Abstract
Patient adherence to self-management strategies is a major issue in asthma, as in other chronic diseases. Adherence should not be defined exclusively in terms of medication use, but the more behavioral aspects of self-management such as avoidance of aggravating factors and risk behaviors, disease monitoring, alterations in therapy according to level of disease control and initiating emergency action when required, need to be considered. There are different forms of non-adherence and many patients undertake some form of cost-benefit analysis with respect to treatment. Furthermore, adherence is not an ‘all or none’ phenomenon and the level of adherence may vary between different aspects of management of a condition and over time.
While asthma self-management strategies are undoubtedly effective, many patients make serious self-management errors during an attack and do not put into practice the self-management knowledge they possess. In asthma, adverse social, economic and psychological factors are common and these may have detrimental effects on self-management at different levels; health seeking behavior, in terms of the ability to benefit from self-management education, adherence to self-management strategies and in the ability to self-manage exacerbations of asthma. These adverse factors vary between patients and their influence may be subtle and insidious.
Although a seemingly fundamental requirement for self-management, not all patients want an active role in disease management. The patient’s willingness to participate needs to be assessed and strategies adapted accordingly. Because of the variety of adverse influences, all strategies to improve adherence need to be individualized. Provision of appropriate pharmaceuticals and good quality ongoing medical care are necessary prerequisites to any self-management strategies. It is important for the healthcare professionals involved to recognize and taken into account, but not necessarily solve, the individual adverse social, economic and psychological factors when providing advice. An ongoing therapeutic alliance needs to be established between the patient and the healthcare professional; ‘the clinician as a good listener and teacher’. This involves ascertaining the patients concerns about their illness and its management, and addressing these issues. Self-management education (and self-management generally) needs to ascribe to the five R’s: Relevant to the individual, Realistic goals, Readily available, Reinforced and Refined over time. Optimal use needs to be made of the ‘teachable moment’ and involvement of a wide range of persons in management (including peers) needs to be considered. While the self-management strategies need to be individualized, they can be augmented by generic material.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Creer TL. The complexity of treating asthma. J Asthma 1998; 35 (6): 451–4.
Donovan JL, Blake DR. Patient non-compliance: deviance or reasoned decision-making? Soc Sci Med 1992; 34: 507–13.
Hedner J, Grote L. The link between sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: time to target the nonsleepy sleep apneics? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 5–6.
Abbott J, Dodd M, Bilton D, et al. Treatment compliance in adults with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 1994; 49: 115–20.
Young P, Drewse M, Fergusson W, et al. Rehabilitation in COPD: predictors of non-adherence. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 855–9.
Bogart LM, Kelly JA, Catz SL, et al. Import of medical and non-medical factors on physician decision-making for HIV/AIDS anti-retroviral treatment. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000; 23: 396–404.
Yeung M, O’Connor SA, Parry DT, et al. Compliance with prescribed drug therapy in asthma. Respir Med 1994; 88: 31–5.
Tebbi CK, Cummings KM, Zevon MA, et al. Compliance of paediatric and adolescent cancer patients. Cancer 1986; 58: 1179–84.
Dew MA, Roth LH, Thompson ME, et al. Medical compliance and its predictors in the first year after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15: 631–45.
Conway SP, Pond MN, Hammett T, et al. Compliance with treatment in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 1996; 51: 29–33.
Bender B, Mulgrom H, Rand C. Non-adherence in asthmatic patients: is there a solution to the problem? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997; 79: 177–86.
Bosley CM, Fosburg JA, Cochrane GM. The psychological factors associated with poor compliance with treatment in asthma. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 899–904.
Rand CS, Wise RA. Measuring adherence to asthma medication regimens. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 49: S69–76.
Roth HP. Ten year update on patient compliance research: measurement of compliance. Pat Ed Counsel 1997; 32: 107–16.
Hayes-Boutisa DE. Modifying the treatment: patient compliance, patient control and medical care. Soc Sci Med 1976; 10: 233–8.
Cochrane GM. Compliance and outcomes in patients with asthma. Drugs 1996; 52 Suppl. 6: 12–9.
Milgrom H, Bender B. Non adherence with the asthma regimen. Pediatr Asthma Allergy Immunol 1997; 11: 3–8.
Rand CS, Wise RA, Nides M, et al. Metered dose inhaler adherence in a clinical trial. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146: 1559–64.
Tashkin DP. Multiple dose regimens; impact on compliance. Chest 1995; 107: 176S–82S.
Berkman L. The role of social relations in health promotion. Psychosom Med 1995; 57: 345–54.
Greenberg RN. Overview of patient compliance with medication doses: a literature review. Clin Ther 1984; 6: 590–9.
Kaplan SH, Greenfield S, Ware JE. Assessing the effects of physician: patient interactions on the outcomes of chronic disease. Med Care 1989; 27: S110–27.
Ley P. Satisfaction, compliance and communication. Br J Clin Psychol 1982; 21: 241–54.
Abbott J, Dodd M, Webb A. Different perceptions of disease severity and self care between patients with cystic fibrosis, their close companion, and physician. Thorax 1995; 50: 794–6.
Ellard GA, Jenner PJ, Downs PA. An evaluation of the potential use of isoniazid, acetylisoniazid and isonicontinic acid for monitoring the self-administration of drugs. Br J Pharmacol 1980; 10: 569–81.
Wollen RL, Crabtree RE, Carmicheal RH. Tracer microspheres as compliance monitors in clinical research. Control Clin Trials 1984; 5: 440–3.
Babiken IE, Cooke PR, Gillett MG. How useful is riboflavin as a tracer of medication compliance. J Behav Med 1989; 12: 25–38.
Rand CS, Nides M, Cowles MK, et al., for the Lung Health Study. Long-term metered-dose inhaler adherence in a clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 580–8.
Kolbe J, Fergusson W, Vamos M, et al. Case-control study of severe life-threatening asthma (SLTA) in adults: demographics, heath care, and management of the acute attacks. Thorax 2000; 55: 1007–15.
Strunk RC. Asthma deaths in childhood: identification of patients at risk and intervention. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 80: 47207.
Horwitz RI, Horwitz SM. Adherence to treatment and health outcomes. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 1863–8.
Kidd RSG, Kolbe J, Cochrane GM. Reliability of New Zealand adult asthmatics in recording peak expiratory flow rates. N Z Med J 1993; 106: 529–30.
Wright EC, Kattan M, Keresmar C, et al. Short-term compliance with peak flow monitoring: results from a study of inner city children with asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol 1996; 21: 203–10.
Verscheiden P, Cartier A, L’Archeveque J, et al. Compliance with and accuracy of daily self-assessment of peak expiratory flows (PEF) in asthmatic subjects over a 3 month period. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 880–5.
Cote J, Cartier A, Malo J-L, et al. Compliance with peak expiratory flow monitoring in home management of asthma. Chest 1998; 113: 968–72.
Clark NM, Feldman CH, Evans D, et al. The impact of health education on frequency oral cost of health care use by low income children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986; 78: 108–15.
Yoon R, McKenzie DK, Miles DA, et al. Characteristics of attendees and non-attendees at an asthma education programme. Thorax 1991; 46: 886–90.
Ignacio-Garcia JM, Gonzales-Santos P. Asthma self-management education programme by home monitoring of peak expiratory flow. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 353–9.
Abdulwadud O, Abramson M, Forbes A, et al. Attendance at an asthma educational intervention; characteristics of participants and non-participants. Respir Med 1997; 91: 524–9.
Garrett J, Mercer-Fenwick J, Taylor G, et al. Peak expiratory flow meters (PEFM’s): who uses them and how does education affect the pattern of utilisation. Aust N Z J Med 1994; 24: 521–9.
Kolbe J, Vamos M, Fergusson W, et al. Differential influences on asthma self-management knowledge and self-management behaviour in acute and severe asthma. Chest 1996; 100: 1463–8.
Emond S, Reed CR, Graff LG, et al., on behalf of the MARC Investigators. Asthma education in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 36: 204–11.
Cote J, Cartier A, Robichaud R, et al. Influence on asthma morbidity of asthma education programmes based on self-management plans following treatment optimisation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1977; 155: 1509–14.
Drummond N, Abdalla A, Beattie JAG, et al. Grampian Study of Integrated Care: effectiveness of routine self monitoring of peak flow and patients with asthma. BMJ 1994; 308: 564–7.
Charlton I, Charlton G, Broomfield J, et al. Evaluation of peak flow and symptoms only self-management plans for control of asthma in general practice. BMJ 1990; 301: 1355–9.
Turner MO, Taylor D, Bennett A, et al. A randomised trial comparing peak expiratory flow and symptom self-management plans for patients with asthma attending a primary care clinic. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 540–6.
Woolcock AJ, Rubinfeld AR, Seale JP, et al. Asthma management plan 1989. Med J Aust 1989; 151: 650–3.
Boulet L-P, Becker A, Berube D, et al., on behalf of the Canadian Asthma Consensus Group. Summary of the recommendations from the Canadian Asthma Consensus Group. CMAJ 1999; 161 Suppl. 11: 51–72.
Deber RB, Kraetschmer N, Irvine J. What role do patients wish to pay in treatment decision-making? Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1414–20.
Krantz DS, Baum A, Weinman MU. Assessment of preferences for self-treatment and information in health care. J Pers Soc Psychol 1980; 39: 977–84.
Benbassat J, Pilpel D, Tidhar M. Patients’ preferences for participation in clinical decision making: a review of published surveys. Behav Med 1998; 24: 81–8.
Blanchard CG, Labzecque MS, Ruckdeschel JC, et al. Information and decision-making preferences of hospitalised adult cancer patients. Soc Sci Med 1988; 27: 1139–45.
Degner LF, Sloan JA. Decision-making during serious illness: what role do patients really want to play? J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45: 941–50.
Beaver K, Luker KA, Owens RG, et al. Treatment decision making in women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45: 944–50.
Morris J, Ingham R. Choice of surgery for early breast cancer: psychological considerations. Soc Sci Med 1988; 27: 1257–62.
Wolf AMD, Nasser JF, Wolf AM, et al. The impart of informed consent on patient interest in prostate specific antigen screening. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1333–6.
Wagner EH, Barnett P, Barry MJ, et al. The effect of a shared decision-making program on rates of surgery for benign prostrate hyperplasia: pilot results. Med Care 1995; 33: 765–70.
Mahler HIM, Kulik JA. Preferences for health care involvement, perceived control and surgical recovery: a prospective study. Soc Sci Med 1990; 31: 743–51.
Brody DS, Miller SM, Lerman CE, et al. Patient perception of involvement in medical care: relationship to illness attitudes and outcomes. J Gen Intern Med 1989; 4: 506–11.
Gibson PG, Talbot PI, Toneguzzi RC. Self-management, autonomy and quality of life in asthma. Chest 1995; 107: 1003–8.
Strull WM, Lo B, Charles G. Do patients want to participate in medical decision making? JAMA 1984; 252: 2990–4.
Ende J, Kozis L, Ash A, et al. Processing patients’ desire for autonomy: decision making and information seeking preferences among medical patients. J Gen Intern Med 1989; 4: 23–30.
Adams RJ, Smith BJ, Ruffin RE. Patient for autonomy in decision making in asthma management. Thorax 2001; 56: 126–32.
Adams RS, Smith BJ, Ruffin RE. Factors associated with hospital admissions and repeat emergency department visits for adults with asthma. Thorax 2000; 55: 566–73.
Brewis G. Guidelines for the management of asthma in adults. I. Chronic asthma. BMJ 1990; 301: 651–3.
Global initiative for asthma — global strategy for asthma management and prevention (NHLBI/WHO workshop report 95–3659). National Institutes of Health. Publication number 2701. Bethesda (MD): Medical Communications Resources, Inc., 1995: 1–24, 69–117.
Gibson PG, Coughlan J, Wilson AJ, et al. Self-management education and regular practitioner review for adults with asthma. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Available in The Cochrane Library [database on disk and CD ROM]. Updated quarterly. The Cochrane Collaboration; issue 2. Oxford: Update Software, 2001.
Abramson M, Bailey MJ, Couper FJ, et al. Are asthma medications and management related to deaths from asthma? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 12–8.
Ayres JG, Campbell LM. A controlled assessment of an asthma self-management plan involving a budesonide dose regimen. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 886–92.
Gibson PG, Coughlan J, Wilson AJ, et al. Limited (information only) patient education programmes for adults with asthma. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Available in The Cochrane Library [database on disk and CD ROM]. Updated quarterly. The Cochrane Collaboration; issue 2. Oxford: Update Software, 2001.
Bernard-Bonnin AC, Stochenkro S, Bonin D, et al. Self-management teaching programs and morbidity of pediative asthma: a meter analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 95: 34–41.
Garrett J, Fenwick J, Taylor G, et al. Prospective controlled evaluation of the effect of a community-based asthma education centre in a multi-racial working class neighbourhood. Thorax 1994; 49: 976–83.
Hilton S, Sibbald B, Anderson HR, et al. Controlled evaluation of the effects of patient education on asthma morbidity in general practice. Lancet 1986; I (8471): 26–9.
Norris SL, Engelgau MM, Venkat Naryan KM. Effectiveness of self-management training in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 561–87.
Wheeler ML, Wylie-Rosett J, Pichert JW. Diabetes education research. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 421–2.
Kolbe J, Vamos M, Fergusson W, et al. Determinants of management errors in acute severe asthma. Thorax 1998; 53: 14–20.
Marks GB, Heslop W, Yates DH. Pre-hospital management of exacerbations of asthma: relation to patient and disease characteristics. Respirology 2000; 5: 45–50.
Redelmeier DA, Rozin P, Kahneman D. Understanding patients’ decisions: cognitive and emotional perspectives. JAMA 1993; 270: 72–6.
Wroe A. Intentional and unintentional nonadherence: a study of decision making. J Behav Med. In press.
British Thoracic Association. Deaths from asthma in two regions of England. BMJ 1982; 285: 1251–5.
Kolbe J, Fergusson W, Garrett J. Rapid onset asthma: a severe but uncommon manifestation. Thorax 1998; 53: 241–7.
White HD, Von de Werf FJJ. Thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998; 97: 1632–46.
Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochianasi nell’ Infarcto Miocardio (GISSI). Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1986; I: 397–402.
Boersma E, Maas ACP, Deckers JW, et al. Early thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: reappraisal of the golden hour. Lancet 1996; 348: 771–5.
Home R, James D, Petrie K, et al. Patients interpretation of symptoms as a cause of delay in reaching hospital during acute myocardial infarction. Heart 2000; 83: 388–93.
Dracup K, Moser DK, Eisenberg M, et al. Causes of delay in seeking treatment for heart attack symptoms. Soc Sci Med 1995; 40: 379–92.
Schmidt SV, Borsch MA. The pre-hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction in the era of thrombolysis. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 1411–5.
Gilchrist IC. Patient delay before treatment of myocardial infarction. BMJ 1973; I: 535–7.
Wielgosz ATJ, Nolan RP, Earp JA. Reasons for patients’ delay in response to symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. CMAJ 1988; 139: 853–7.
Kolbe J, Vamos M, James F, et al. Assessment of practical knowledge of self-management of acute asthma. Chest 1996; 109: 86–90.
Burnett RE, Blumenthal JA, Mark DB, et al. Distinguishing between early and late responders to symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 1019–22.
Green LW, Kreuter MW, Deed SG, et al. Health education planning: a diagnostic approach. Palo Alto (CA): Palo Alto Publishing Co, 1980.
Green LW, Kreuter MW. Health promotion planning: an educational and environmental approach. Mountain View (CA): Mayfield Publishing Co, 1991.
Green LW, Frankish LJ. Theories and principles of health education applied to asthma. Chest 1994; 106: 2195–295.
Boulet L-P, Chapman KR, Green LW, et al. Asthma education. Chest 1994; 106: 184S–95S.
Kaplan GA, Pamuk ER, Lynah JW, et al. Inequality in income and mortality in the United States: analysis of mortality and potential pathways. BMJ 1996; 312: 999–1003.
Kennedy BP, Kawachi I, Prothro-Smith D. Income distribution and mortality: cross-sectional ecological study of the Robin Hood Index in the United States. BMJ 1996; 312: 1004–7.
Rona RJ. Asthma and poverty. Thorax 2000; 55: 239–44.
Peckham C, Butler NA. A national study of asthma in childhood. J Epidemiol Commun Health 1978; 32: 79–85.
Mitchell RG, Dawson B. Educational and social characteristics of children with asthma. Arch Dis Child 1993; 48: 467–71.
Mielck A, Reitmeir P, Wjst M. Severity of childhood asthma by socio-economic status. Int J Epidemiol 1996; 25: 388–93.
Littlejohn P, MacDonald CD. The relationship between severe asthma and social class. Respir Med 1993; 87: 139–43.
Kolbe J, Garrett J, Vamos M, et al. Influences on trends in asthma morbidity and mortality: the New Zealand experience. Chest 1994; 106 Suppl.: 211S–5S.
Garrett J, Kolbe J, Richards G, et al. Major reduction in asthma morbidity and continued reduction in asthma mortality in New Zealand: what lessons have been learned? Thorax 1995; 50: 303–11.
Jackson GP. Asthma mortality by neighbourhood of domicile. N Z Med J 1988; 101: 593–5.
Rea H, Scragg R, Jackson R, et al. A case-control study of deaths from asthma. Thorax 1986; 41: 833–9.
Watson JP, Cowan P, Lewis RA. The relationship between asthma admission rates, routes of admission, and socio-economic deprivation. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 2067–93.
Carr W, Zeittel L, Weiss K. Variations in asthma hospitalizations and deaths: New York City. Am J Public Health 1992; 82: 59–65.
Wissow LS, Gettelsohn AM, Szhlo M, et al. Poverty, race and hospitalization of childhood asthma. Am J Public Health 1988; 78: 777–92.
Kolbe J, Vamos M, Fergusson W. Socio-economic disadvantage, quality of medical care and admission for acute severe asthma. Aust N Z J Med 1997; 27: 294–300.
Yellowlees PM, Hayes S, Potts N, et al. Psychoactive morbidity in patients with life-threatening asthma: initial report of controlled study. Med J Aust 1988; 149: 246–9.
Yellowlees PM, Ruffin RE. Psychological defences and coping styles in patients following a life-threatening attack of asthma. Chest 1989; 95: 1298–303.
Martin AJ, Campbell DA, Gluyas PA, et al. Characteristics of near-fatal asthma in childhood. Pediatr Pulmonol 1995; 20: 1–8.
Boulet L-P, Deschesnes F, Furcotte H, et al. Near-fatal asthma: clinical and physiologic features, perception of bronchoconstriction and psychogenic profile. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 88: 838–46.
Kolbe J, Fergusson W, Vamos M, et al. Care control study of severe life-threatening asthma (SLTA) in adults: psychological factors. Thorax. In press.
Campbell DA, Yellowlees PM, McLennan G, et al. Psychiatric and medical features of near-fatal asthma. Thorax 1995; 50: 254–9.
Vamos M, Kolbe J, James F, et al. Psychological factors in severe asthma. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1999; 33 (4): 538–44.
Janson C, Björnsson E, Hetta J, et al. Anxiety and depression in relation to respiratory symptoms and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 930–4.
Kolbe J, Fitzgerald JM, Macklem PT. Near fatal asthma: a New Zealand perspective. Proceedings of a workshop on near fatal asthma, Montreal April 28–29, 1994. Can Respir J 1995; 2: 113–26.
Miller BD. Depression and asthma: a potentially lethal mixture. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 80: 481–6.
Garden GMF, Ayres JG. Psychiatric and social aspects of brittle asthma. Thorax 1993; 48: 501–5.
Goldberg D. The recognition of psychiatric illness by non-psychiatrists. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1984; 18: 128–33.
Sibbald B, Collier J, D’souza M. Questionnaire assessment of patient’s attitudes and beliefs about asthma. Fam Pract 1986; 3: 37–40.
Consulting the ‘experts’: childrens’ and parents’ perceptions of pyscho-educational interventions in the context of juvenial chronic arthritis. Health Educ Res 1999; 14: 597–610.
Kroll T, Barlow JH, Shaw K. Treatment adherence in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Scand J Rheumatol 1999; 28: 10–8.
Chaney JM, Peterson C. Family variables and disease management in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr Psychol 1989; 14: 389–403.
Joseph KS, Blais L, Ernst P, et al. Increased morbidity and mentality related to asthma among asthmatic patients who use major tranquillisers. BMJ 1996; 312: 79–83.
Levenson T, Greenberger PA, Donoghue ER, et al. Asthma deaths compounded by substance abuse. An assessment of fatal asthma. Chest 1996; 110: 604–10.
Weitzman JB, Kanarek NF, Smialek JE. Medical examiner asthma death autopsies: a distinct subgroup of asthma deaths with implications for public health preventive strategies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1998; 122: 691–9.
Sibbald B, White P, Pharoah C, et al. Relationship between psychological factors and asthma morbidity. Fam Pract 1988; 5: 12–7.
Miller BD, Strunk RC. Circumstances surrounding the deaths of children due to asthma. Am J Dis Child 1989; 143: 1294.
Strunk RC, Mrazek DA, Fuhrmann GSW, et al. Physiologic and psychological characteristics associated with deaths due to asthma in childhood: a casecontrolled study. JAMA 1985; 254: 1193–8.
Araujo G, Arsdel P, Holmes T, et al. Life change, coping ability and chronic intrinsic asthma. J Psychosom Res 1973; 17: 359–63.
McClellan VE, Garrett JE. Asthma and employment experience. N Z Med J 1990; 103: 399–401.
Blessing-Moore J. Does asthma education change behaviour? To know is not to do. Chest 1996; 109: 9–10.
Conway S, Pond MN, Hammett T, et al. Compliance with treatment in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 1996; 51: 29–33.
Brewis G. Guidelines for the management of asthma in adults: II acute severe asthma. BMJ 1990; 301: 797–800.
Bartler T, Pralter MR. Asthma: better outcome at lower cost? The role of the expert in the care system. Chest 1996; 110: 1589–96.
Wurtemberger G, Hutter BO. Health-related quality of life, psychological adjustment and compliance to treatment in patients on domiciliary liquid oxygen. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2000; 55: 216–24.
Milas NC, Nowalk MP, Akpele L, et al. Factors associated with adherence to dietary protein intervention in the modification of diet in renal disease study. J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95: 1295–300.
Catz SL, Kelly JA, Bogart LM, et al. Patterns, correlates, and barriers to medication adherence among persons prescribed new treatments for HIV disease. Health Psychol 2000; 19: 124–33.
Brownbridge G, Fielding DM. Psychosocial adjustment and adherence to dialysis treatment regimens. Pediatr Nephrol 1994; 8: 744–9.
Garrett JE, Mulder J, Wong-Tai H. Characteristics of asthmatics using an urban accident and emergency department. N Z Med J 1988; 101: 359–61.
Emond S, Woodruff PG, Lee EY, et al. Effect of on emergency department asthma progress on acute asthma case. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34: 321–5.
Wright RJ, Rodriguez M, Cohen S. Review of psychosocial stress and asthma: an integrated biopsychosocial approach. Thorax 1998; 53: 1066–74.
Dirks JF, Kinsman RA, Staudenmeyer H, et al. Panic-fear in asthma: symptomatology is an index of signal anxiety and personality as an index of ego resources. J Nerv Ment Dis 1979; 167: 6.5–9.
Dirks JF, Horton DJ, Kinsman RA, et al. Patient and physician characteristics influencing medical decisions in asthma. J Asthma Res 1979; 15: 171–8.
Dirks JF, Schroa JC, Robinson SK. Patient mislabelling of symptoms: implications for patient-physician communication and medical outcome. Int J Psychiatry Med 1982; 12: 15–27.
Main J, Moss-Morris R, Booth R, et al. The use of reliever medication in asthma: the role of negative mood and asthma symptom reports. J Asthma. In press.
Dirks JF, Kinsman RA. Bayesian prediction of non-compliance: as needed (prn) medication usage patterns and the battery of asthma illness behaviour. J Asthma 1982; 19: 25–31.
Brewis RAL. Patient education, self-management plans and peak flow measurement. Respir Med 1991; 85: 457–62.
Raymond D, Henry RL, Higginbotham N, et al. Predicting readmission to hospital with asthma. J Paediatr Child Health 1998; 34: 534–8.
Home R, Weinman J. Patients’ beliefs about prescribed medicines and their role in adherence to treatment in chronic physical illness. J Psychosom Res 1999; 47: 555–67.
Mayo PH, Richman J, Harris HW. Results of a program to reduce admissions for adult asthma. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 864–71.
Sibbald B. Patient self care in acute asthma. Thorax 1989; 44: 97–101.
Adulwadud O, Abramson M, Forbes A, et al. Evaluation of a randomised controlled trial of adult asthma education in a hospital setting. Thorax 1999; 54: 493–500.
Wallston BS, Wallston KA. Locus of control and health: a review of the literature. Health Educ Monogr 1978; 6: 107–17.
Abella R, Heslin R. Health, locus of control, values, and the behaviour of family and friends: an integrated approach to understanding preventive health behaviour. Basic Appl Soc Psychol 1984; 5: 283–93.
Schlenk EA, Hart LK. Relationship between health locus of control, health value and social support and compliance of persons with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1984; 7: 566–74.
Kyngäs HA, Henitinen M. Meaning attached to compliance with self-care and conditions for compliance among young diabetes. J Adv Nurs 1995; 21: 729–36.
Christiansen AJ, Smith TW, Turner CW, et al. Family support, physical impairment, and adherence in haemodialysis: an investigation of main and buffering effects. J Behav Med 1992; 15: 313–25.
Haynes RB, Montague P, Oliver T, et al. Interventions for helping patients to follow prescriptions for medications. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Available in The Cochrane Library [database on disk and CD ROM]. Updated quarterly. The Cochrane Collaboration; issue 2. Oxford: Update Software, 2001.
Gallefoss F, Bakke PS. How does patient education and self-management among asthmatics and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease affect medication? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 160: 2000–5.
Braddock CH, Fihn SD, Levinson W, et al. How doctors and patients discuss routine clinical decisions. J Gen Intern Med 1997; 12: 339–45.
Greenfield S, Kaplan SH, Ware Jr J, et al. Patient’s participation in medical care: effects on blood sugar control and quality of life in diabetes. J Gen Intern Med 1988; 3: 448–57.
Anderson RM, Funneil MM, Butler PM, et al. Patient empowerment. Results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 943–9.
Jones A, Pill R, Adams S. Qualitative study of views of health professionals and patient on guided self-management plans for asthma. BMJ 2000; 321: 1507–10.
Redline S, Wright EC, Katlam M, et al. Short-term compliance with peak flow monitoring: results from a study of inner city children with asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol 1996; 21: 203–10.
Haby MM, Waters E, Robertson CF, et al. Interventions for educating children who have attended the emergency room for asthma (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Available in The Cochrane Library [database on disk and CD ROM]. Updated quarterly. The Cochrane Collaboration; issue 2. Oxford: Update Software, 2001.
Bailey WC, Richards JM, Brooks M, et al. A randomized trial to improve self-management practices of adults with asthma. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 1664–8.
Cóte J, Bowie DM, Robichaud P, et al. Evaluation of two different educational interventions for adult patients consulting with an acute asthma exacerbation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 1415–9.
Van Es SM, le Coq EM, Brouwer AI, et al. Adherence-related behaviour in adolescents with asthma: results from focus group interviews. J Asthma 1998; 35: 637–46.
Pearson MG, Ryland I, Harrison BDW. Comparison of the process of care of acute severe asthma in adults admitted to hospital before and one year after publication of national guidelines. Respir Med 1996; 90: 539–45.
McDonald IG, Daly J. On patient judgement. Int Med J 2001; 31: 184–7.
Feinbeng J. The effect of patient-practitioner interaction on compliance: a review of the literature and application in rheumatoid arthritis. Patient Educ Couns 1988; 11: 171–87.
Fotharingham MJ, Sawyer MG. Adherence to recommended medical regimens in childhood and adolescence. J Pediatr Child Health 1995; 31: 72–8.
Inui TS, Yourtee EL, Williamson JW. Improved outcomes in hypertension after physician tutorials: a controlled trial. Am Intern Med 1976; 84: 646–51.
Maiman LA, Becker MH, Liptak GS. Improving pediatricians’ compliance-enhancing practices: a randomised trial. Am J Dis Child 1988; 142: 773–9.
Clark NM, Gong M, Schork MA, et al. Long term effects of asthma education for physicians on patient satisfaction and use of health services. Eur Respir J 2000; 16: 15–21.
Watkins KW, Connell CM, Fitzgerald JT. Effects of adults’ self-regulation of diabetes on quality-of-life outcomes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1511–5.
Clark NM, Janz NK, Dodge JA, et al. Changes in functional health status of older women with heart disease: evaluation of a programme based on self-regulation. J Gerontol 2000; 55: S117–26.
Evans D. To help patients control asthma the clinician must be a good listener and teacher. Thorax 1993; 48: 685–7.
Clark NM, Gong M, Schork A, et al. A scale for assessing health care providers’ teaching and communication behaviour regarding asthma. Health Educ Behav 1997; 24: 245–56.
Bauman A. The comprehensibility of asthma education materials. Patient Educ Couns 1997; 32: S51–9.
Rubin JH, Leventhal JM, Sadock RT, et al. Educational intervention by computer in childhood asthma: a randomized clinical trial testing the use of a new teaching intervention in childhood asthma. Pediatrics 1986; 77: 1–10.
Cagala DJ, McClure L, Marinelli TM. The effects of communication skills training on patients’ participation during medical interviews. Patient Educ Couns 2000; 41: 209–22.
McAdam EK, Noble M, Harrison BDW. Combined clinic using a medical and psychological approach to the management of poorly controlled asthma. Asthma J 2000; 5: 71–9.
British Guidelines on Asthma Management. 1995. Review and position statement. Thorax 1997; 52 Suppl.: S1–S21.
Robertson CF, Rubenfeld AR, Bowes G. Deaths from asthma in Victoria: a 12 month survey. Med J Aust 1990; 152: 511–7.
Maiman LA, Green LW, Gibson G, et al. Education for self-treatment by adult asthmatics. JAMA 1979; 241: 1919–22.
Gibson PG, Shah S, Mamoon HA. Peer-led asthma education for adolescents; impact evaluation. J Adolesc Health 1998; 22: 66–72.
Shah S, Peat JK, Mazurski EJ, et al. Effect of peer led programme for asthma education in adolescents: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2001; 322: 583.
Yates DH, Shah S, Veitch E, et al. Teaching asthma management: on evidence based educational approach. Aust N Z J Med 2000; 30: 33–7.
Evans D, Clark NM, Feldman CH, et al. A school health education programme for children with asthma aged 8–11 years. Health Educ Q 1987: 14: 267–79.
Comino EJ, Bauman A, Mitchell CA, et al. The Australian national asthma campaign; effects of public education activities based on mass media. Am J Prev Med 1997; 13: 251–6.
Acknowledgements
No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this manuscript. The author has no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kolbe, J. The Influence of Socioeconomic and Psychological Factors on Patient Adherence to Self-Management Strategies. Dis-Manage-Health-Outcomes 10, 551–570 (2002). https://doi.org/10.2165/00115677-200210090-00004
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00115677-200210090-00004