polymorphisms in the NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 genes on the clinical outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection, Cell Microbiol., 2006, 8, 1188–1198
Aird I., Bentall H.H., Mehigan J.A., Roberts J.A., The blood groups in relation to peptic ulceration and carcinoma of colon, rectum, breast, and bronchus; an association between the ABO groups and peptic ulceration, Br. Med. J., 1954, 2, 315–321
Henry S., Oriol R., Samuelsson B., Lewis histoblood group system and associated secretory phenotypes, Vox. Sang., 1995, 69, 166–182
Boren T., Falk P., Roth K.A., Larson G., Normark S., Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric epithelium mediated by blood group antigens, Science, 1993, 262, 1892–1895
Murray C.J., Styblo K., Rouillon A., Tuberculosis in developing countries: burden, intervention and cost, Bull. Int. Union Tuberc. Lung Dis., 1990, 65, 6–24
Corbett E.L., Watt C.J., Walker N., Maher D., Williams B.G., Raviglione M.C., et al., The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic, Arch. Intern. Med., 2003, 163, 1009–1021
Jarosikova T., Sow O.Y., Traore S., Krest’anpol M., Kubin M., Bruckova M., Detection of serum antibodies in tuberculosis patients, Cent. Eur. J. Public Health, 1994, 2, 60–61
Doffinger R., Patel S.Y., Kumararatne D.S., Host genetic factors and mycobacterial infections: lessons from single gene disorders affecting innate and adaptive immunity, Microb. Infect., 2006, 8, 1141–1150
Jarosikova T., Experimental mycobacterial infections in immunodeficient host, Stud. Pneumol. Phtiseol., 1993, 53, 7
El-Sadr W.M., Tsiouris S.J., HIV-associated tuberculosis: diagnostic and treatment challenges, Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2008, 29, 525–531
Diehl K., von Verscheur O., Der Erb einfluss bei den Tuberculose (The genetic influence on the tuberculosis), Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1936, (in German)
Thye T., Vannberg F.O., Wong S.H., Owusu-Dabo E., Osei I., Gyapong J., et al., Genome-wide association analyses identifies a susceptibility locus for tuberculosis on chromosome 18q11.2, Nat. Genet., 2010, 42, 739–741
Alcais A., Fieschi C., Abel L., Casanova J.L., Tuberculosis in children and adults: two distinct genetic diseases, J. Exp. Med., 2005, 202, 1617–1621
Leandro A.C., Rocha M.A., Cardoso C.S., Bonecini-Almeida M.G., Genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor, vitamin D-binding protein, Toll-like receptor 2, nitric oxide synthase 2, and interferon-gamma genes and its association with susceptibility to tuberculosis, Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 2009, 42, 312–322
Tosh K., Campbell S.J., Fielding K., Sillah J., Bah B., Gustafson P., et al., Variants in the SP110 gene are associated with genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africa, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2006, 103, 10364–10368
van de Vosse E., van Dissel J.T., Ottenhoff T.H., Genetic deficiencies of innate immune signalling in human infectious disease, Lancet Infect. Dis., 2009, 9, 688–698
Yim J.J., Selvaraj P., Genetic susceptibility in tuberculosis, Respirology, 2010, 15, 241–256
Matheson C.D., Vernon K.K., Lahti A., Fratpietro R., Spigelman M., Gibson S., et al., Molecular exploration of the first-century Tomb of the Shroud in Akeldama, Jerusalem, PLoS One, 2009, 4, e8319
Blackwell J.M., Jamieson S.E., Burgner D., HLA and infectious diseases, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2009, 22, 370–385
Vejbaesya S., Mahaisavariya P., Luangtrakool P., Sermduangprateep C., TNF alpha and NRAMP1 polymorphisms in leprosy, J. Med. Assoc. Thai., 2007, 90, 1188–1192
Bochud P.Y., Hawn T.R., Siddiqui M.R., Saunderson P., Britton S., Abraham I., et al., Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) polymorphisms are associated with reversal reaction in leprosy, J. Infect. Dis., 2008, 197, 253–261
Bochud P.Y., Sinsimer D., Aderem A., Siddiqui M.R., Saunderson P., Britton S., et al., Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are associated with protection against leprosy, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2009, 28, 1055–1065
Stienstra Y., van der Werf T.S., Oosterom E., Nolte I.M., van der Graaf W.T., Etuaful S., et al., Susceptibility to Buruli ulcer is associated with the SLC11A1 (NRAMP1) D543N polymorphism, Genes. Immun., 2006, 7, 185–189
Roy S., Frodsham A., Saha B., Hazra S.K., Mascie-Taylor C.G., Hill A.V., Association of vitamin D receptor genotype with leprosy type, J. Infect. Dis., 1999, 179, 187–191
Siddiqui M.R., Meisner S., Tosh K., Balakrishnan K., Ghei S., Fisher S.E., et al., A major susceptibility locus for leprosy in India maps to chromosome 10p13, Nat. Genet., 2001, 27, 439–441
Tosh K., Meisner S., Siddiqui M.R., Balakrishnan K., Ghei S., Golding M., et al., A region of chromosome 20 is linked to leprosy susceptibility in a South Indian population, J. Infect. Dis., 2002, 186, 1190–1193
Mira M.T., Alcais A., Van Thuc N., Thai V.H., Huong N.T., Ba N.N., et al., Chromosome 6q25 is linked to susceptibility to leprosy in a Vietnamese population, Nat. Genet., 2003, 33, 412–415
Mira M.T., Alcais A., Nguyen V.T., Moraes M.O., Di Flumeri C., Vu H.T., et al., Susceptibility to leprosy is associated with PARK2 and PACRG, Nature, 2004, 427, 636–640
Zhang F.R., Huang W., Chen S.M., Sun L.D., Liu H., Li Y., et al., Genomewide association study of leprosy, N. Engl. J. Med., 2009, 361, 2609–2618
Gyan B.A., Goka B., Cvetkovic J.T., Kurtzhals J.L., Adabayeri V., Perlmann H., et al., Allelic polymorphisms in the repeat and promoter regions of the interleukin-4 gene and malaria severity in Ghanaian children, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2004, 138, 145–150
Allison A.C., Protection afforded by sickle-cell trait against subtertian malareal infection, Br. Med. J., 1954, 1, 290–294
Allison A.C., Genetic control of resistance to human malaria, Curr. Opin. Immunol., 2009, 21, 499–505
Fortier A., Min-Oo G., Forbes J., Lam-Yuk-Tseung S., Gros P., Single gene effects in mouse models of host: pathogen interactions, J. Leukoc. Biol., 2005, 77, 868–877
Kwiatkowski D., Genetic susceptibility to malaria getting complex, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 2000, 10, 320–324
Ayi K., Min-Oo G., Serghides L., Crockett M., Kirby-Allen M., Quirt I., et al., Pyruvate kinase deficiency and malaria, N. Engl. J. Med., 2008, 358, 1805–1810
Mayer D.C., Cofie J., Jiang L., Hartl D.L., Tracy E., Kabat J., et al., Glycophorin B is the erythrocyte receptor of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytebinding ligand, EBL-1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2009, 106, 5348–5352
Scott B., Easteal S., A single-step assay for the Gerbich-negative allele of glycophorin C, Blood Cells Mol. Dis., 2008, 41, 1–4
Cavasini C.E., de Mattos L.C., Couto A.A., Couto V.S., Gollino Y., Moretti L.J., et al., Duffy blood group gene polymorphisms among malaria vivax patients in four areas of the Brazilian Amazon region, Malar. J., 2007, 6, 167
Pain A., Urban B.C., Kai O., Casals-Pascual C., Shafi J., Marsh K., et al., A non-sense mutation in Cd36 gene is associated with protection from severe malaria, Lancet, 2001, 357, 1502–1503
Troye-Blomberg M., Genetic regulation of malaria infection in humans, Chem. Immunol., 2002, 80, 243–252
McGuire W., Hill A.V., Allsopp C.E., Greenwood B.M., Kwiatkowski D., Variation in the TNF-alpha promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria, Nature, 1994, 371, 508–510
Cooke G.S., Aucan C., Walley A.J., Segal S., Greenwood B.M., Kwiatkowski D.P., et al., Association of Fcgamma receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism with severe malaria in West Africa, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2003, 69, 565–568
Naka I., Patarapotikul J., Hananantachai H., Tokunaga K., Tsuchiya N., Ohashi J., IFNGR1 polymorphisms in Thai malaria patients, Infect. Genet. Evol., 2009, 9, 1406–1409
Marquet S., Doumbo O., Cabantous S., Poudiougou B., Argiro L., Safeukui I., et al., A functional promoter variant in IL12B predisposes to cerebral malaria, Hum. Mol. Genet., 2008, 17, 2190–2195
Nahrevanian H., Immune effector mechanisms of the nitric oxide pathway in malaria: cytotoxicity versus cytoprotection, Braz. J. Infect. Dis., 2006, 10, 283–292
Chakrabarti A., Kelkar D.A., Chattopadhyay A., Spectrin organization and dynamics: new insights, Biosci. Rep., 2006, 26, 369–386
Dhermy D., Schrevel J., Lecomte M.C., Spectrinbased skeleton in red blood cells and malaria, Curr. Opin. Hematol., 2007, 14, 198–202
Verra F., Mangano V.D., Modiano D., Genetics of susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum: from classical malaria resistance genes towards genome-wide association studies, Parasite Immunol., 2009, 31, 234–253
Nagel R.L., Innate resistance to malaria: the intraerythrocytic cycle, Blood Cells, 1990, 16, 321–339
Weatherall D.J., Phenotype-genotype relationships in monogenic disease: lessons from the thalassaemias, Nat. Rev. Genet., 2001, 2, 245–255
Cappellini M.D., Fiorelli G., Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Lancet, 2008, 371, 64–74
Min-Oo G., Fortin A., Tam M.F., Nantel A., Stevenson M.M., Gros P., Pyruvate kinase deficiency in mice protects against malaria, Nat. Genet., 2003, 35, 357–362
Durand P.M., Coetzer T.L., Pyruvate kinase deficiency in a South African kindred caused by a 1529A mutation in the PK-LR gene, S. Afr. Med. J., 2008, 98, 456–457
Williams T.N., Red blood cell defects and malaria, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 2006, 149, 121–127
Miller L.H., Mason S.J., Clyde D.F., McGinniss M.H., The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype, FyFy, N. Engl. J. Med., 1976, 295, 302–304
Ryan J.R., Stoute J.A., Amon J., Dunton R.F., Mtalib R., Koros J., et al., Evidence for transmission of Plasmodium vivax among a duffy antigen negative population in Western Kenya, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2006, 75, 575–581
Aidoo M., Lalvani A., Allsopp C.E., Plebanski M., Meisner S.J., Krausa P., et al., Identification of conserved antigenic components for a cytotoxic T lymphocyte-inducing vaccine against malaria, Lancet, 1995, 345, 1003–1007
May J., Lell B., Luty A.J., Meyer C.G., Kremsner P.G., HLA-DQB1*0501-restricted Th1 type immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum liver stage antigen 1 protect against malaria anemia and reinfections, J. Infect. Dis., 2001, 183, 168–172
Dessein A., Chevillard C., Arnaud V., Hou X., Hamdoun A.A., Dessein H., et al., Variants of CTGF are associated with hepatic fibrosis in Chinese, Sudanese, and Brazilians infected with schistosomes, J. Exp. Med., 2009, 206, 2321–2328
Marquet S., Abel L., Hillaire D., Dessein H., Kalil J., Feingold J., et al., Genetic localization of a locus controlling the intensity of infection by Schistosoma mansoni on chromosome 5q31-q33, Nat. Genet., 1996, 14, 181–184
Dessein A., Kouriba B., Eboumbou C., Dessein H., Argiro L., Marquet S., et al., Interleukin-13 in the skin and interferon-gamma in the liver are key players in immune protection in human schistosomiasis, Immunol. Rev., 2004, 201, 180–190
Zinn-Justin A., Marquet S., Hillaire D., Dessein A., Abel L., Genome search for additional human loci controlling infection levels by Schistosoma mansoni, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2001, 65, 754–758
Kouriba B., Chevillard C., Bream J.H., Argiro L., Dessein H., Arnaud V., et al., Analysis of the 5q31-q33 locus shows an association between IL13-1055C/T IL-13-591A/G polymorphisms and Schistosoma haematobium infections, J. Immunol., 2005, 174, 6274–6281
He H., Isnard A., Kouriba B., Cabantous S., Dessein A., Doumbo O., et al., A STAT6 gene polymorphism is associated with high infection levels in urinary schistosomiasis, Genes Immun., 2008, 9, 195–206
Kellina O.I., Differences in the sensitivity of inbred mice of different lines to Leishmania tropica major, Med. Parazitol. (Mosk.), 1973, 42, 279–285
Bradley D.J., Kirkley J., Variation in susceptibility of mouse strains to Leishmania donovani infection, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 1972, 66, 527–528
Barbier D., Demenais F., Lefait J.F., David B., Blanc M., Hors J., et al., Susceptibility to human cutaneous leishmaniasis and HLA, Gm, Km markers, Tissue Antigens, 1987, 30, 63–67
Lara M.L., Layrisse Z., Scorza J.V., Garcia E., Stoikow Z., Granados J., et al., Immunogenetics of human American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Study of HLA haplotypes in 24 families from Venezuela, Hum. Immunol., 1991, 30, 129–135
Cabrera M., Shaw M.A., Sharples C., Williams H., Castes M., Convit J., et al., Polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor genes associated with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, J. Exp. Med., 1995, 182, 1259–1264
Peacock C.S., Sanjeevi C.B., Shaw M.A., Collins A., Campbell R.D., March R., et al., Genetic analysis of multicase families of visceral leishmaniasis in northeastern Brazil: no major role for class II or class III regions of HLA, Genes. Immun., 2002, 3, 350–358
Meddeb-Garnaoui A., Gritli S., Garbouj S., Ben Fadhel M., El Kares R., Mansour L., et al., Association analysis of HLA-class II and class III gene polymorphisms in the susceptibility to mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis, Hum. Immunol., 2001, 62, 509–517
Bucheton B., Abel L., El-Safi S., Kheir M.M., Pavek S., Lemainque A., et al., A major susceptibility locus on chromosome 22q12 plays a critical role in the control of kala-azar, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 2003, 73, 1052–1060
Mohamed H.S., Ibrahim M.E., Miller E.N., Peacock C.S., Khalil E.A., Cordell H.J., et al., Genetic susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in The Sudan: linkage and association with IL4 and IFNGR1, Genes. Immun., 2003, 4, 351–355
Sakthianandeswaren A., Foote S.J., Handman E., The role of host genetics in leishmaniasis, Trends Parasitol., 2009, 8, 383–391
Lander E.S., Schork N.J., Genetic dissection of complex traits, Science, 1994, 265, 2037–2048
DeBry R.W., Seldin M.F., Human/mouse homology relationships, Genomics, 1996, 33, 337–351
Ala U., Piro R.M., Grassi E., Damasco C., Silengo L., Oti M., et al., Prediction of human disease genes by human-mouse conserved coexpression analysis, PLoS Comput. Biol., 2008, 4, e1000043
Pan H., Yan B.S., Rojas M., Shebzukhov Y.V., Zhou H., Kobzik L., et al., Ipr1 gene mediates innate immunity to tuberculosis, Nature, 2005, 434, 767–772
Beebe A.M., Mauze S., Schork N.J., Coffman R.L., Serial backcross mapping of multiple loci associated with resistance to Leishmania major in mice, Immunity, 1997, 6, 551–557
Roberts L.J., Baldwin T.M., Curtis J.M., Handman E., Foote S.J., Resistance to Leishmania major is linked to the H2 region on chromosome 17 and to chromosome 9, J. Exp. Med., 1997, 185, 1705–1710
Roberts L.J., Baldwin T.M., Speed T.P., Handman E., Foote S.J., Chromosomes X, 9, and the H2 locus interact epistatically to control Leishmania major infection, Eur. J. Immunol., 1999, 29, 3047–3050
Howard J.G., Hale C., Chan-Liew W.L., Immunological regulation of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. 1. Immunogenetic aspects of susceptibility to Leishmania tropica in mice, Parasite Immunol., 1980, 2, 303–314
Mock B., Blackwell J., Hilgers J., Potter M., Nacy C., Genetic control of Leishmania major infection in congenic, recombinant inbred and F2 populations of mice, Eur. J. Immunogenet., 1993, 20, 335–348
Demant P., Lipoldová M., Svobodová M., Resistance to Leishmania major in mice, Science, 1996, 274, 1392–1393
Havelkova H., Badalova J., Svobodova M., Vojtikova J., Kurey I., Vladimirov V., et al., Genetics of susceptibility to leishmaniasis in mice: four novel loci and functional heterogeneity of gene effects, Genes Immun., 2006, 7, 220–233
Kurey I., Kobets T., Havelkova H., Slapnickova M., Quan L., Trtkova K., et al., Distinct genetic control of parasite elimination, dissemination, and disease after Leishmania major infection, Immunogenetics, 2009, 61, 619–633
Lipoldová M., Svobodová M., Krulová M., Havelková H., Badalová J., Nohynková E., et al., Susceptibility to Leishmania major infection in mice: multiple loci and heterogeneity of immunopathological phenotypes, Genes Immun., 2000, 1, 200–206
Vladimirov V., Badalová J., Svobodová M., Havelková H., Hart A.A., Blažková H., et al., Different genetic control of cutaneous and visceral disease after Leishmania major infection in mice, Infect. Immun., 2003, 71, 2041–2046
Lipoldová M., Svobodová M., Havelková H., Krulová M., Badalová J., Nohynková E., et al., Mouse genetic model for clinical and immunological heterogeneity of leishmaniasis, Immunogenetics, 2002, 54, 174–183
Sakthianandeswaren A., Curtis J.M., Elso C., Kumar B., Baldwin T.M., Lopaticki S., et al., Fine mapping of Leishmania major susceptibility Locus lmr2 and evidence of a role for Fli1 in disease and wound healing, Infect. Immun., 2010, 78, 2734–2744
Gusareva E.S., Havelkova H., Blazkova H., Kosarova M., Kucera P., Kral V., et al., Mouse to human comparative genetics reveals a novel immunoglobulin E-controlling locus on Hsa8q12, Immunogenetics, 2009, 61, 15–25
Nahrevanian H., Gholizadeh J., Farahmand M., Assmar M., Sharifi K., Ayatollahi Mousavi S.A., et al., Nitric oxide induction as a novel immunoepidemiological target in malaria-infected patients from endemic areas of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 2006, 66, 201–209
Giovannoni L., TNFA locus is associated with beta degrees 39 thalassemia in Corsica and Sardinia, Eur. Cytokine Netw., 2008, 19, 196–203
Badalová J., Svobodová M., Havelková H., Vladimirov V., Vojtíšková J., Engová J., et al., Separation and mapping of multiple genes that control IgE level in Leishmania major infected mice, Genes Immun., 2002, 3, 187–195
Baguet A., Epler J., Wen K.W., Bix M., A Leishmania major response locus identified by interval-specific congenic mapping of a T helper type 2 cell biascontrolling quantitative trait locus, J. Exp. Med., 2004, 200, 1605–1612
Demant P., Hart A.A., Recombinant congenic strains—a new tool for analyzing genetic traits determined by more than one gene, Immunogenetics, 1986, 24, 416–422
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Jarošíková, T. Infectious disease — a genetic view. cent.eur.j.biol. 6, 131–144 (2011). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-011-0003-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-011-0003-2