Skip to main content
Log in

Effects of Exercise Training on Abdominal Obesity and Related Metabolic Complications

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Sports Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Excessive deposition of visceral adipose tissue is known to predispose to cardiovascular diseases. Considerable epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that many physiological factors are involved in the aetiology of premature atherosclerosis associated with visceral obesity. Insulin resistance is frequently associated with abdominal obesity, and probably plays an important role in the pathophysiology of hypertriglyceridaemia, low levels of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, hypertension and reduced fibrinolytic activity. Exercise training may counteract the aberrant metabolic profile associated with abdominal obesity both directly and as a consequence of body fat loss. Exercise may increase insulin sensitivity, favourably alter the plasma lipoprotein profile and improve fibrinolytic activity. Changes in the activity of insulin-sensitive glucose transporters and of skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase are some of the possible explanations for the increased insulin sensitivity and improved blood lipid profile associated with regular exercise. This review presents physical training as a relevant nonpharmacological tool in the treatment of abdominal obesity and associated metabolic disorders. The impact of regular exercise on the different aspects of the insulin resistance syndrome is discussed. The roles of gender, age and the state of insulin resistance on the metabolic effect of physical training are also considered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Banting lecture 1988. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595–607

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Beatty OL, Harper R, Sheridan B, et al. Insulin resistance in offspring of hypertensive parents. BMJ 1993; 307: 92–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. O’Rahilly S, Turner RC, Matthews DR. Impaired pulsative secretion in relatives of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1225–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Carmelli D, Cardon LR, Fabsitz R. Clustering of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity in adult male twins: same genes or same environments?. Am J Hum Genet 1994; 55: 566–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Black HR. The coronary artery disease paradox: the role of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance and implications for therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990; 15 Suppl. 5: S26–38

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lind L, Pollare T, Berne C, et al. Long-term metabolic effects of antihypertensive drugs. Am Heart J 1994; 128: 1177–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Weidmann P, Ferrier C, Saxenhofer H, et al. Serum lipoproteins during treatment with antihypertensive drugs. Drugs 1988; 35 Suppl. 6: 118–34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Rössner S, Taylor CL, Byrington RP, et al. Long term propranolol treatment and changes in body weight after myocardial infarction. BMJ 1990; 300: 902–3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kahn HS, Williamson DF. Abdominal obesity and mortality risk among men in nineteenth-century North America. Int J Obes 1994; 18: 686–91

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Larsson B, Bengtsson C, Björntorp P, et al. Is abdominal body fat distribution a major explanation for the sex difference in the incidence of myocardial infarction? The study of men born in 1913 and the study of women, Göteborg, Sweden. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 266–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hodgson JM, Wahlqvist ML, Balazs NDH, et al. Coronary atherosclerosis in relation to body fatness and its distribution. In J Obes 1994; 18: 41–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Thompson CJ, Ryu JE, Craven TE, et al. Central adipose distribution is related to coronary athrosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb 1991; 11: 327–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Donahue RP, Orchard TJ. Diabetes mellitus and macrovascular complications: an epidemiological perspective. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 1141–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Després J-P. Abdominal obesity as important component of insulin-resistance syndrome. Nutrition 1993; 9: 452–59

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Haffner SM, Fong D, Hazuda HP, et al. Hyperinsulinemia, upper body adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in non-diabetes. Metabolism 1988; 37: 338–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Casassus P, Fontbonne A, Thibult N, et al. Upper-body fat distribution: a hyperinsulinemia-independent predictor of coronary heart disease mortality. The Paris prospective study. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 1387–92

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, et al. High density lipoprotein as a prospective factor against coronary heart disease: the Framingham study. Am J Med 1977; 62: 707–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Castelli WP, Doyle JT, Gordon T, et al. HDL cholesterol and other lipids in coronary heart disease: the cooperative lipoprotein phenotyping study. Circulation 1977; 55: 767–2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Jacobs DR, Mebane IL, Bangdiwala SI, et al. High density lipoprotein cholesterol as a predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality in men and women: the follow-up study of the lipid research clinics prevalence study. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 131: 32–47

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Miller Bass K, Newschaffer CJ, Klag MJ, et al. Plasma lipoprotein levels as predictors of cardiovascular death in women. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 2209–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Patsch JR, Miesenböck G, Hopferwieser T, et al. Relation of triglycéride metabolism and coronary artery disease. Studies in the postprandial state. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 1336–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Groot PHE, van Stiphout WAHJ, Krauss XH, et al. Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in normolipidemic men with and without coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb 1991; 11: 653–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ryu JE, Howard G, Craven TE, et al. Postprandial triglyceridemia and carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged subjects. Stroke 1992; 23: 823–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Després J-P. Dyslipidemia and obesity. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 8: 629–60

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ryu JE, Craven TE, MacArthur RD, et al. Relationship of intraabdominal fat as measured by magnetic resonance imaging to postprandial lipidemia in middle-aged subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60: 586–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Coppack SW, Evans RD, Fisher KN, et al. Adipose tissue metabolism in obesity: lipase action in vivo before and after a mixed meal. Metabolism 1992; 41: 264–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Potts JL, Coppack SW, Fisher RM, et al. Impaired postprandial clearance of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in adipose tissue in obese subjects. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: E588–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cigolini M, Seidell JC, Targher G, et al. Fasting serum insulin in relation to components of the metabolic syndrome in European healthy men: the European fat distribution study. Metabolism 1995; 44: 35–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Jiang X, Srinivasan SR, Webber LS, et al. Association of fasting insulin level with serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in children, adolescents, and young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 190–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Islam AHMW, Yamashita S, Kotani K, et al. Fasting plasma insulin level is an important risk factor for the development of complications in Japanese obese children: results from a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Metabolism 1995; 44: 478–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Fried SK, Russell CD, Grauso NL, et al. Lipoprotein lipase regulation by insulin and glucocorticoid in subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues of obese women and men. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 2191–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Eckel RH. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase. In: Borensztajn J, editor. Lipoprotein lipase. Chicago: Evener Publishers, Inc., 1987: 79–132

    Google Scholar 

  33. Sadur CN, Yost TJ, Eckel RH. Insulin responsiveness of adipose tissue lipase is delayed but preserved in obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 59: 1176–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Bosello O, Cigolini M, Battaggia A, et al. Adipose tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity in obesity. Int J Obes 1984; 8: 213–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ferraro RT, Eckel RH, Larson DE, et al. Relationship between skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase activity and 24-hour macro-nutrient oxidation. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 441–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Yost TJ, Jensen DR, Eckel RH. Tissue-specific lipoprotein lipase: Relationships to body composition and body fat distribution in normal weight humans. Obes Res 1993; 1: 1–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Yost TJ, Froyd KK, Jensen RD, et al. Change in skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase activity in response to insulin/glucose in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 1995; 44: 786–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Daae LNW, Kierulf P, Landaas S. Cardiovascular risk factors: interactive effects of lipids, coagulation and fibrinolysis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1993; 53 Suppl. 215: 19–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Wiman B, Hamsten A. Impaired fibrinolysis and risk of thromboembolism. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1991; 34: 179–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Vague P, Juhan-Vague I, Aillaud MF, et al. Correlation between blood fibrinolytic activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor level, plasma insulin level, and relative body weight in normal and obese subjects. Metabolism 1986; 35: 250–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Scelles V, Raccah D, Alessi MC, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and insulin levels in various insulin resistant states. Diabete Metab 1992; 18: 38–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Landin K, Stigendal L, Eriksson E, et al. Abdominal obesity is associated with an impaired fibrinolytic activity and elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Metabolism 1990; 39: 1044–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Potter van Loon BJ, Kluft C, Radder JK, et al. The cardiovascular risk factor plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 is related to insulin resistance. Metabolism 1993; 42: 945–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Brussaard HE, Gevers Leuven JA, Krans HMJ, et al. Non-esterified fatty acids are related with hypofibrinolysis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fibrinolysis 1994; 8 Suppl. 2: 25–7

    Google Scholar 

  45. Stout RW. Insulin and atheroma. 20-year perspective. Diabetes Care 1990; 13: 631–55

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Lyons TJ. Glycation and oxidation: a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: 26B–31B

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. McGill HC, McMahan A, Malcom GT, et al. Relation of glycohemoglobin and adiposity to atherosclerosis in youth. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 1995; 15: 431–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Kanai H, Matsuzawa Y, Kotani K, et al. Close correlation of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to hypertension in obese women. Hypertension 1990; 16: 484–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Filipovský J, Ducimetière P, Darné B, et al. Abdominal body mass distribution and elevated blood pressure are associated with increased risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and cancer in middle-aged men: the results of a 15- to 20-year follow-up in the Paris prospective study 1. Int J Obes 1993; 17: 197–203

    Google Scholar 

  50. Salomaa VV, Strandberg TE, Vahanen H, et al. Glucose tolerance and blood pressure: long term follow up in middle aged men. BMJ 1991; 302: 493–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Pollare T, Lithell H, Berne C. Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of primary hypertension independent of obesity. Metabolism 1990; 39: 167–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Capaldo B, Lembo G, Rendina NV, et al. Skeletal muscle is a primary site of insulin resistance in essential hypertension. Metabolism 1991; 40: 1320–2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Allemann Y, Horber FF, Colombo M, et al. Insulin sensitivity and body fat distribution in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. Lancet 1993; 341: 327–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Endre T, Mattiasson I, Hulthén L, et al. Insulin resistance is coupled to low physical fitness in normotensive men with a family history of hypertension. J Hypertens 1994; 12: 81–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Sawicki PT, Heinemann L, Starke A, et al. Hyperinsulinemia is not linked with blood pressure elevation in patients with insulinoma. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 649–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Krotkiewski M, Toss L, Björntorp P, et al. The effect of a very-low-calorie diet with and without chronic exercise on thyroid and sex hormones, plasma proteins, oxygen uptake, insulin and C peptide concentrations in obese women. Int J Obes 1981; 5: 287–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Wirth A, Vogel I, Schönig A, et al. Metabolic effects and body fat mass changes in obese subjects on a very low calorie diet with and without intensive physical training. Ann Nutr Metab 1987; 31: 378–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Saris WHM, van Dale D. Effects of exercise during VLCD diet on metabolic rate, body composition and aerobic power: pooled data of four studies. Int J Obes 1989; 13 Suppl. 2: 169–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Nieman DC, Haig JL, de Guia ED, et al. Reducing diet and exercise training effects on resting metabolic rate in mildly obese women. J Sports Med 1988; 28: 79–88

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Pavlou KN, Steffee WP, Lerman RH, et al. Effects of dieting and exercise on lean body mass, oxygen uptake, and strength. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985; 17: 466–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. van Dale D, Schoffelen PFM, ten Hoor F, et al. Effects of addition of exercise to energy restriction on 24-hour energy expenditure, sleeping metabolic rate and daily physical activity. Int J Obes 1989; 43: 441–51

    Google Scholar 

  62. Whatley JE, Gillespie WJ, Honig J, et al. Does the amount of endurance exercise in combination with weight training and a very-low-energy diet affect resting metabolic rate and body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59: 1088–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Hagan RD, Upton SJ, Wong L, et al. The effects of aerobic conditioning and/or caloric restriction in overweight men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1986; 18: 87–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hill J, Schlundt DG, Sbrocco T, et al. Evaluation of an alternating-calorie diet with and without exercise in the treatment of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 50: 248–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Racette SB, Schoeller DA, Kushner RF et al. Effects of aerobic exercise and dietary carbohydrate on energy expenditure and body composition during weight reduction in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61: 486–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Hammer RL, Barrier CA, Roundy ES, et al. Calorie-restricted low-fat diet and exercise in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 49: 77–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Lemons AD, Kreitzman SN, Coxon A, et al. Selection of appropriate exercise regimes for weight reduction during VLCD and maintenance. Int J Obes 1989; 13 Suppl. 2: 119–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Tremblay A, Després J-P, Bouchard C. The effects of exercise-training on energy balance and adipose tissue morphology and metabolism. Sports Med 1985; 2: 223–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Gwinup G. Effect of exercise alone on the weight of obese women. Arch Intern Med 1975; 135; 676–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Lee L, Kumar S, Leong LC. The impact of five-month basic military training on the body weight and body fat of 197 moderately to severely obese Singaporean males aged 17 to 19 years. Int J Obes 1994; 18: 105–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Tremblay A, Després J-P, Maheux J, et al. Normalization of the metabolic profile in obese women by exercise and a low fat diet. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: 1326–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Després J-P, et al. The response to exercise with constant energy intake in identical twins. Obes Res 1994; 2: 400–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Krotkiewski M, Björntorp P. Muscle tissue in obesity with different distribution of adipose tissue: effects of physical training. Int J Obes 1986; 10: 331–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Bailor DL, Keesey RE. A meta-analysis of the factors affecting exercise-induced changes in body mass, fat mass and fat-free mass in males and females. Int J Obes 1991; 15: 717–26

    Google Scholar 

  75. Després J-P, Bouchard C, Savard R, et al. The effect of a 20-week endurance training program on adipose-tissue morphology and lipolysis in men and women. Metabolism 1984; 33: 235–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Hensrud DD, Weinsier RL, Darnell BE, et al. A prospective study of weight maintenance in obese subjects reduced to normal body weight without weight-loss training. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60: 688–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. van Dale D, Saris WHM, ten Hoor F. Weight maintenance and resting metabolic rate 18–40 months after a diet/exercise treatment. Int J Obes 1990; 14: 347–59

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Heitmann BL. Body fat in the adult Danish population aged 35–65 years: an epidemiological study. Int J Obes 1991; 15: 535–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Ross R, Rissanen J. Mobilization of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in response to energy restriction and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60: 695–703

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Zamboni M, Armellini F, Turcato E, et al. Effects of weight loss on regional body fat distribution in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 58: 29–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Fujioka S, Matsuzawa Y, Tokunaga K, et al. Improvements of glucose and lipid metabolism with selective reduction of intra-abdominal visceral fat in premenopausal women with visceral fat obesity. Int J Obes 1991; 15: 853–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Després J-P, Pouliot M-C, Moorjani S, et al. Loss of abdominal fat and metabolic response to exercise training in obese women. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: E159–67

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Tremblay A, Després J-P, Bouchard C. Alteration in body fat and fat distribution with exercise. In: Bouchard C, Johnston FE, editors. Fat distribution during growth and later health outcomes. New York (NY): Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1988: 297–312

    Google Scholar 

  84. Treuth MS, Ryan AS, Pratley RE, et al. Effects of strength training on total and regional body composition in older men. J Appl Physiol 1994; 77: 614–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Treuth MS, Hunter GR, Kekes-Szabo T, et al. Reduction in intra-abdominal adipose tissue after strength training in older women. J Appl Physiol 1995; 78: 1425–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Troisi RJ, Heinold JW, Vokonas PS. Cigarette smoking, dietary intake, and physical activity: effects on body fat distribution — the Normative Aging study. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 1104–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Seidell JC, Cigolini M, Deslypere J-P, et al. Body fat distribution in relation to physical activity and smoking habits in 38-year-old European men. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 257–65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Tremblay A, Després J-P, LeBlanc C, et al. Effect of intensity of physical activity on body fatness and fat distribution. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51: 153–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Schwartz RS, Shuman WP, Larson V, et al. The effect of intensive endurance exercise training on body fat distribution in young and older men. Metabolism 1991; 40: 545–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Alzaid AA, Dinneen SF, Turk DJ, et al. Assessment of insulin action and glucose effectiveness in diabetic and nondiabetic humans. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 2341–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. DeFronzo RA, Gunnarsson R, Björkman O, et al. Effects of insulin on peripheral and splanchnic glucose metabolism in noninsulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 149–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Baron AD, Laakso M, Brechtel G, et al. Reduced capacity and affinity of skeletal muscle for insulin-mediated glucose uptake in noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 1186–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Shulman GI, Rothman DL, Jue T, et al. Quantitation of muscle glycogen synthesis in normal subjects and subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 223–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Friedman JE, Caro JF, Pories WJ, et al. Glucose metabolism in incubated human muscle: effect of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 1994; 43: 1047–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Andréasson K, Galuska D, Thörne A, et al. Decreased insulin stimulated 3-O-methylglucose transport in in vitro incubated muscle strips from type II diabetic subjects. Acta Physiol Scand 1991; 142: 255–60

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Dohm GL, Tapscott EB, Pories WJ, et al. An in vitro human muscle preparation suitable for metabolic studies: decreased insulin stimulation of glucose transport in muscle from morbidly obese and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 486–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Dohm GL, Elton CW, Friedman JE, et al. Decreased expression of glucose transporter in muscle from insulin-resistant patients. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: E459–63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Dela F, Ploug T, Handberg A, et al. Physical training increases muscle GLUT4 protein and mRNA in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 1994; 43: 862–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Pedersen O, Bak JF, Andersen PH, et al. Evidence against altered expression of GLUT1 or GLUT4 in skeletal muscle of patients with obesity or NIDDM. Diabetes 1990; 39: 865–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Handberg A, Vaag A, Bamsbo P, et al. Expression of insulin regulatable glucose transporters in skeletal muscle from type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1990; 33: 625–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Nolan JJ, Freidenberg G, Henry R, et al. Role of human skeletal muscle insulin receptor kinase in the in vivo insulin resistance of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78: 471–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Arner P, Pollare T, Lithell H, et al. Defective insulin receptor tyrosine kinase in human skeletal muscle in obesity and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1987; 30: 437–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Caro JF, Sinha MK, Raju SM, et al. Insulin receptor kinase in human skeletal muscle from obese subjects with and without noninsulin dependent diabetes. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 1330–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Obermaier-Kusser B, White MF, Pongratz DE, et al. A defective intramolecular autoactivation cascade may cause the reduced kinase activity of the skeletal muscle insulin receptor from patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 9497–504

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Grasso G, Frittitta L, Anello M et al. Insulin receptor tyrosine-kinase activity is altered in both muscle and adipose tissue from non-obese normoglycemic insulin-resistant subjects. Diabetologia 1995; 38: 55–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Pedersen SB, Borglum JD, Schmitz O, et al. Abdominal obesity is associated with insulin resistance and reduced glycogen synthase activity in skeletal muscle. Metabolism 1993; 42: 998–1005

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Kelley DE, Mandarino LJ. Hyperglycemia normalizes insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose oxidation and storage in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 1999–2007

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Simoneau J-A, Colberg SR, Thaete FL et al. Skeletal muscle glycolytic and oxidative enzyme capacities are determinants of insulin sensitivity and muscle composition in obese women. FASEB J 1995; 9: 273–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Goodyear LJ, Hirshman MF, Smith RJ, et al. Glucose transporter number, activity, and isoform content in plasma membranes of red and white skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: E556–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Krotkiewski M, Seidell JC, Björntorp P. Glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia in obese women: role of adipose tissue distribution, muscle fibre characteristics and androgens. J Intern Med 1990; 228: 385–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Lillioja S, Young AA, Culter CL, et al. Skeletal muscle capillary density and fiber type are possible determinants of in vivo insulin resistance in man. J Clin Invest 1987; 80: 415–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Houmard JA, Egan PC, Neufer PD, et al. Elevated skeletal muscle glucose transporter levels in exercise trained middle-aged men. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: E437–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Hickey MS, Carey JO, Azevedo JL et al. Skeletal muscle fiber composition is related to adiposity and in vitro glucose transport rate in human. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: E453–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Dela F, Mikines KJ, von Linstow M, et al. Effect of training on insulin-mediated glucose uptake in human muscle. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: E1134–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Dela F, Mikines KJ, Sonne B, et al. Effect of training on interaction between insulin and exercise in human muscle. J Appl Physiol 1994; 76: 2386–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. LeBlanc J, Nadeau A, Boulay M, et al. Effects of physical training and adiposity on glucose metabolism and 125I-insulin binding. J Appl Physiol 1979; 46: 235–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. McCoy M, Proietto J, Hargreaves M. Effect of detraining on GLUT-4 protein in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 1994; 77: 1532–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Wake SA, Sowden JA, Storlien LH, et al. Effects of exercise training and dietary manipulation on insulin-regulatable glucose-transporter mRNA in rat muscle. Diabetes 1991; 40: 275–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Houmard JA, Hortobágyi T, Neufer PD, et al. Training cessation does not alter GLUT-4 protein level in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74: 776–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Bak JF, Jacobsen UK, Jørgensen FS, et al. Insulin receptor function and glycogen synthase activity in skeletal muscle biopsies from patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects of physical training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 69: 158–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Bassett DR. Skeletal muscle characteristics: relationships to cardiovacular risk factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: 957–66

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Andersen P, Henriksson J. Capillary supply of the quadriceps femoris muscle of man: active response to exercise. J Physiol 1977; 270: 677–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Ingjer F. Effects of endurance training on muscle fibre ATP-ase activity, capillary supply and mitochondrial content in man. J Physiol 1979; 294: 419–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Lithell H, Krotkiewski M, Kiens B, et al. Non-response of muscle capillary density and lipoprotein-lipase activity to regular training in diabetic patients. Diabetes Res 1985; 2: 17–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Allenberg K, Johansen K, Saltin B. Skeletal muscle adaptations to physical training in type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Acta Med Scand 1988; 223: 365–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Poehlman ET, Gardner AW, Arciero PJ, et al. Effects of endurance training on total fat oxidation in elderly persons. J Appl Physiol 1994; 76: 2281–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Tremblay A, Coveney S, Després J-P, et al. Increased resting metabolic rate and lipid oxidation in exercise-trained individuals: evidence for a role of beta-adrenergic stimulation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1992; 70: 1342–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Klein S, Coyle EF, Wolfe RR. Fat metabolism during low-intensity exercise in endurance trained and untrained men. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: E934–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Calles-Escandón J, Driscoll P. Free fatty acid metabolism in aerobically fit individuals. J Appl Physiol 1994; 77: 2374–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Manson JE, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Lancet 1991; 338: 774–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, et al. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 147–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Burchfiel CM, Sharp DS, Curb JD et al. Physical activity and incidence of diabetes: the Honolulu heart study. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141: 360–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Regensteiner JG, Mayer EJ, Shetterly S, et al. Relationship between habitual physical activity and insulin levels among non-diabetic men and women. Diabetes Care 1991; 14: 1066–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Feskens EJM, Loeber JG, Kromhout D. Diet and physical activity as determinants of hyperinsulinemia: the Zutphen Elderly study. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140: 350–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Mikines K, Sonne B, Tronier B, et al. Effects of training and detraining on dose-response relationship between glucose and insulin secretion. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: E588–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Rosenthal M, Haskell WL, Solomon R, et al. Demonstration of a relationship between level of physical activity training and insulin-stimulated glucose utilization in normal humans. Diabetes 1983; 32: 408–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Zavaroni I, Dall’Aglio E, Bruschi F. Effect of age and environmental factors on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in a worker population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 271–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Lipman RL, Raskin P, Love T, et al. Glucose intolerance during decreased physical activity in man. Diabetes 1972; 21: 101–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Oshida Y, Yamanouchi K, Hayamizu S, et al. Long-term mild jogging increases insulin action despite no influence on body mass index or VO2max. J Appl Physiol 1989; 66: 2206–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Jennings G, Nelson L, Nestel P, et al. The effect of changes in physical activity on major cardiovascular risk factors, hemodynamics, sympathetic function, and glucose utilization in man: a controlled study of four levels of activity. Circulation 1986; 73: 30–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Seals DR, Hagberg JM, Hurley BF, et al. Effects of endurance training on glucose tolerance and plasma lipid levels in older men and women. JAMA 1984; 252: 645–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Heath GW, Gavin III JR, Hinderliter JM, et al. Effects of exercise and lack of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol 1983; 55: 512–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. King DS, Baldus PJ, Sharp RL, et al. Time course for exercise-induced alterations in insulin action and glucose tolerance in middle-aged people. J Appl Physiol 1995; 78: 17–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Oshida Y, Yamanouchi K, Hayamiza S, et al. Effects of training and training cessation on insulin action. Int J Sports Med 1991; 12: 484–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Segal K, Edano A, Abalos A, et al. Effect of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in lean, obese, and diabetic men. J Appl Physiol 1991; 71: 2402–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. King DS, Dalsky GP, Clutter WE, et al. Effects of exercise and lack of exercise on insulin sensitivity and responsiveness. J Appl Physiol 1988; 64: 1942–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Miller WJ, Sherman WM, Ivy JL. Effect of strength training on glucose tolerance and post-glucose insulin response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984; 16: 539–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Miller JP, Pratley RE, Goldberg AP, et al. Strength training increases insulin action in healthy 50- to 65-yr-old men. J Appl Physiol 1994; 77: 1122–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Craig BW, Everhart J, Brown R. The influence of high-resistance training on glucose tolerance in young and elderly subjects. Mech Ageing Dev 1989; 49: 147–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Smutok MA, Reece C, Kokkinos PF, et al. Aerobic versus strength training for risk factor intervention in middle-aged men at high risk for coronary heart disease. Metabolism 1993; 42: 177–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Smutok MA, Reece C, Kokkinos PF, et al. Effects of exercise training modality on glucose tolerance in men with abnormal glucose regulation. Int J Sports Med 1994; 15: 283–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Yki-Järvinen H, Koivisto VA. Effects of body composition on insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 1983; 32: 965–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Fluckey JD, Hickey MS, Brambrink JK, et al. Effects of resistance exercise on glucose tolerance in normal and glucose-intolerant subjects. J Appl Physiol 1994; 77: 1087–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Björntorp P, de Jounge K, Sjöström L, et al. The effect of physical training on insulin production in obesity. Metabolism 1970; 19: 631–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Björntorp P, Holm G, Jacobsson B, et al. Physical training in human hyperplastic obesity: IV. Effects of hormonal status. Metabolism 1977; 26: 319–28

    Google Scholar 

  156. Lamarche B, Després J-P, Pouliot M-C, et al. Is body fat loss a determinant factor in the improvement of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism following aerobic exercise training in obese women?. Metabolism 1992; 41: 1249–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Björntorp P, de Jounge K, Krotkiewski M, et al. Physical training in human obesity: III. Effects of long-term physical training on body composition. Metabolism 1973; 22: 1467–75

    Google Scholar 

  158. Leon AS, Conrad J, Hunninghake DB, et al. Effects of a vigorous walking program on body composition, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of obese young men. J Clin Nutr 1979; 33: 1776–87

    Google Scholar 

  159. Coon PJ, Bleecker ER, Drinkwater ER, et al. Effect of body composition and exercise capacity on glucose tolerance, insulin and lipoprotein lipids in healthy older men: a cross-sectional and longitudinal intervention study. Metabolism 1989; 38: 1201–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Cononie CC, Goldberg AP, Rogus E, et al. Seven consecutive days of exercise lowers plasma insulin responses to an oral glucose challenge in sedentary elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 394–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Krotkiewski M, Björntorp P. Muscle tissue in obesity with different distribution of adipose tissue: effects of physical training. Int J Obes 1986; 10: 331–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Vanninen E, Uusitupa M, Siitonen O, et al. Habitual physical activity, aerobic capacity and metabolic control in patients with newly-diagnosed type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: effect of 1-year diet and exercise intervention. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 340–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Rönnemaa T, Mattila K, Lehtonen A, et al. A controlled randomized study on the effect of long-term physical exercise on metabolic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Acta Med Scand 1986; 220: 219–24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Skarfors ET, Wegener TA, Lithell H, et al. Physical training as treatment for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes in elderly men: a feasibility study over 2 years. Diabetologia 1987; 30: 930–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Gudat U, Berger M, Lefèbvre PJ. Physical activity, fitness, and non-insulin-dependent (type-II) diabetes mellitus. In: Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T, editors. Physical activity, fitness and health. International Proceedings and Consensus Statement. Windsor (Canada): Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc., 1994: 669-83

  166. Gautier JF. Faut-il prescrire une activité physique régulière aux patients présentant un diabète de type 2?. Diabete Metab 1994; 20: 497–500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Ruderman NB, Ganda OP, Johansen K. The effect of physical training on glucose tolerance and plasma lipids in maturity-onset diabetes. Diabetes 1979; 28 Suppl. 1: 89–92

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Bogardus C, Ravussin E, Robbins DC, et al. Effects of physical training and diet therapy on carbohydrate metabolism in patients with glucose intolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1984; 33: 311–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Braun B, Zimmerman MB, Kretchmer N. Effects of exercise intensity on insulin sensitivity in women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Appl Physiol 1995; 78: 300–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Schneider SH, Khachadurian AK, Amorosa LF, et al. Ten-year experience with an exercise-based outpatient life-style modification program in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1992; 15 Suppl. 4: 1800–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Powell KE, Blair SN. The public health burdens of sedentary living habits: theoretical but realistic estimate. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: 851–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Kramsch DM, Aspen AJ, Abramowitz BM, et al. Reduction of coronary atherosclerosis by moderate conditioning exercise in monkeys on an atherogenic diet. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 1483–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Grassi G, Seravalle G, Calhoun D, et al. Physical exercise in essential hypertension. Chest 1992; 101 Suppl. 5: 312S–4S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Fagard RH. Physical fitness and blood pressure. J Hypertens 1993; 11 Suppl. 5: S47–52

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Seals DR, Hagberg JM. The effect of exercise training on human hypertension: a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984; 16; 207–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Van Hoof R, Hespel P, Fagard R, et al. Effect of endurance training on blood pressure at rest, during exercise and during 24 hours in sedentary men. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 945–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Somers VK, Conway J, Johnston J, et al. Effects of endurance training on baroreflex sensitivity and blood pressure in borderline hypertension. Lancet 1991; 337: 1363–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Marceau M, Kouamé N, Lacourcière Y, et al. Effect of different training intensities on 24-hour blood pressure in hypertensive subjetcs. Circulation 1993; 88: 2803–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Bursztyn M, Ben-Ishay D, Shochina M, et al. Disparate effects of exercise training on glucose tolerance and insulin levels and on ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 1993; 11: 1121–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Gilders RM, Voner C, Dudley GA. Endurance training and blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: 629–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Yamamoto J, Iizumi H, Hirota R, et al. Effect of physical training on thrombotic tendency in rats: decrease in thrombotic tendency measured by the He-Ne laser-induced thrombus formation method. Haemostasis 1989; 19: 260–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Szymanski LM, Pate RR. Fibrinolytic responses to moderate intensity exercise: comparison of physical active and inactive men. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 1746–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Stratton JR, Chandler WL, Schwartz RS, et al. Effects of physical conditioning on fibrinolytic variables and fibrinogen in young and old healthy adults. Circulation 1991; 83: 1692–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Boman K, Hellsten G, Bruce Å, et al. Endurance physical activity, diet and fibrinolysis. Atherosclerosis 1994; 106: 65–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Szymanski LM, Pate RR. Effects of exercise intensity, duration, and time of day on fibrinolytic activity in physically active men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: 1102–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Rauramaa R, Salonen JT, Seppänen K, et al. Inhibition of platelet aggregability by moderate-intensity physical exercise: a randomized clinical trial in overweight men. Circulation 1986; 74: 939–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Podl TR, Zmuda JM, Yurgalevitch SM, et al. Lipoprotein lipase activity and plasma triglyceride clearance are elevated in endurance-trained women. Metabolism 1994; 43: 808–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Weintraub MS, Rosen Y, Otto R, et al. Physical exercise conditioning in the absence of weight loss reduces fasting and postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein lipase. Circulation 1989; 79: 1007–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Thompson PD, Kantor MA, Cullinane EM, et al. Postheparin plasma lipolytic activities in physical active and sedentary men after varying and repeated doses of intravenous heparin. Metabolism 1986; 35: 999–1004

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Stubbe I, Hansson P, Gustafson A, et al. Plasma lipoproteins and lipolytic enzyme activities during endurance training in sedentary men: changes in high-density lipoprotein sub-fractions and composition. Metabolism 1983; 32: 1120–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Lamarche B, Després J-P, Moorjani S, et al. Evidence for a role of insulin in the regulation of abdominal adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase response to exercise training in obese women. Int J Obes; 1993; 17: 255–61

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Simsolo RB, Ong JM, Kern PA. The regulation of adipose tissue and muscle lipoprotein lipase in runners by detraining. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 2124–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Kiens B, Lithell H. Lipoprotein metabolism influenced by training induced changes in human skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 558–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Seip RL, Angelopoulos TJ, Semenkovich CF. Exercise induces human lipoprotein lipase gene expression in skeletal muscle but not adipose tissue. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: E229–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Thompson PD, Cullinane EM, Sady SP, et al. Modest changes in high-density lipoprotein concentrations and metabolism with prolonged exercise training. Circulation 1988; 78: 25–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Wirth A, Diehm C, Hanel W, et al. Training-induced changes in serum lipids, fat tolerance, and adipose tissue metabolism in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis 1985; 54: 263–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Martin III WH, Dalsky GP, Hurley BF, et al. Effect of endurance training on plasma free fatty acid turnover and oxidation during exercise. Am J Physiol 1993; 265: E708–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Tran ZV, Weltman A, Glass GV, et al. The effects of exercise on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of studies. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1983; 15: 393–402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Lokey EA, Tran ZV. Effects of exercise training on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in women: a meta-analysis. Int J Sports Med 1989; 10: 424–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Taylor PA, Ward A. Women, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and exercise. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 1178–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Després J-P, Lamarche B. Low-intensity endurance exercise training, plasma lipoproteins and the risk of coronary heart disease. J Intern Med 1994; 236: 7–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Aired HE, Hardman AE, Taylor S. Influence of 12 weeks of training by brisk walking on postprandial lipemia and insulinemia in sedentary middle-aged women. Metabolism 1995; 44: 390–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  203. Hurley BE Effects of resistive training on lipoprotein-lipid profiles: a comparison to aerobic exercise training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: 689–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Dattilo AM, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 56: 320–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Weinsier RL, James LD, Darnell BE. Lipid and insulin concentrations in obese postmenopausal women: separate effects of energy restriction and weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 56: 44–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Weltman A, Matter S, Stamford BA. Caloric restriction and/or mild exercise: effects on serum lipids and body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33: 1002–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Dreon DM, et al. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss through dieting as compared with exercise. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1173–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Williams PT, Krauss RM, Vranizan KM, et al. Changes in lipoprotein subfractions during diet-induced and exercise-induced weight loss in moderately overweight men. Circulation 1990; 81: 1293–304

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Sopko G, Leon AS, Jacobs DR, et al. The effects of exercise and weight loss on plasma lipids in young obese men. Metabolism 1985; 34: 227–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Williams PT, et al. The effects on plasma lipoproteins of a prudent weight reducing diet with or without exercise, in overweight men and women. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 461–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Schwartz RS, Cain KC, Shuman WP, et al. Effect of intensive endurance training on lipoprotein profiles in young and older men. Metabolism 1992; 41: 649–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Ruderman NB, Schneider SH. Diabetes, exercise, and atherosclerosis. Diabetes Care 1992; 15 Suppl. 4: 1787–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Lampman RM, Santinga JT, Savage PJ, et al. Effect of exercise training on glucose tolerance, in vivo insulin sensitivity, lipid and lipoprotein concnetrations in middle-aged men with mild hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism 1985; 34: 205–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Filipovsky J, Simon J, Chrástek, et al. Changes in blood pressure and lipid patterns during a physical training course in hypertensive subjects. Cardiology 1991; 78: 31–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Hughes VA, Fiatarone MA, Ferrara CM, et al. Lipoprotein response to exercise training and a low-fat diet in older subjects with glucose intolerance. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59: 820–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Blumenthal JA, Matthews K, Frederikson M, et al. Effects of exercise training on cardiovascular function and plasma lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein concnetrations in premenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb 1991; 11: 912–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Nieman DC, Warren BJ, O’Donnell KA, et al. Physical activity and serum lipids and lipoproteins in elderly women. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 1339–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Svendsen OL, Hasager C, Christiansen C. Six months’ followup on exercise added to a short-term diet in overweight postmenopausal women — effects on body composition, resting metabolic rate, cardiovascular risk factors and bone. Int J Obes 1994; 18: 692–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Buemann, B., Tremblay, A. Effects of Exercise Training on Abdominal Obesity and Related Metabolic Complications. Sports Med. 21, 191–212 (1996). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199621030-00004

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199621030-00004

Keywords

Navigation