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Possible Stimuli for Strength and Power Adaptation

Acute Hormonal Responses

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Abstract

The endocrine system plays an important role in strength and power development by mediating the remodelling of muscle protein. Resistance training scheme design regulates muscle protein turnover by modifying the anabolic (testosterone, growth hormone) and catabolic (cortisol) responses to a workout. Although resistance exercise increases the concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 in blood following exercise, the effect of scheme design is less clear, most likely due to the different release mechanisms of this growth factor (liver vs muscle). Insulin is non-responsive to the exercise stimulus, but in the presence of appropriate nutritional intake, elevated blood insulin levels combined with resistance exercise promotes protein anabolism. Factors such as sex, age, training status and nutrition also impact upon the acute hormonal environment and, hence, the adaptive response to resistance training. However, gaps within research, as well as inconsistent findings, limit our understanding of the endocrine contribution to adaptation. Research interpretation is also difficult due to problems with experimental design (e.g. sampling errors) and various other issues (e.g. hormone rhythms, biological fluid examined). In addition to the hormonal responses to resistance exercise, the contribution of other acute training factors, particularly those relating to the mechanical stimulus (e.g. forces, work, time under tension) must also be appreciated. Enhancing our understanding in these areas would also improve the prescription of resistance training for stimulating strength and power adaptation.

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No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this review. The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this review.

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  1. Human Health and Performance Group, HortResearch, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand

    Blair Crewther & Christian Cook

  2. School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Computing, Health and Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

    Justin Keogh

  3. Institute of Sport and Recreation Research New Zealand, Division of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

    John Cronin

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  1. Blair Crewther
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Crewther, B., Keogh, J., Cronin, J. et al. Possible Stimuli for Strength and Power Adaptation. Sports Med 36, 215–238 (2006). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636030-00004

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