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Are Cardiovascular Disease and Osteoporosis Directly Linked?

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Abstract

For years, osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease were thought to be two independent consequences of aging; however, mounting evidence supports an association between these diseases. Recently, a widespread class of cholesterol-lowering drugs known as statins have demonstrated (in rodents and cell cultures) the ability to induce bone formation. This finding is significant since current therapies are limited to the prevention or slowing down of bone loss rather than (enhancing/improving) bone formation. In humans, the ability of statins to generate new bone has not been consistent; however, several investigations have demonstrated a dramatic decrease in fracture risk. Although it has been proposed that statins induce new bone via increased bone morphogenetic protein-2, other conditions affected by statins such as dyslipidaemia, vascular calcification, endothelial dysfunction and impaired nitric oxide expression, may also contribute to the cardiovascular and bone health paradigm. Furthermore, the role of physical activity and its influence on cardiovascular and bone health, especially in postmenopausal women, may contribute to the discrepancy of findings in human data. In summary, it remains to be determined if statins contribute to bone health via improvements in vascular health or by pleiotropic properties unique to their pharmacology. This review provides information on our current understanding of the bone and cardiovascular association, as well as on novel areas of research to further our current understanding of these conditions.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge financial support from the Canada Foundation for Innovation, the BC Knowledge Development Fund, and the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research. The authors have no conflicts of interest directly relevant to the content of this review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Healthy Heart Program, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Crystal Whitney,  Darren E. R. Warburton, Jiri Frohlich & Sammy Y. Chan

  2. The Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia, Unit II Osborne Centre, Room 205, 6108 Thunderbird Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada

    Crystal Whitney &  Darren E. R. Warburton

  3. The Bone Health Research Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Heather McKay & Karim Khan

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  1. Crystal Whitney
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Correspondence to Darren E. R. Warburton.

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Whitney, C., Warburton, D.E.R., Frohlich, J. et al. Are Cardiovascular Disease and Osteoporosis Directly Linked?. Sports Med 34, 779–807 (2004). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434120-00001

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