Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Potential Role of Prophylactic/ Functional Knee Bracing in Preventing Knee Ligament Injury

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Sports Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

It is estimated that knee injuries account for up to 60% of all sport injuries, with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) accounting for almost half of these knee injuries. These knee injuries can result in high healthcare costs, as an ACL injury is often associated with surgery, long and costly rehabilitation, differing degrees of impairment and potential long-term consequences such as osteoarthritis. The interest in ACL injury prevention has been extensive for the past decade. Over this period, many ACL (intrinsic and extrinsic) injury risk factors have been identified and investigated by numerous researchers. Although prevention programmes have shown potential in decreasing knee ligament injuries, several researchers have suggested that no conclusive evidence has been presented in reducing the rate and/or severity of ACL injuries during sporting competition. Knee braces have been available for the last 30 years and have been used to assist individuals with ACL-deficient and ACL-reconstructed knees. However, research is limited on the use of knee braces (prophylactic and functional) to potentially prevent knee ligament injury in the non-injured population. One possible explanation for the limited research could be that the use of these devices has raised concerns of decreased or impaired athletic performance. In summary, the review of subjective and some objective publications suggests that a functional knee brace may offer stability to an ACL-deficient knee joint; however, research is limited on the use of a knee brace for prophylactic use in non-injured athletes. The limited research could be a result of fear of performance hindrance that has led to poor knee brace compliance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Table I
Table II
Table III
Table IV
Table V
Table VI

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. de Loës M, Dahlstedt LJ, Thomee R. A 7-year study on risk and costs of knee injuries in male and female youthparticipants in 12 sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2000 Apr; 10: 90–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Oates KM, Van Eenenaam PD, Briggs KK, et al. Comparative injury rates of uninjured anterior cruciateligament-deficient and reconstructed knee in a skiing population. Am J Sports Med 1999; 27: 606–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Delfico WE, Garrett WEJ. Mechanisms of injury of the anterior cruciate ligament in soccer players. Clin Sports Med 1998; 17: 779–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Agel J, Dompier TP, Dick R, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men’s ice hockey injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System,1988-1989 through 2003-2004. J Athl Train 2007; 42: 241–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Houck J. Muscle activation patterns of selected lower extremity muscles during stepping and cutting tasks. J Electromyogra Kinesiol 2003; 13: 545–54

    Google Scholar 

  6. Boden BP, Dean GS, Feagin JA, et al. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Orthopedics 2000 Jun; 23: 573–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Huston LJ, Greenfield ML, Wojtys EM. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the female athlete: potential risk factors. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000 Mar; 372: 50–63

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. McNair P, Marshall R, Matheson J. Important features associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament injury. NZ Med J 1993; 103: 537–9

    Google Scholar 

  9. Jackson RW, Reed SC, Dunbar F. An evaluation of knee injuries in professional football team-risk factors, types ofinjuries, and the value of prophylactic knee bracing. Clin Sports Med 1991; 1: 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  10. Olson OC. The Spokane study: high school football injuries. Sports Med 1989; 8: 260–72

    Google Scholar 

  11. Thompson N. High school football injuries: evaluation. Am J Sports Med 1987; 15: 117–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ramierz M, Schaffer KB, Shen H, et al. Injuries to high school football athletes in California. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34: 1147–58

    Google Scholar 

  13. Dick R, Ferrara MS, Agel J, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men’s football injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury SurveillanceSystem, 1988-1989 through 2003-2004. J Athl Train 2007 Apr-Jun; 42: 221–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Pelletier RL, Montelpare WJ, Stark RM. Intercollegiate ice hockey injuries: a case for uniform definitions and reports. Am J Sports Med 1993; 21: 78–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Tegner Y, Lorentzon R. Ice hockey injuries: incidents, nature, and causes. Br J Sports Med 1991; 25: 87–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Pforringer W, Smasal V. Aspects of traumatology in ice hockey. J Sports Sci 1987; 5: 327–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Rishiraj N, Lloyd-Smith R, Lorenz T, et al. University men’s ice hockey: rates and risk of injuries over 6-years. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2009; 49 (2): 159–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Agel J, Evans TA, Dick R, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men’s soccer injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988-1989 through 2002-2003. J Athl Train 2007 Apr-Jun; 42: 270–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Dick R, Putukian M, Agel J, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women’s soccer injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System,1988-1989 through 2002-2003. J Athl Train 2007 Apr-Jun; 42: 278–85

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Brooks JHH, Fuller CW, Kemp SPT, et al. Epidemiology of injuries in English professional rugby union. Part 1:match injuries. Br J Sports Med 2005 Oct; 39: 757–66

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Giza E, Mithofer K, Farrel L, et al. Injuries in women’s professional soccer. Br J Sports Med 2005; 4: 212–6

    Google Scholar 

  22. Söderman K, Adolphson J, Lorentson R, et al. Injuries in adolescent female players in European football: a prospectivestudy over one outdoor soccer season. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2001 Oct; 11: 299–304

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Engström B, Johansson C, Tornquist H. Soccer injuries among female elite players. Am J Sports Med 1991 Jul-Aug; 19: 372–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Orchard J, Chivers I, Aldous D. Seasonal and geographical analysis of ACL injuries risk in Australia. Sport Health 2006; 23: 20–7

    Google Scholar 

  25. Accident Compensation Corporation. ACC injury statistics 2006 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.acc.co.nz/about-acc/acc-injury-statistics-2006/index.htm?ref=9 [Accessed 2007 May]

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Part I: mechanisms and risk factors. Am JSports Med 2006; 34: 299–311

    Google Scholar 

  27. Hewett TE, Lindenfield TN, Riccobene JV, et al. The effect of neuromuscular training on the incidence of knee injuryin female athletes: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med 1999; 27: 699–706

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Yu B, Garrett WE. Mechanisms of non-contact ACL injuries. Br J Sports Med 2007 Aug; 41: i47–51

    Google Scholar 

  29. Griffin LY, Agel J, Albohm MJ, et al. Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: risk factors and preventionstrategies. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2000; 8: 141–50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hewett TE, Ford KR, Myer GD. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes. Part 2: a meta-analysis ofneuromuscular interventions aimed at injury prevention. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34: 490–8

    Google Scholar 

  31. Kao JT, Giangarra CE, Singer G, et al. A comparison of outpatient and inpatient anterior cruciate ligament reconstructionsurgery. Arthroscopy 1995 Apr; 11: 151–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Griffin LY, Albohm MJ, Arendt EA, et al. Understanding and preventing noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med 2006 Sep; 34: 1512–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. National Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Arthritis, national statistics. Epidemiology briefs: osteoarthritis [online]. Available from URL: http://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/arthritis/osteoarthritis.htm#7 [Accessed 2009 Sep 22]

    Google Scholar 

  34. Mehrotra C, Remington PL, Naimi TS, et al. Trends in total knee replacement surgeries and implications forpublic health, 1990–2000. Public Health Rep 2005; 120: 278–82

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Lethbridge-Cejku M, Helmick CG, Popovic JR. Hospitalizations for arthritis and other rheumatic conditions:data from the 1976 National Hospital Discharge Survey. Med Care 2003; 41: 136–73

    Google Scholar 

  36. Roos EM. Joint injury causes knee osteoarthritis in young adults. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005; 17: 195–200

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Von Porat A, Roos EM, Roos H. High prevalence for osteoarthritis 14 years after an anterior cruciate ligamenttear in male soccer players: a study of radiographic andpatient relevant outcomes. Br J Sports Med 2004; 63: 269–73

    Google Scholar 

  38. Ford KR, Myer GD, Toms HE, et al. Gender differences in kinematics of unanticipated cutting in young athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 124–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Freedman KB, Glasgow MT, Glasgow SG, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries and reconstruction among universitystudents. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1998; 356: 208–12

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Deacon A, Bennell K, Kiss ZS, et al. Osteoarthritis of the knee in retired, elite Australian rules footballers. Med J Aust 1997 Feb; 166: 187–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Garrick JG, Requa RK. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in men and women: how common are they? In: GriffinLY, editor. Prevention of Noncontact ACL Injuries. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of OrthopaedicSurgeons, 2001: 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  42. Gottlob CA, Baker CL, Pellisier JM, et al. Cost effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in youngathletes. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999; 37: 272–82

    Google Scholar 

  43. Feagin JA, Lambert KL, Cunningham RR. Consideration of the anterior cruciate ligament in skiing. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1987; 216: 13–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Carey JL, Huffman GR, Parekh SG, et al. Outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament injuries to running backs andwide receivers in the National Football League. Am J Sports Med 2006 Dec; 34: 1911–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Jones HP, Appleyard RC. Meniscal and chondral loss in the anterior cruciate ligament injured knee. Sports Med 2003; 33: 1075–89

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Roos HP, Ornell M, Gardsell P, et al. Soccer after anterior cruciate ligament injury: an incomparable combination?A national survey of incidence and risk factors and 7 yearfollow-up of 310 players. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1995; 66: 107–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Myklebust G, Bahr R. Return to play guidelines after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Br J Sports Med 2005 Mar; 39: 127–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kujala UM, Kettunen J, Paananen H. Knee osteoarthritis in former runners, soccer players, weight lifters, andshooters. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38: 539–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Holzach P, Bruesch M, Matter P. Epidemiology of internal knee injuries in Alpine skiing (Epidemiologie von Kniebinnenverletzungenbei alpinen Skisport). Helv Chir Acta 1994 Apr; 60: 531–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Wadley GH, Albright JP. Women’s intercollegiate gymnastics: injury patterns and “permanent” medical disability. Am J Sports Med 1993; 2: 314–20

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kannus P, Renstrom P. Treatment of acute tears of the lateral ligaments of the ankle: operation, cast, or earlycontrolled mobilization. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1991 Feb; 73: 305–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Albright JP, Powell JW, Smith W, et al. Medial collateral ligament knee sprains in college football: brace wear preferenceand injury risk. Am J Sports Med 1994 Jan-Feb; 22: 2–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. National Collegiate Athletic Association. NCAA injury surveillance system summary. Indianapolis (IN): National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2002

  54. National Federation of State High School Associations. High school participation survey summary. Indianapolis(IN): National Federation of State High School Associations

  55. Ferrari JD, Bach BRJ, Bush-Joesph CA, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in men and women: anoutcome analysis comparing gender. Arthroscopy 2001 Jul; 17: 588–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Bagger J, Raven J, Lavard P, et al. Effect of functional knee bracing, quadriceps and hamstrings on the anteriortranslation in anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency:a preliminary study. J Rehabil Res Dev 1992 Winter; 29: 9–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. More RC, Karras BT, Neiman R, et al. Hamstrings–an anterior cruciate ligament protagonist: an in vitro study. Am J Sports Med 1993; 21: 231–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Li G, Rudy TW, Sakane M, et al. The importance of quadriceps and hamstring muscle loading on knee kinematicsand in-situ forces in the ACL. J Biomech 1999 Apr; 32: 395–400

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Graves JE, Pollock ML, Leggett SH, et al. Effect of reduced training frequency on muscular strength. Int J Sports Med 1988 Oct; 9: 31–9

    Google Scholar 

  60. Fagenbaum MS, Darling WG. Jumping landing strategies in male and female college athletes and the implications ofsuch strategies for anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med 2003 Mar-Apr; 31: 233–40

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Lephart SM, Abt JP, Ferris CM. Neuromuscular contributions of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in females. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2002 Mar; 14: 168–73

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Cowling EJ, Steele JR. Is lower limb muscle synchrony during landing affected by landing? J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2001 Aug; 11: 263–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Simonsen B, Magnusson SP, Bencke J, et al. Can the hamstrings muscles protect the anterior cruciate ligamentduring a side-cutting maneuver? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2000; 10: 78–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Pope MH, Johnson DW, Brown DW, et al. The role of the muscular in injuries to the medial collateral ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1979 Apr; 61: 398–492

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Yu B, Garrett WE. Hamstring co-contraction does not necessarily reduce ACL loading. The XXth Congress ofthe International Society of Biomechanics and 29th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics; 2005 Aug 1-5; Cleveland (OH)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Wojtys EM, Huston LJ, Taylor PD, et al. Neuromuscular adaptations in isokinetic, isotonic, and agility trainingprograms. Am J Sports Med 1996 Mar-Apr; 24: 187–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Aune AK, Cawley PW, Elkeland A. Quadriceps muscle contraction protects the anterior cruciate ligamentduring anterior tibial translation. Am J Sports Med 1997 Mar-Apr; 25: 187–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Orchard J, Seward H, McGivern J. Rainfall, evaporation and the risk of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuriesin the Australian Football League. Med J Aust 1999; 170: 304–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Shultz SJ, Kirk SE, Johnson ML, et al. Relationship between sex hormones and anterior knee laxity acrossthe menstrual cycle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004 Jul; 36: 1165–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Pollard CD, Sigward SM, Ota S, et al. The influence of in-season injury prevention training on lower-extremitykinematics during landing in female soccer players. Clin J Sports Med 2006 May; 16: 223–37

    Google Scholar 

  71. Brown CN, Yu B, Kirkendall DT. Effects of increased body mass index on lower extremity motion patterns in astop-jump task: National Athletic Trainers Associationannual meeting. J Athl Train 2005; 404: 5

    Google Scholar 

  72. Dugan SA. Sports-related knee injuries in female athletes. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2005 Feb; 84: 122–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Myer GD, Ford KR, Hewett TE. The effects of gender on quadriceps muscle activation strategies during a maneuverthat mimics a high ACL injury risk position. J Electromyogra Kinesiol 2005; 15: 181–9

    Google Scholar 

  74. Myer GD, Ford KR, Palumbo JP, et al. Neuromuscular training improves performance and lower extremity biomechanicsin female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2005 Feb; 19: 51–60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Andersen TE, Tenga A, Engebresten L, et al. Video analysis of injuries and incidents in Norwegian professionalfootball. Br J Sports Med 2004 Oct; 38: 626–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Pollard CD, Davis IM, Hamill J. Influence of gender on hip and knee mechanics during a randomly cued cuttingmaneuver. Clin Biomech 2004; 10: 1022–31

    Google Scholar 

  77. Shultz SJ, Gansneder BG, Snader TC, et al. Absolute hormone levels predict the magnitude of change in kneelaxity across the menstrual cycle. J Orthop Res 2006 Feb; 24: 124–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Besier TF, Lloyd DG, Ackland TR. Muscle activation strategies at the knee during running and cutting maneuvers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003 Jan; 35: 119–27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Myklebust G, Engebresten L, Braekken IH, et al. Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female teamhandball players: a prospective intervention study overthree seasons. Clin Sports Med 2003 Mar; 13: 71–8

    Google Scholar 

  80. Myklebust G, Holm I, Maehlum S, et al. Clinical, functional, and radiologic outcomes in team handball players6-11 years after anterior cruciate ligament injury: a followupstudy. Am J Sports Med 2003 Dec; 31: 981–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Uhorchak JM, Scoville CR, Williams GN, et al. Risk factors associated with noncontact injury of the anteriorcruciate ligament; a prospective four-year evaluation of859 West point cadets. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31: 831–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Wojtys EM, Huston LJ, Schock HJ, et al. Gender differences in muscular protection on the knee in torsion in sizematchedathletes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003 May; 85: 782–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Lephart SM, Ferris CM, Reimann BL, et al. Gender differences in strength and lower extremity kinematics duringlanding. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002 Aug; 401: 162–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Matava MJ, Freehill AK, Grutzner S, et al. Limb dominance as a potential etiologic factor in noncontactanterior cruciate ligament tears. J Knee Surg 2002 Winter; 15: 11–16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Orchard J. Is there a relationship between ground and climate conditions and injuries in football? Sports Med 2002; 32: 419–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Wu W, Hackett T, Richmond J. Effects of meniscal and articular surface status on knee stability, function, andsymptoms after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a long-term prospective study. Am J Sports Med 2002 Nov; 30: 845–50

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Andrish JT. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the skeletally immature patient. Am J Orthop 2001 Feb; 30: 103–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Beynnon BD, Slauterbeck J, Pauda D. Update on ACL risk factors and prevention strategies in the female athlete. National Athletic Trainers’ Association 52nd Annual Meeting and Clinical Symposia. Los Angeles (CA): HumanKinetics, 2001: 15–8

    Google Scholar 

  89. Teitz CC. Video analysis of ACL injuries. In: Griffin LY, editor. Prevention of noncontact ACL injuries. Rosemont(IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2001: 93–6

    Google Scholar 

  90. Colby S, Francisco A, Yu B, et al. Electromyographic and kinematic analysis of cutting maneuvers: implications foranterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med 2000 Mar-Apr; 28: 234–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Heiderscheit BC, Hamill J, Caldwell GE. Influence of Q-angle on lower-extremity running kinematics. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2000; 30: 271–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Karageanes SJ, Blackburn K, Vangelos ZA. The association of the menstrual cycle with the laxity of the anteriorcruciate ligament in adolescents female athletes. Clin J Sports Med 2000; 10: 162–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Heitz NA. Hormonal changes throughout the menstrual cycle and increased anterior cruciate ligament laxity infemales. J Athl Train 1999; 1999: 144–9

    Google Scholar 

  94. MacWilliams BA, Wilson DR, DesJardins JD, et al. Hamstrings cocontraction reduces internal rotation,anterior translation, and anterior cruciate ligament loadin weight bearing flexion. J Orthop Res 1999; 17: 817–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Slauterbeck J, Clevenger C, Lundberg W, et al. Estrogen level alters the failure load of the rabbit anterior cruciateligament. J Orthop Res 1999; 17: 405–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Branch TP, Hunter RF, Reynolds P. Controlling anterior tibial displacement under static load: a comparison of twobraces. Orthopedics 1988 Sep; 11: 1249–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Shelbourne K, Throp TJ, Klootwyk TE. The relationship between intercondylar notch width of the femur and theincidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears: a prospectivestudy. Am J Sports Med 1998; 26: 402–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Steele JR. Knee function of chronic ACL deficient patients during static knee laxity assessment and dynamicdeceleration. Wollongong (NSW): University ofWollongong, 1997

    Google Scholar 

  99. Teitz CC, Lind BC, Sacks BM. Symmetry of the femoral notch width index. Am J Sports Med 1997; 25: 687–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Abubaker AO, Hebda PC, Gunsolley JN. Effects of sex hormones on protein and collagen content of the temporomandibularjoint disc of the rat. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996 Jun; 54: 721–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Hewett TE, Stroupe AL, Nance TA, et al. Plyometric training in female athletes: decreased impact forces andincreased hamstring torques. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24: 765–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Lambson RB, Barnhill BS, Higgins RW. Football cleat designed and its effect on anterior cruciate ligament injuries:a three-year analysis prospective study. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24: 155–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Sarwar R, Beltran NB, Rutherford OM. Changes in muscle strength, relaxation rate and fatigability during the humanmenstrual cycle. J Physiol 1996; 493: 267–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Wojtys EM, Wylie BB, Huston LJ. The effects of muscle fatigue on neuromuscular function and anterior tibialtranslation in healthy knees. Am J Sports Med 1996 Sep-Oct; 24: 615–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Beynnon BD, Fleming BC, Johnson RJ, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament strain behavior during rehabilitationexercises in vivo. Am J Sports Med 1995 Feb; 23:24–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. DÜrselen L, Claes L, Keifer H. The influence of muscle force and external loads on cruciate ligament strain. Am J Sports Med 1995 Jan-Feb; 23: 129–36

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Kim AW, Rosen AM, Brander VA, et al. Selective muscle activation following electrical stimulation of the collateralligaments of the human knee joint. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1995 Aug; 76: 750–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Markolf KL, Bargar SC, Shoemaker SC, et al. The role of joint load in knee stability. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1981 Apr; 63: 570–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Miller RH. Knee injuries. In: Canale ST, editor. Campbell’s operative orthopaedics. 10th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Mosby; 2003: 2155–338

    Google Scholar 

  110. Mandelbaum BR, Silvers HJ, Watanabe DS. Effectiveness of a neuromuscular and proprioceptive training programin preventing anterior cruciate ligament injuries in femaleathletes: a two year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33: 1003–10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Olsen OE, Myklebust G, Engebresten L, et al. Exercises to prevent lower limb injuries in youth sports: cluster randomisedcontrolled trials. BMJ 2005; 330: 449

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Gilchrist JR, Mandelbaum BR, Melancon H. A randomised controlled trial to prevent anterior cruciate ligamentinjuries in female collegiate soccer players [abstract no.6-7]. American Orthopaedic Society of Sports Medicine Speciality Day; 2004 Mar 13; San Francisco (CA)

    Google Scholar 

  113. Pfeiffer RP, Shea KG, Grandstand S. Effects of a knee ligament injury prevention (KLIP) program on the incidenceof noncontact ACL injury: a two-year prospectivestudy of exercise intervention in high school female athletes[podium presentation]. American Orthopaedic Societyof Sports medicine Speciality Day; 2004 Mar 13; SanFrancisco (CA)

    Google Scholar 

  114. Wedderkopp N, Kaltoft M, Hiolm R, et al. Compassion of two intervention programmes in young female players inEuropean handball: with and without ankle discs. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2003; 13: 371–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Heidt RS, Sweeterman LM, Carlonas RL, et al. Avoidance of soccer injuries with preseason conditioning. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28: 659–62

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Söderman K, Werner S, Pietilä T, et al. Balance board training: prevention of traumatic randomised interventionstudy. Knee Surg Sports Traunatol Arthrosc 2000; 8: 356–63

    Google Scholar 

  117. Chappell JD, Limpisvasti O. Effect of a neuromuscular training program on the kinetics and kinematics ofjumping tasks. Am J Sports Med 2008 Jun; 36: 1081–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Petersen W, Braun C, Bock W, et al. A controlled prospective case control study of a prevention training programin female team handball players: the Germanexperience. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2005 Nov; 125: 614–21

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Caraffa A, Cerulli G, Projetti A, et al. Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer: a prospectivecontrolled study of proprioceptive training. Knee Surg Sports Traunatol Arthrosc 1996; 4: 19–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Ettlinger CF, Johnson RJ, Shealy JE. A method to help reduce the risk of serious knee sprains incurred in alpineskiing. Am J Sports Med 1995 Sep-Oct; 23: 531–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Griffis ND, Nequist SW, Yearout K. Injury prevention of the anterior cruciate ligament [abstract]. American Orthopaedic Society of Sports Medicine: meeting abstracts,and instructional courses. Traverse City (MI): AmericanOrthopaedic Society of Sports Medicine, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  122. Engebretsen AH, Myklebust G, Holme I, et al. Prevention of injuries among male soccer players: a prospective,randomized intervention study targeting players withprevious injuries or reduced function. Am J Sports Med 2008 Jun; 36: 1052–60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. McGuinn PA, Mattacola CG, Malone TR, et al. Strength training for 6-weeks does not significantly alter landingmechanisms of female collegiate basketball athletes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007 Feb; 37: A24

    Google Scholar 

  124. Herman DC, Weinhold PS, Guskiewicz KM, et al. The effects of strength training on the lower extremity biomechanicsof female recreational athletes during a stopjumptask. Am J Sports Med 2008 Apr; 36: 733–40

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Herman DC, Weinhold PS, Guskiewicz KM, et al. The effects of strength training on the neuromuscular characteristicsof a stop-jump in females recreational athletes[abstract]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007 Feb; 37: A24

    Google Scholar 

  126. Cronin JB, Bressel E, Fkinn L. Augmented feedback reduces ground reaction forces in the landing phase of thevolleyball spike jump. J Sports Rehabil 2008 May; 17: 148–59

    Google Scholar 

  127. Gilchrist J, Mandelbaum BR, Melancon H, et al. A randomized controlled trial to prevent noncontact anteriorcruciate ligament injury in female collegiate soccer players. Am J Sports Med 2008 Aug; 36: 1476–83

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Myer GD, Chu DA, Brent JL, et al. Trunk and hip control neuromuscular training for the prevention of knee jointinjury. Clin Sports Med 2008 Jul; 27: 425–48

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Pánics G, Tállay A, Pavlik A, et al. Effect of proprioception training on knee joint position sense in female teamhandball players. Br J Sport Med 2008; 42: 472–6

    Google Scholar 

  130. Zebis MK, Bencke J, Andersen LL, et al. The effects of neuromuscular training on knee joint motor control duringsidecutting in female elite soccer and handball players. Clin J Sports Med 2008 Jul; 18: 329–37

    Google Scholar 

  131. Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, Braekken IH, et al. Prevention of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries inelite and adolescent female team handball athletes. Instr Course Lect 2007; 56: 407–18

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Myer GD, Ford KR, Brent JL, et al. Differential neuromuscular training effects on ACL injury risk factors in“high-risk” versus “low-risk” athletes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2007 May; 8: 39–46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Trowbridge CA, Richard MD, Knight KL, et al. The effects of strength training and plyometric training on jointposition and joint moments of the female knee [abstract]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007 Feb; 37: A25

    Google Scholar 

  134. Hurd WJ, Chemielewski TL, Snyder-Mackler L. Perturbation- enhanced neuromuscular training alters muscleactivity in female athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traunatol Arthrosc 2006 Jan; 14: 60–9

    Google Scholar 

  135. Myer GD, Ford KR, McLean SG, et al. The effects of plyometric versus dynamic stabilization and balancetraining on lower extremity biomechanics. Am J Sports Med 2006 Mar; 34: 445–55

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Lephart SM, Abt JP, Ferris CM, et al. Neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristic changes in high school athletes:a plyometric versus basic resistance program. Br J Sport Med 2005 Dec; 39: 932–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Irmischer BS, Harris C, Pfeiffer RP, et al. Effects of a knee ligament injury prevention exercise program on impactforces in women. J Strength Cond Res 2004 Nov; 18: 703–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Paterno MV, Myer GD, Ford KR, et al. Neuromuscular training improves single-limb stability in young femaleathletes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2004 Jun; 34: 305–16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Cahill BR, Griffith EH. Effect of preseason conditioning on the incidence and severity of high school football kneeinjuries. Am J Sports Med 1978 Jul-Aug; 6: 180–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Mizner RL, Kawaguchi JK, Chmielewshi TL. Muscle strength in the lower extremity does not predict postinstructionimprovements in the landing patterns of femaleathletes. Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2008 Jun; 38: 353–61

    Google Scholar 

  141. Pfeiffer RP, Shea KG, Roberts D, et al. Lack of effect of a knee ligament injury prevention program on the incidenceof noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006 Aug; 88: 1769–74

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Chappell JD, Herman DC, Knight BS, et al. Effect of fatigue on knee kinetics and kinematics in stop-jump tasks. Am J Sports Med 2005 Jul; 33: 1022–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Knobloch K, Martin-Schmitt S, Gösling T, et al. Prospective proprioceptive and coordinative training for injury reduction in elite female soccer [in German]. Sportverletz Sportschaden 2005 Sep; 19: 123–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Holm I, Fosdahl MA, Friis A, et al. Effect of neuromuscular training on proprioception, balance, musclestrength, and lower limb function in female team handballplayers. Clin J Sports Med 2004 Mar; 14: 88–94

    Google Scholar 

  145. Wilkerson GB, Colston MA, Short NI, et al. Neuromuscular changes in female collegiate athletes resulting from aplyometric jump-training program. J Athl Train 2004 Mar; 39: 17–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Wedderkopp N, Kaltoft M, Lundgaard B, et al. Prevention of injuries in young female players in European teamhandball: a prospective intervention study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1999 Feb; 9: 41–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Chappell JD, Creighton RA, Giuliani C, et al. Kinematics and electromyography of landing preparation in verticalstop-jump: risks for noncontact anterior cruciate ligamentinjury. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35 (2): 235–41

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Dick R, Hertel J, Agel J, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men’s basketball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988-1989 through 2003-2004. J Athl Train 2007; 42: 194–201

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Agel J, Olson DE, Dick R, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women’s basketball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System,1988-1989 through 2003-2004. J Athl Train 2007 Apr-Jun; 42: 202–10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Nicholas JA. The five-one reconstruction of anteromedial instability of the knee: indications, technique, and the resultsin fifty-two patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1973 Jul; 55: 899–922

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. American Association of Orthopaedics Surgeons. Position paper: the use of knee braces. Rosemont (IL): American Association of Orthopaedics Surgeons, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  152. Wirth MA, DeLee JC. The history and classification of knee braces. Clin Sports Med 1990; 9: 731–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. American Association of Orthopaedics Surgeons. Position paper: the use of knee braces. Rosemont (IL): AmericanAssociation of Orthopaedics Surgeons, 2004

  154. Greene DL, Hamson KR, Bay RC, et al. Effects of protective knee bracing on speed and agility. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28: 453–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Paluska SA, McKeag DB. Knee braces: current evidence and clinical recommendations for their use. Am Fam Physician 2000 Jan; 61: 411–8, 23-24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Najibi S, Albright JP. The use of knee braces. Part I: prophylactic knee braces in contact sports. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33: 602–11

    Google Scholar 

  157. Albright JP, Powell JW, Smith W, et al. Medial collateral ligament knee sprains in college football: effectiveness ofpreventive braces. Am J Sports Med 1994 Jan-Feb; 22: 12–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Garrick JG, Requa RK. Prophylactic knee bracing. Am J Sports Med 1987; 15: 471–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Teitz CC, Hermanson BK, Kronmal RA, et al. Evaluation of the use of braces to prevent injury to the knee in collegiatefootball players. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1987; 69A: 2–9

    Google Scholar 

  160. Anderson G, Zeamen SC, Rosenfeld RT. The Anderson knee stabler. Phys Sportsmed 1979; 7: 125–7

    Google Scholar 

  161. Hansen BL, Ward JC, Diehl RC. The preventative use of the Anderson knee stabler in football. Phys Sportsmed 1985; 13: 75–81

    Google Scholar 

  162. Schriner JL. The effectiveness of knee bracing in preventing knee injuries in high school athletes [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985; 17: 254

    Google Scholar 

  163. Hewson GF, Mendini RA, Wang JB. Prophylactic knee bracing in college football. Am J Sports Med 1986; 14: 262–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Rovere GD, Haupt HA, Yates CS. Prophylactic knee bracing in college football. Am J Sports Med 1987 Mar-Apr; 15: 111–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Grace TG, Skipper BJ, Newberry JC, et al. Prophylactic knee braces and injury to the lower extremity. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1988 Mar; 70: 422–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Zemper ED. A two year prospective study of prophylactic knee braces in a national sample of college football players. Sports Train Med Rehab 1990; 1: 287–96

    Google Scholar 

  167. Taft TN, Hunter S, Funderburk CH. Preventative lateral knee bracing in football. Nashville (TN): American OrthopedicSociety of Sports Medicine, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  168. Sitler M, Ryan J, Hopkinson W, et al. The efficacy of a prophylactic knee brace to reduce knee injuries in football:a prospective randomised study at West Point. Am J Sports Med 1990 May-Jun; 18: 310–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Paulos LE, Drawbert JP, France P, et al. Lateral knee braces in football: do they prevent injury? Phys Sportsmed 1976; 14: 119–24

    Google Scholar 

  170. France EP, Paulos LE, Jayaraman G, et al. The biomechanics of lateral knee bracing. Part II: impactresponse of the braced knee. Am J Sports Med 1987 Sep-Oct; 15: 430–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Paulos LE, France EP, Rosenberg TD, et al. The biomechanics of lateral knee bracing. Part I: response ofthe valgus restraints to loading. Am J Sports Med 1987 Sep-Oct; 15: 419–29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Hofmann AA, Wyatt RWB, Bourne MH, et al. Knee stability in orthotic knee braces. Am J Sports Med 1984 Sep-Oct; 12: 371–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Baker BE, VanHanswyk E, Bogosian S, et al. A biomechanical study of the static effect of knee braceson medial stability. Am J Sports Med 1987 Nov-Dec; 15: 566–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Paulos LE, France EP, Rosenberg TD, et al. The biomechanics of lateral knee bracing. Part I: response ofthe valgus restraints to loading. Am J Sports Med 1987 Sept-Oct; 15: 419–29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Bassett GS, Fleming BW. The Lenox Hill brace in anterolateral rotatory stability. Am J Sports Med 1983 Sep-Oct; 11: 345–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Colville MR, Lee CL, Ciullo JV. The Lenox Hill brace: an evaluation of effectiveness in treating knee instability. Am J Sports Med 1986 Jul-Aug; 14: 257–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Rink PC, Scott RA, Lupo RL, et al. Team physician #7: a comparative study of functional bracing in the anteriorcruciate deficient knee. Orthopaed Rev 1989 Jun; 18: 719–27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Mishra DK, Daniel DM, Stone ML. The use of functional knee braces in the control of pathologic anterior kneelaxity. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989 Apr; 241: 213–20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Branch TP, Hunter RF. Functional analysis of anterior cruciate braces. Clin Sports Med 1990 Oct; 9: 771–97

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Vailas JC, Tibone JE, Perry J. Dynamic biomechanical effects of functional bracing. Med Sci Sports Exer 1989; 21 Suppl.: S82

    Google Scholar 

  181. Knutzen KM, Bates BJ, Hamill J. Electrogoniometery of post-surgical knee bracing in running. Am J Phys Med 1983 Aug; 62: 172–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Knutzen KM, Bates BT, Schot P, et al. A biomechanical analysis of two functional knee braces. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987 Jun; 19: 303–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Czerniecki JM, Lippert F, Olerud JE. A biomechanical evaluation of tibiofemoral rotation in anterior cruciate deficient knees during walking and running. Am J Sports Med 1988 Jul-Aug; 16: 327–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Tibone JE, Antich TJ, Fanton GS, et al. Functional analysis of anterior cruciate ligament instability. Am J Sports Med 1986 Jul-Aug; 14: 276–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Kinematics of anterior cruciate deficient legs during sidestep cutting with and without a derotational knee brace[presented in Branch and Hunter[179]]. Gainesville (FL):University of Florida, 1990

  186. DeVita P, Hunter PB, Skelly WA. Effects of a functional knee brace on the biomechanics of running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992 Jul; 24: 797–804

    Google Scholar 

  187. Vailas JC, Pink M. Biomechanical effects of functional bracing: practical implications. Sports Med 1993 Mar; 15: 210–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Arnheim DD. Modern principles of athletic training. 6th ed. St. Louis (MO): Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  189. Cook FF, Tibone JE, Redfern FC. A dynamic analysis of a functional brace for anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. Am J Sports Med 1989 Jul-Aug; 17: 519–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Corcoran PJ, Jebsen RH, Brengelmann GL, et al. Effects of plastic and metal leg braces on speed and energy cost ofhemiparetic ambulation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1970 Feb; 51: 69–77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Reed SC. An evaluation of the C.A.R.S: UBC orthosis. Orthopedics 1979; 33: 25–38

    Google Scholar 

  192. Soule RG, Goldman RF. Energy cost of loads carried on the head, hands, and feet. J Appl Physiol 1969; 27: 687–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Houston ME, Goenans PH. Leg muscle performance of athletes with and without knee support braces. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1982 Sep; 63: 431–2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Iglehart TK. Strength and motor task performance as effected by the carbon titanium knee brace in normalhealthy males. Fort Collins (CO): Colorado State UniversityDepartment of Physical Education, 1985: 1–12

    Google Scholar 

  195. Tegner Y, Lysholm J. Derotational brace and knee function in patients with anterior cruciate ligament tears. Arthroscopy 1985; 1: 264–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Zetterlund AE, Serfass RC, Hunter RE. The effects of wearing the complete Lenox Hill Derotation Brace onenergy expenditure during horizontal treadmill running at161 metres per minute. Am J Sports Med 1986; 14: 73–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Highgenboten CL, Jackson A, Meske N, et al. The effects of knee brace on perceptual and metabolic variables duringhorizontal treadmill running. Am J Sports Med 1991; 19: 639–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Marans HJ, Jackson RW, Piccinin J, et al. Functional testing of braces for anterior cruciate ligament-deficientknees. Can J Surg 1991; 34: 167–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Veldhuizen FM, Koene M, Oostvogel HJM, et al. The effects of supportive knee brace on leg performance inhealthy subjects. Int J Sports Med 1991; 12: 577–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Styf JR, Nakostine M, Gershuni DH. Functional knee braces increase intramuscular pressures in the anteriorcompartment of the leg. Am J Sports Med 1992; 20: 46–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Styf JR. The effects of functional knee bracing on muscle function and performance. Sports Med 1999; 28: 77–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Fonesca ST, Magee D, Wessel J. Validation of performance test for outcome evaluation of knee function. Clin J Sports Med 1992; 2: 251–6

    Google Scholar 

  203. Vailas JC, Tibone JE, Perry J, et al. The effects of functional knee bracing on the dynamic biomechanics ofthe cross-cut maneuver. J Sports Trauma Res 1990; 12: 197–206

    Google Scholar 

  204. Decoster LC, Vailas JC. Functional anterior cruciate ligament bracing: a survey of current brace prescriptionspatterns. Orthopedics 2003 Jul; 26: 701–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Decoster LC, Vailas JC, Swartz WG. Functional ACL bracing: a survey of current opinion and practice. Am JOrthop 1995 Nov; 24: 838–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Cawley PW, France E, Paulos LE. The currents state of functional knee bracing research: a review of literature. Am J Sports Med 1991 May-Jun; 19: 226–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Beynnon BD, Pope MH, Wertheimer CM. The effect of functional knee bracing on the anterior cruciateligament in vivo. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1992 Oct; 74: 1298–312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Kramer JF, Dubowitz T, Fowler P. Thiel functional knee braces and dynamic performance: a review. Clin Sports Med 1997; 7: 32–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. D’Ambrosia R. Knee braces. Orthopedics 1988 Sep; 11: 1247

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Liu SH. Current review: functional knee bracing. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995; 317: 273–381

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Martin TJ. Technical report: knee brace use in the young athlete. Pediatrics 2001; 108: 503–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Fleming BC, Renstrom PA, Beynnon BD, et al. The influence of functional knee bracing on anterior cruciateligament strain biomechanics in weight bearing andnonweightbearing knees. Am J Sports Med 2000 Nov-Dec; 28: 815–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Birmingham TB, Kramer JF, Kirkley A, et al. Knee bracing after ACL reconstruction: effects on postural controland proprioception. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001 Aug; 33: 1253–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Pietrosimone BG, Grindstaff TL, Linens SW, et al. A systematic review of prophylactic braces in the prevention ofknee ligament injuries in collegiate football players. J Athl Train 2008 Jul-Aug; 43: 409–15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Rishiraj N, Taunton JE, Clement DB, et al. Role of functional knee bracing in a dynamic setting. NZ J Sports Med 2000; 28: 54–61

    Google Scholar 

  216. Ramsey DK, Lamontagne M, Wretenberg PF, et al. Assessment of functional knee bracing: an in vivo threedimensionalkinematic analysis of the anterior cruciatedeficient knee. Clin Biomech 2001 Jan; 16: 61–70

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Beynnon BD, Fleming BC, Labovitch R, et al. Chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency is associated withincreased anterior translation of the tibia during thetransition from non-weightbearing to weightbearing. J Orthop Res 2002 Mar; 20: 332–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Beynon BD, Fleming BC, Churchill, DL etal. The effect of anterior cruciate ligament deficiency and functional knee bracing on translation of the tibia relative to the femur during nonweight bearing and weight bearing. Am J Sports Med 2003 Jan-Feb; 31: 99–105

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Ramsey DK, Wretenberg PF, Lamontagne M, et al. Electromyographic and biomechanic analysis of anteriorcruciate ligament deficiency and functional knee bracing. Clin Biomech 2003 Jan; 18: 28–34

    Google Scholar 

  220. Smith J, Malanga GA, Yu B, et al. Effects of functional knee bracing on muscle firing patterns about the chronicanterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003 Nov; 84: 1680–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Risberg MA, Holm I, Steen H, et al. The effect of knee bracing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1999 Jan-Feb; 27: 76–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Wu GKH, Ng GYF, Mak AFT. Effects of knee bracing on sensorimotor function of subjects with anterior cruciateligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2001 Sep-Oct; 29: 641–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. McDevitt ER, Taylor DC, Miller MD, et al. Functional bracing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32: 1887–92

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. McNair PJ, Stanley SN, Strauss GR. Knee bracing: effects of proprioception. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996 Mar; 77: 287–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Kocher MS, Sterett WI, Briggs KK, et al. Effect of functional bracing on subsequent knee injury in ACLdeficientprofessional skiers. J Knee Surg 2003 Apr; 16: 87–92

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Culp MT, Gushiewicz KM, Ross SE, et al. Prophylactic knee bracing and local fatigue have no effect of joint positionsense of the uninjured knee in a closed kinetic chain. J Athl Train 2004 Jun; 39: S-103

    Google Scholar 

  227. Yu B, Herman D, Preston J, et al. Immediate effect of a knee brace with a constraint to knee extension on kneekinematics and ground reaction forces. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32: 1136–43

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Wojtys EM, Kothari SU, Huston LJ. Anterior cruciate ligament functional brace use in sports. Am J Sports Med 1996 Jul-Aug; 24: 539–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Stephens DL. The effects of functional knee braces on speed in collegiate basketball players. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1995; 22: 259–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Flynn RK, Pedersen CL, Brimingham TB, et al. The familial predisposition towards tearing the anterior cruciate ligament:a case control study. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33: 23–38

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Bahr R, Krosshaug T. Understanding the injury mechanisms: a key component to prevent injuries in sports. Br J Sports Med 2005 Jun; 39: 324–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. McIntosh AS. Risk compensation, motivation, injuries, and biomechanics in competitive sports. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39: 2–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Meeuwisse WH. Assessing causation in sports injury: a multifactorial model. Clin J Sports Med 1994; 4: 166–70

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

No funding was received for this review. The authors have no potential conflicts of interest directly relevant to the content of this review. The authors would like to thank K. (Janey) Hoover for helping with the earlier versions of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

    Neetu Rishiraj

  2. ACTIN Health & Rehabilitation Inc., 5767 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Neetu Rishiraj

  3. School of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Neetu Rishiraj

  4. 2010 Winter Olympics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Jack E. Taunton (Chief Medical Officer)

  5. Primary Care, Allan McGavin Sports Medicine Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Jack E. Taunton (Chief Medical Officer), Robert Lloyd-Smith & D. B. Clement

  6. Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Robert Woollard

  7. Orthopaedics Department, Allan McGavin Sports Medicine Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    William Regan

Authors
  1. Neetu Rishiraj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jack E. Taunton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Robert Lloyd-Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Robert Woollard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. William Regan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. D. B. Clement
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Neetu Rishiraj.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rishiraj, N., Taunton, J.E., Lloyd-Smith, R. et al. The Potential Role of Prophylactic/ Functional Knee Bracing in Preventing Knee Ligament Injury. Sports Med 39, 937–960 (2009). https://doi.org/10.2165/11317790-000000000-00000

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/11317790-000000000-00000

Keywords

Search

Navigation