Abstract
The existence of A2A-D2 heteromeric complexes is based on coimmunoprecipitation studies and on fluorescence resonance energy transfer and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer analyses. It has now become possible to show that A2A and D2 receptors also coimmunoprecipitate in striatal tissue, giving evidence for the existence of A2A-D2 heteromeric receptor complexes also in rat striatal tissue. The analysis gives evidence that these heteromers are constitutive, as they are observed in the absence of A2A and D2 agonists. The A2A-D2 heteromers could either be A2A-D2 heterodimers and/or higher-order A2A-D2 hetero-oligomers. In striatal neurons there are probably A2A-D2 heteromeric complexes, together with A2A-D2 homomeric complexes in the neuronal surface membrane. Their stoichiometry in various microdomains will have a major role in determining A2A and D2 signaling in the striatopallidal GABA neurons. Through the use of D2/D1 chimeras, evidence has been obtained that the fifth transmembrane (TM) domain and/or the 13 of the D2 receptor are part of the A2A-D2 receptor interface, where electrostatic epitope-epitope interactions involving the N-terminal part of 13 of the D2 receptor (arginine-rich epitope) play a major role, interacting with the carboxyl terminus of the A2A receptor. Computerized modeling of A2A-D2 heteromers are in line with these findings. It seems likely that A2A receptor-induced reduction of D2 receptor recognition, G protein coupling, and signaling, as well as the existence of A2A-D2 co-trafficking, are the consequence of the existence of an A2A-D2 receptor heteromer. The relevance of A2A-D2 heteromeric receptor complexes for Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia is emphasized as well as for the treatment of these diseases. Finally, recent evidence for the existence of antagonistic A2A-D3 heteromeric receptor complexes in cotransfected cell lines has been summarized.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agnati L. F., Ferré S., Lluis C., Franco R., and Fuxe K. (2003) Molecular mechanisms and therapeutical implications of intramembrane receptor/receptor interactions among heptahelical receptors with examples from the striatopallidal GABA neurons. Pharmacol. Rev. 55, 509–550.
Agnati L. F., Fuxe K., Zini I., Lenzi P., and Hökfelt T. (1980) Aspects on receptor regulation and isoreceptor identification. Med. Biol. 58, 182–187.
Andersen M. B., Fuxe K., Werge T., and Gerlach J. (2002) The adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 exhibits antipsychotic-like activity in Cebus apella monkeys. Behav. Pharmacol. 13, 639–644.
Bara-Jimenez W., Sherzai A., Dimitrova T., Favit A., Bibbiani F., Gillespie M., et al. (2003) Adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 61, 293–296.
Bofill-Cardona E., Kudlacek O., Yang Q., Ahorn H., Freissmuth M., and Nanoff C. (2000) Binding of calmodulin to the D2-dopamine receptor reduces receptor signaling by arresting the G protein activation switch. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 32672–32680.
Canals M., Burgueno J., Marcellino D., Cabello N., Canela E. I., Mallol J., et al. (2004) Homodimerization of adenosine A2A receptors. Qualitative and quantitative assessment by fluorescence and bioluminescence transfer. J. Neurochem. 88, 726–734.
Canals M., Marcellino D., Fanelli F., Ciruela F., de Benedetti P., Goldberg S., et al. (2003) Adenosine A2A-dopamine D2 receptor-receptor heteromerization. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of fluorescence and bioluminescence energy transfer. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 46741–46749.
Ciruela F., Burgueno J., Casado V., Canals M., Marcelino D., Goldberg S. R., et al. (2004) Combining mass spectrometry and pull-down techniques for the study of receptor heteromerization. Direct epitope-epitope electrostatic interactions between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors. Anal. Chem. 76, 5354–5363.
Dasgupta S., Ferré S., Kull B., Hedlund P. B., Finnman U.-B., Ahlberg S., et al. (1996) Adenosine A2A receptors modulate the binding characteristics of dopamine D2 receptors in stably cotransfected fibroblast cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 316, 325–331.
Díaz-Cabiale Z., Hurd Y., Guidolin D., Finnman U. B., Zoli M., Agnati L. F., et al. (2001) Adenosine A2A agonist CGS 21680 decreases the affinity of dopamine D2 receptors for dopamine in human striatum. NeuroReport 12, 1831–1834.
Ferré S. (1997) Adenosine-dopamine interactions in the ventral striatum. Implications for the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 133, 107–120.
Ferré S. and Fuxe K. (1992) Dopamine denervation leads to an increase in the membrane interaction between adenosine A2 and dopamine D2 receptors in the neostriatum. Brain Res. 594, 124–130.
Ferré S., Ciruela F., Canals M., Marcellino D., Burgueno J., Casado V., et al. (2004) Adenosine A2A-dopamine D2 receptor-receptor heteromers. Targets for neuro-psychiatric disorders. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 10, 265–271.
Ferré S., Ciruela F., Woods A. S., Canals M., Burgueno J., Marcellino D., et al. (2003) Glutamate mGlu5-adenosine A2A-dopamine D2 receptor interactions in the striatum. Implications for drug therapy in neuropsychiatric disorders and drug abuse. Curr. Med. Chem. CNS Agents 33, 1–26.
Ferré S., Fredholm B. B., Morelli M., Popoli P., and Fuxe K. (1997) Adenosine-dopamine receptor-receptor interactions as an integrative mechanism in the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci. 20, 482–487.
Ferré S., Fuxe K., von Euler G., Johansson B., and Fredholm B. B. (1992) Adenosine-dopamine interactions in the brain. Neuroscience 51, 501–512.
Ferré S., Karcz-Kubicha M., Hope B. T., Popoli P., Burgueno J., Casado V., et al. (2002) Synergistic interaction between adenosine A2A and glutamate mGlu5 receptors: Implications for striatal neuronal function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 11940–11945.
Ferré S., O’Connor W. T., Snaprud P., Ungerstedt U., and Fuxe K. (1994) Antagonistic interaction between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors in the ventral striopallidal system. Implications for the treatment of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 63, 765–773.
Ferré S., Popoli P., Giménez-Llort L., Rimondini R., Müller C. E., Strömberg I., et al. (2001) Adenosine/dopamine interaction: implications for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 7, 235–241.
Ferré S., von Euler G., Johansson B., Fredholm B. B., and Fuxe K. (1991) Stimulation of high affinity adenosine A-2 receptors decreases the affinity of dopamine D-2 receptors in rat striatal membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 88, 7238–7241.
Fink J. S., Weaver D. R., Rivkees S. A., Peterfreund R. A., Pollack A., Adler E. M., and Reppert S. M. (1992) Molecular cloning of the rat A2 adenosine receptor: selective co-expression with D2 dopamine receptors in rat striatum. Mol. Brain Res. 14, 186–195.
Fuxe K., Agnati L. F., Benfenati F., Cimmino M., Algeri S., and Hökfelt T. (1981) Modulation by cholecystokinins of [3H]spiroperidol binding in rat striatum: evidence for increased affinity and reduction in the number of binding sites. Acta Physiol. Scand. 113, 567–569.
Fuxe K., Agnati L. F., Jacobsen K., Hillion J., Canals M., Torvinen M., et al. (2003) On the role of receptor heteromerization in adenosine A2A receptor signaling. Relevance for striatal function and Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 61(Suppl. 6), S19-S23.
Fuxe K. and Agnati L. F. (1985) Receptor-receptor interactions in the central nervous system. A new integrative mechanism in synapses. Med. Res. Rev. 5, 441–482.
Fuxe K. and Agnati L. F. (1987) Receptor-Receptor Interactions. A New Intramembrane Integrative Mechanism. Macmillan Press, London, UK.
Fuxe K. and Ungerstedt U. (1974) Action of caffeine and theophyllamine on supersensitive dopamine receptors: considerable enhancement of receptor response to treatment with dopa and dopamine receptor agonists. Med. Biol. 52, 48–54.
Fuxe K., Ferré S., Zoli M., and Agnati L. F. (1998) Integrated events in central dopamine transmission as analyzed at multiple levels. Evidence for intra membrane adenosine A2A/dopamine D2 and adenosine A1/dopamine D1 receptor interactions in the basal ganglia. Brain Res. Rev. 26, 258–273.
Fuxe K., Strömberg I., Popoli P., Rimondini-Giorgini R., Torvinen M., Ogren S. O., et al. (2001) Adenosine receptors and Parkinson’s disease. Relevance of antagonistic adenosine and dopamine receptor interactions in the striatum. Adv. Neurol. 86, 345–353.
Gouldson P. R., Higgs C., Smith R. E., Dean M. K., Gkoutos G. V., and Reynolds C. A. (2000) Dimerization and domain swapping in G-protein-coupled receptors: a computational study. Neuropsychopharmacology 23, 60–77.
Guo W., Shi L., and Javitch J. A. (2003) The fourth transmembrane segment forms the interface of the dopamine D2 receptor homodimer. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 4385–4388.
Hauser R. A., Hubble J. P., and Truong D. D. (2003) Randomized trial of the adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist istradefylline in advanced PD. Neurology 61, 297–303.
Hettinger B. D., Lee A., Linden J., and Rosin D. L. (2001) Ultrastructural localization of adenosine A2A receptors suggests multiple cellular sites for modulation of GABAergic neurons in rat striatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 431, 331–346.
Hillefors M., Hedlund P. B., and von Euler G. (1999) Effects of adenosine A(2A) receptor stimulation in vivo on dopamine D3 receptor agonist binding in the rat brain. Biochem. Pharmacol. 58, 1961–1964.
Hillion J., Canals M., Torvinen M., Casado V., Scott R., Terasmaa A., et al. (2002) Coaggregation, cointernalization and codesensitization of adenosine A2A receptors and dopamine D2 receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 18091–18097.
Kamiya T., Saitoh O., Yoshioka K., and Nakata H. (2003) Oligomerization of adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors in living cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 306, 544–549.
Kudlacek O., Just H., Korkhov V. M., Vartian N., Klinger M., Pankevych H., et al. (2003) The human D2 dopamine receptor synergizes with the A2A adenosine receptor to stimulate adenylyl cyclase in PC12 cells. Neuropsychopharmacology 28, 1317–1327.
Kull B., Ferré S., Arslan G., Svenningsson P., Fuxe K., Owman C., and Fredholm B. B. (1999) Reciprocal interactions between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors in Chinese hamster ovary cells co-transfected with the two receptors. Biochem. Pharmacol. 58, 1035–1045.
Lee K. W., Hong J. H., Choi I. Y., Che Y., Lee J. K., Yang S. D., et al. (2002) Impaired D2 dopamine receptor function in mice lacking type 5 adenylyl cyclase. J. Neurosci. 22, 7931–7940.
Lee S. P., Xie Z., Varghese G., Nguyen T., O’Dowd B. F., and George S. (2000) Oligomerization of dopamine and serotonin receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 23, S32-S40.
Mellado M., Vila-Coro A. J., Martinez C., and Rodriguez-Frade J. M. (2002) Receptor dimerization: a key step in chemokine signaling. Cell. Mol. Biol. 47, 575–582.
Nimchinsky E. A., Hof P. R., Janssen W. G., Morrison J. H., and Schmauss C. (1997) Expression of dopamine D3 receptor dimers and tetramers in brain an in transfected cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 29229–29237.
Patel R. C., Kumar U., Lamb D. C., Eid J. S., Rocheville M., Grant M., et al. (2002) Ligand binding to somatostatin receptors induces receptor-specific oligomer formation in live cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 3294–3299.
Rimondini R., Ferré S., Ogren S. O., and Fuxe K. (1997) Adenosine A2A agonists: a potential new type of atypical antipsychotic. Neuropsychopharmacology 17, 82–91.
Rocheville M., Lange D. C., Kumar U., Patel S. C., Patel R. C., and Patel Y. C. (2000) Receptors for dopamine and somatostatin: formation of hetero-oligomers with enhanced functional activity. Science 288, 154–157.
Salim H., Ferré S., Dalal A., Peterfreund R. A., Fuxe K., Vincent J. - D., and Lledo P. M. (2000) Activation of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors modulates dopamine D2 receptor-induced responses in stably transfected human neuroblastoma cells. J. Neurochem. 74, 432–439.
Scarselli M., Novi F., Schallmach E., Lin R., Baragli A., Colzi A., et al. (2001) D2/D3 dopamine receptor heterodimers exhibit unique functional properties. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 30308–30314.
Schiffmann S. N., Jacobs O., and Vanderhaeghen J.-J. (1991) Striatal restricted adenosine A2 receptor (RDC8) is expressed by enkephalin but not by substance P neurons: an in situ hybridization histochemistry study. J. Neurochem. 57, 1062–1067.
Schwartz J. C., Diaz J., Pilon C., and Sokoloff P. (2000) Possible implications of the dopamine D(3) receptor in schizophrenia and in antipsychotic drug actions. Brain Res. Brain. Res. Rev. 31, 277–287.
Svenningsson P., Lindskog M., Ledent C., Parmentier M., Greengard P., Fredholm B. B., and Fisone G. (2000) Regulation of the phosphorylation of the dopamineand cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa in vivo by dopamine D1, dopamine D2, and adenosine A2A receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97, 1856–1860.
Tanganelli S., Sandager Nielsen K., Ferraro L., Antonelli T., Kehr J., Franco R., et al. (2004) Striatal plasticity at the network level. Focus on adenosine A2A and D2 interactions in models of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 10, 273–280.
Terrillon S. and Bouvier M. (2004) Roles of G-protein-coupled receptor dimerization. EMBO Rep. 5, 30–34.
Torvinen M., Kozell L. B., Neve K. A., Agnati L. F., and Fuxe K. (2004a) Biochemical identification of dopamine D2 receptor domains interacting with the adenosine A2A receptor. J. Mol. Neurosci. 24, 273–280.
Torvinen M., Torri C., Tombesi A., Marcellino D., Watson S., Lluis C., et al. (2005a) Trafficking of adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors. J. Mol. Neurosci., 25, 191–200.
Torvinen M., Marcellino D., Canals M., Agnati L., F., Lluis C., Franco R., and Fuxe K. (2004c) Adenosine A2A receptor and dopamine D3 receptor interactions: Evidence of functional A2A/D3 heteromeric complexes. Mol. Pharmacol. 67, 400–407.
Vortherms T. A. and Watts V. J. (2004) Sensitization of neuronal A2A adenosine receptors. after persistent D2 dopamine receptor activation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 308, 221–227.
Yao L., Arolfo M. P., Dohrman D. P., Jiang Z., Fan P., Fuchs S., et al. (2002) βγ Dimers mediate synergy of dopamine D2 and adenosine A2 receptor-stimulated PKA signaling and regulate ethanol consumption. Cell 109, 733–743.
Zoli M., Agnati L. F., Hedlung P. B., Li X. M., Ferré S., and Fuxe K. (1993) Receptor-receptor interactions as an integrative mechanism in nerve cells. Mol. Neurobiol. 7, 293–334.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fuxe, K., Ferré, S., Canals, M. et al. Adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 heteromeric receptor complexes and their function. J Mol Neurosci 26, 209–220 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1385/JMN:26:2-3:209
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/JMN:26:2-3:209