Abstract
On the basis of petrochemical data, orthorocks are defined among highly metamorphosed sequences of the Landenpokh’ya Group attributed to the Kalevian and Svecofennian systems in the Ladoga region. The contents of major and trace elements in orthorocks, which constitute some volcanogenic sedimentary complexes in the western Ladoga region, are discussed. The volcanics of the first complex (Kukhka Island area) belong to the calc-alkaline series and are characterized by the presence of OIB-type basaltic andesites. The basites of the second complex (Kil’pola Island area) are attributed to the tuffaceous rocks of the WPB-type tholeiitic series. The volcanics of the third complex (Kuznechnoe-Khiitola area) are largely represented by dacites referred to the Svecofennian mature island arc. The presented geological and geochemical data imply that the first and second complexes, which include intraplate volcanics, could be formed on the basite Jatulian-Ludikovian basement (protolith). These Kalevian rocks of the western Ladoga region are correlated with the volcanogenic sedimentary complexes in the southern part of the Savo belt in Finland and belong to the Karelian province.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aho, L., Petrogenetic and geochronological studies of metavolcanic rocks and associated granitoids in the Pihtipudas area, Central Finland, Bull. Geol. Surv. Finl., 1979, no. 300.
Baltybaev, Sh.K., Glebovitskii, V.A., Kozyreva, I.V., et al., The Meyeri Thrust: the main element of the suture at the boundary between the Karelian Craton and the Svecofennian Belt in the Ladoga region of the Baltic Shield, Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 1996, vol. 348, no. 3, pp. 353–356.
Baltybaev, Sh.K., Glebovitskii, V.A., Levchenkov, O.A., et al., Age relationship between potassic and sodic migmatites of svecofennides, Ladoga Region, Baltic Shield, Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 2002, vol. 383, no. 4, pp. 523–526.
Baltybaev, Sh.K., Levchenkov, O.A., and Galankina, O.L., First discovery and dating of volcanic rocks in the Svecofennian terrain of the Ladoga region (Baltic Shield), Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 2004, vol. 395, no. 3, pp. 371–375.
Baltybaev, Sh.K. and Levchenkov, O.A., Volcanics in Svecofennides of the Ladoga Region and results of U-Pb and Pb-Pb dating of rocks and minerals as a basis for correlation of Svecofennian events, Stratigr. Geol. Correl., 2005, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 119–133.
Bogachev, V.A., Ivanikov, V.V., Kozyreva, I.V., et al., U-Pb zircon dating of syn-orogenic gabbro-diorite and granitoid intrusions in the North Ladoga Region, Vestn. SPbGU. Ser. 7, 1999, no. 3, pp. 23–31.
Ekdahl, E., Early Proterozoic Karelian and Svecofennian formation and the evolution of the Raahe-Ladoga Ore Zone, based on the Pielavesi Area, Central Finland, Bull. Geol. Surv. Finl., 1993, no. 373.
Ekdahl, E., Koistinen, T., Korsman, K., et al., The Raahe-Ladoga structural zone. Set of 1: 1000000 scale maps: structural-lithological, metamorphic, metallogenic, in Riftogenez, magmatizm, metallogeniya dokembriya. Korrelyatsiya geologicheskikh kompleksov Fennoskandii. Mat. mezhd. konf. (Proc. Int. Conf. “Riftogenesis, Magmatism, and Metallogeny of Precambrian. Correlation of Geological Complexes of Fennoscandia”), Petrozavodsk: Karel’skii Nauchn. Tsentr RAN, 1999, pp. 185–186.
Eliseev, N.A., Metamorfizm (The Metamorphism), Moscow: Nedra, 1963 [in Russian].
Fedo, C.M., Nesbitt, H.W., and Yong, G.M., Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance, Geology, 1995, vol. 23, pp. 921–924.
Floyd, P.A. and Winchester, J.A., Magma-type and tectonic setting discrimination using immobile elements, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 1975, vol. 27, pp. 211–218.
Gaal, G., 2200 million years of crustal evolution: the Baltic Shield, Bull. Geol. Soc. Finl., 1986, no. 58, pp. 149–168.
Gaal, G. and Gorbatschev, R., An outline of the Precambrian evolution of the Baltic Shield, Precambrian Res., 1987, vol. 35, pp. 15–25.
Geological Map of the Fennoscandian Shield. Scale 1: 2000000, Koistinen, T., Stephens, M.B., Bogatchev, V., et al., Eds., Geol. Surv. Finland, Norway and Sweden and the North-West Depart. of Natur. Resources of Russia, 2001.
Geologicheskoe razvitie glubinnykh zon podvizhnykh poyasov (Severnoe Priladozh’e) (Geological Development of Deep Zones of Mobile Belts (Northern Ladoga Region)), Leningrad: Nauka, 1970 [in Russian].
Geologiya i petrologiya svekofennid Priladozh’ya (Geology and Petrology of Svecofennides of the Ladoga Region), Glebovitskii, V.A., Ed., St. Petersburg: Izd-vo SPbGU, 2000 [in Russian].
Glebovitskii, V.A., Zinger, T.F., Kozakov, I.K., et al., Migmatizatsiya i granitoobrazovanie v razlichnykh termodinamicheskikh rezhimakh (Migmatization and Granite Formation under Different Thermodynamic Conditions), Leningrad: Nauka, 1985 [in Russian].
Glebovitskii, V.A., Baltybaev, Sh.K., Levchenkov, O.A., et al., Main stage of plutonic metamorphic activity in the Ladoga Region: results of isotopic age determinations, Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 2001, vol. 377, no. 5, pp. 667–671.
Glebovitskii, V.A., Baltybaev, Sh.K., Levchenkov, O.A., et al., Age, duration, and PT parameters of the multi-stage metamorphism of svecofennides of the Ladoga Region, Baltic Shield: evidence from thermobarometry and U-Pb geochronology, Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 2002, vol. 384, no. 5, pp. 660–664.
Huhma, H., Sm-Nd, U-Pb and Pb-Pb isotopic evidence for the origin of the Early Proterozoic Svecokarelian crust in Finland, Bull. Geol. Surv. Finl., 1986, no. 337, p. 48.
Interpretatsiya geokhimicheskikh dannykh. Uchebnoe posobie (Interpretation of Geochemical Data. A Tutorial Manual), Sklyarov, E.V., Ed., Moscow: Intermet Inzhiniring, 2001 [in Russian].
Kahkonen, Y., Huhma, H., and Aro, K., U-Pb zircon ages and Rb-Sr whole-rock isotope studies of Early Proterozoic volcanic and plutonic rocks near Tampere, southern Finland, Precambrian Res., 1989, vol. 45, nos. 1–3, pp. 27–43.
Kohonen, J., Post-depositional K-feldspar breakdown and its implications for metagraywacke provenance studies-an example from north Karelia, eastern Finland, in Geochemistry of Proterozoic Supracrustal Rocks in Finland, Nironen, M. and Kohkonen, Y., Eds., Geol. Surv. Finl. Spec. Pap., 1994, no. 19, pp. 161–171.
Kohonen, J., From continental rifting to collisional crustal shortening-Paleoproterozoic Kaleva metasediments of the Hoytianen area in North Karelia, Finland, Bull. Geol. Surv. Finl., 1995, no. 380.
Koistinen, T., Klein, V., Koppelmaa, H., et al., Paleoproterozoic Svecofennian orogenic belt in the surroundings of the Gulf of Finland, in Explanation to the Map of Precambrian Basement of the Gulf of Finland and Surrounding Area, 1: 1 Million, Koistinen, T., Ed., Geol. Surv. Finl. Spec. Pap., 1996, no. 21, pp. 21–57.
Koistinen, T., Review of the geology of North Karelia, in Proc. Otto Trustedt Symposium in Finland on June 3–5, 1985 Hakli, T.A., Ed., Geol. Surv. Finl. Spec. Pap., 1987, no. 1, pp. 35–40.
Konopelko, D., Savatenkov, V., Glebovitsky, V., et al., Nd isotope variation across the Arhaean-Proterozoic boundary in the north Ladoga Area, Russian Karelia, Geol. Foren. Stockholm Forh., 2005, vol. 127, pp. 113–120.
Korsman, K., Niemela, R., and Wasenius, P., Multistage evolution of the Proterozoic crust in the Savo Schist Belt, eastern Finland, in Tectono-Metamorphic Evolution of the Raahe-Ladoga Zone, Korsman K., Ed., Bull. Geol. Surv. Finl., 1988, no. 343, pp. 89–96.
Korsman, K., Korja, T., Pajunen, M., et al., The GGT/SVEKA Transect: structure and evolution of the continental crust in the Paleoproterozoic Svecofennian Orogen in Finland, Int. Geol. Rev., 1999, vol. 41, pp. 287–333.
Korsman, K. and Korja, T., The Global Geoscience Transects project in Finland, Bull. Geol. Soc. Finl., 1999, no. 71, pp. 5–12.
Kotova, L.N., Glebovitskii, V.A., Kotov, A.B., et al., Provenance and source of metaterrigenous rocks of the Ladoga Group: results of geochemical and Sm-Nd isotopegeochemical study, Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 2006, vol. 410, no. 2, pp. 225–228.
Kotova, L.N., Kotov, A.B., Glebovitskii, V.A., et al., Source rocks and provenances of the Ladoga Group silicoclastic metasediments (Svecofennian Fold Belt, Baltic Shield): Results of geochemical and Sm-Nd isotopic study, Stratigr. Geol. Correl., 2009, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–19.
Kotova, L.N., Velikoslavinskii, S.D., and Podkovyrov, V.N., Supracrustal complexes of svecofenides of Western Ladoga region, in Aktual’nye voprosy litologii. Materialy 8-go Ural’skogo litologicheskogo soveshchaniya (Proc. 8th Ural Lithol. Conf. “Actual Problems of Lithology”), Yekaterinburg: IGG UrO RAN, 2010, pp. 163–164.
Kotova, L.N. and Podkovyrov, V.N., Geochemical features of Kalevian and Svecofennian metavolcanites of Western Ladoga region; geodynamic consequences, in Mat. Vseross. Konf. “Sovremennye problemy magmatizma i metamorfizma,” 1–5 oktyabrya 2012 g., Sankt-Peterburg (Pros. All-Rus. Conf. “Modern Problems of Magmatism and Metamorphism,” October 1–5, 2012, St. Petersburg), St. Petersburg: Izd-vo SPbGU, 2012, vol. 1, pp. 312–315.
Kousa, J., Rantasalmen tholeiittisista ja komatiittisista vulkaniiteista. Summary: the toleiitic and komatiitic metavolcanics of Rantasalmi, southeastern Finland, Geology, 1985, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 17–22.
Kousa, J., Marttila, E., and Vaasjoki, M., Petrology, geochemistry and dating of Paleoproterozoic metavolcanic rocks in the Pyhajarvi area, central Finland, Geol. Surv. Finl. Spec. Pap., 1994, no. 19, pp. 7–27.
Kozyreva, I.V., Svecofennian early orogenic magmatism of the northwestern Ladoga Region: composition, genesis, and the possibility of correlation, in Riftogenez, magmatizm, metallogeniya dokembriya. Korrelyatsiya geologicheskikh kompleksov Fennoskandii. Mat. mezhd. konf. (Proc. Int. Conf. “Riftogenesis, Magmatism, and Metallogeny of Precambrian. Correlation of Geological Complexes of Fennoscandia”), Petrozavodsk: Karel’skii nauchn. tsentr RAN, 1999, pp. 66–67.
Kuno, H., Differentiation of basaltic magmas, in Basalts: The Poldervaart Treatise on Rocks of Basaltic Composition. Vol. 2, Hess, H.H. and Poldervaart, A., Eds., New York: Interscience, 1968, pp. 623–688.
Lahtinen, R., Crustal evolution of the Svecofennian and Karelian domains during 2.1-1.79 Ga, with special emphasis on the geochemistry and origin of 1.93-1.91 Ga gneissic tonalities and supracrustal rocks in the Rautalampi area, central Finland, Bull. Geol. Surv. Finl., 1994, no. 378.
Lahtinen, R., Huhma, H., Kontinen, A., et al., New constrains for the source characteristics, deposition and age of the 2.1-1.9 Ga metasedimentary cover at the western margin of the Karelian Province, Precambrian Res., 2010, vol. 176, pp. 77–93.
Lawri, K.C., Geochemical characterization of a polyphase deformed, altered, and high grade metamorphosed volcanic terrane: implications for the tectonic of the Svecofennides, south-central Finland, Precambrian Res., 1992, vol. 59, pp. 171–205.
Lobach-Zhuchenko, S.B., Chekulaev, V.P., and Afanasieva, L.I., Chemical composition of the Ladoga Formation of the Baltic Shield and the problem of equilibrium of matter in metamorphic and ultrametamorphic processes, Geokhimiya, 1972, no. 3, pp. 355–362.
Le Maitre, R.W., Bateman, P., Dudek, A., et al., A Classification of Igneous Rocks and Glossary of Terms, Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.
Makkonen, H. and Ekdahl, E., Petrology and structure of the Early Proterozoic Pirila gold deposit in southeastern Finland, Bull. Geol. Soc. Finl., 1988, vol. 60, pp. 55–66.
Malashin, M.V., Golubev, A.I., Ivanikov, V.V., et al., Geochemistry and petrology of mafic volcanic complexes in the Lower Proterozoic of Karelia, I: the Jatulian trap complex, Vestn. SPbGU, Ser. 7, 2003, Iss. 1, no. 7, pp. 3–32.
Maniar, P.D. and Piccoli, P.M., Tectonic discrimination of granitoides, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 1989, vol. 101, no. 5, pp. 635–643.
Matrenichev, V.A., Stepanov, K.I., and Pupkov, O.M., Stratigraphy and features of the composition of Early Proterozoic volcanites of the Sortavala Upland (Northern Ladoga Region), Vestn. SPbGU. Ser. 7, 2004, Iss. 2, no. 2, pp. 31–44.
Matrenichev, V.A., Vrevskii, A.B., Sergeev, S.A., et al., The Ludicovian-Kalevian boundary in the northern Ladoga Region: geological relations and isotopic age, Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 2006, vol. 407, no. 5, pp. 645–649.
Matrenichev, A.V. and Matrenichev, V.A., Petrology of Ludikovian volcanism in the Onega structure (Raahe-Ladoga zone, Baltic Shield), in Sb. trudov molodykh uchenykh IGGD RAN (Collection of Works of Young Scientists of IGGD RAN), Abushkevich, V.S. and Alfimov, N.A., Eds., St. Petersburg: Izd-vo Politekhn. Univ., 2010 pp. 223–255.
Neelov, A.N., Petrokhimicheskaya klassifikatsiya metamorfizovannykh osadochnykh i vulkanogennykh porod (Petrochemical Classification of Metamorphic Sedimentary and Volcanogenic Rocks), Leningrad: Nauka, 1980 [in Russian].
Negrutsa, V.Z., Kheiskanen, K.I., Negrutsa, T.F., et al., Third interdepartmental regional stratigraphic meeting on the Lower Precambrian of Karelia and the Kola Peninsula, Stratigr. Geol. Correl., 2000, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 108–112.
Nematov, A., Determination of ortho- and para-rocks of a metamorphic series using triangular diagrams, Uzbek. Geol. Zh., 1969, no. 4, pp. 68–71.
Nesbitt, H.W. and Young, G.M., Early Proterozoic climates and plate motion inferred from major element chemistry of lutites, Nature, 1982, vol. 299, pp. 715–717.
Obshchaya stratigraficheskaya shkala nizhnego dokembriya Rossii. Ob”yasnitel’naya zapiska (General Stratigraphic Scheme of Lower Precambrian of Russia. Explanatory Note), Apatity: Karel’skii nauchn. tsentr RAN, 2002 [in Russian].
Pearce, J.A. and Cann, J.R., Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analyses, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 1973, vol. 19, pp. 290–300.
Pearce, J.A. and Norry, M.J., Petrogenetic implications of Ti, Zr, Y, and Nb variations in volcanic rocks, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 1979, vol. 69, pp. 33–47.
Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W., and Tindle, A.G., Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks, J. Petrol., 1984, vol. 25, pp. 956–983.
Predovskii, A.A., Petrov, V.P., and Belyaev, O.A., Geokhimiya rudnykh elementov metamorficheskikh serii dokembriya (na primere Severnogo Priladozh’ya) (Geochemistry of Ore Elements in Precambrian Metamorphic Series (Northern Ladoga Region)), Leningrad: Nauka, 1967 [in Russian].
Raahe-Ladoga Zone, Geological Maps 1: 1000000, Structure-Lithology, Metamorphism, and Metalogeny, Koistinen, T. and Saltykova, T., Eds., Helsinki, 1999.
Rannii dokembrii Baltiiskogo shchita (Early Precambrian of the Baltic Shield), St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2005 [in Russian].
Resolution of the Third All-Russia Conference on general issues of Precambrian subdivision, Stratigr. Geol. Correl., 2001, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 101–106.
Ronov, A.B., Migdisov, A.A., and Lobach-Zhuchenko, S.B., Problems of the evolution of the chemical composition of the sedimentary rocks, and regional metamorphism, Geokhimiya, 1977, no. 2, pp. 163–186.
Roser, B.P. and Korsch, R.J., Provenance signatures of sandstone-mudstone suites determined using discriminant function analysis of major-element data, Chem. Geol., 1988, vol. 67, pp. 119–139.
Saranchina, G.M., Granitoidnyi magmatizm, metamorfizm i metasomatoz dokembriya (na primere Priladozh’ya i drugikh oblastei) (Granitoid Magmatism, Metamorphism and Metasomatosis of the Precambrian (Ladoga Lake and Other Regions)), Leningrad: Izd-vo LGU, 1972 [in Russian].
Shaw, D.M., The origin of the Apsley gneiss, Ontario, Can. J. Earth Sci., 1972, no. 9, pp. 18–35.
Shul’diner, V.I., Kozyreva, I.V., Baltybaev, Sh.K., et al., Plutono-metamorphic evolution of the Western Ladoga Region: a new model, Regional. Geol. Metallog., 1995, no. 4, pp. 52–62.
Shul’diner, V.I., Kozyreva, I.V., and Baltybaev, Sh.K., Geochronology and formation subdivisions of the Lower Precambrian in the Northwestern Ladoga Region, Stratigr. Geol. Correl., 1996, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 220–230.
Shul’diner, V.I., Kozyreva, I.V., and Baltybaev, Sh.K., Tectono-metamorphic regionalization of the Ladoga Lake Region, Vestn. SPbGU. Ser. 7, 1997, Iss. 3, no. 3, pp. 63–70.
Shul’diner, V.I., Levchenkov, O.A., Yakovleva, S.Z., et al., The Late Karelian in the stratigraphic scale of Russia: determination of its lower boundary and regional units in the stratotype area, Stratigr. Geol. Correl., 2000, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 544–556.
Simonen, A., Precambrian in Finland, Bull. Geol. Surv. Finl., 1980, no. 304.
Suisarskii pikrit-bazal’tovyi kompleks paleoproterozoya Karelii (opornyi razrez i petrologiya) (The Proterozoic Suisar’ Picrite-Basalt Complex in Karelia (Key Section and Petrology), Petrozavodsk: Karel’skii nauchn. tsentr RAN, 1999 [in Russian].
Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F., Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implication for mantle composition and processes, in Magmatism in the Oceanic Basins, Saunders, A.D. and Norry, M.J., Eds., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 1989, no. 42, pp. 313–345.
Svetov, A.P. and Sviridenko, L.P., Stratigrafiya dokembriya Karelii. Sortaval’skaya seriya svekokarelid Priladozh’ya (Stratigraphy of Precambrian in Karelia: the Sortavala Group of Svecokarelides in the Ladoga Region), Petrozavodsk: Karel’skii nauchn. tsentr RAN, 1992 [in Russian].
Vaasjoki, M. and Sakko, M., The evolution of the Raahe-Ladoga zone in Finland: isotopic constraints, in Tectono-Metamorphic Evolution of the Raahe-Ladoga Zone, Korsman, K., Ed., Bull. Geol. Surv. Finl., 1988, no. 343, pp. 7–32.
Viluksela, A., Geochemistry of calc-alkaline metavolcanic rocks in the Parikkala-Punkaharju area, southeastern Finland, Geol. Surv. Finl. Spec. Pap., 1994, no. 21, pp. 61–69.
Ward, P., Early Proterozoic deposition and deformation at the Karelian craton margin in southeastern Finland, Precambrian Res., 1987, vol. 35, pp. 71–93.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © L.N. Kotova, V.N. Podkovyrov, 2014, published in Stratigrafiya. Geologicheskaya Korrelyatsiya, 2014, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 3–21.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kotova, L.N., Podkovyrov, V.N. Lower Proterozoic orthorocks in the Svecofennides of the Savo belt (Western Ladoga Region): Geochemical properties. Stratigr. Geol. Correl. 22, 447–464 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869593814050062
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869593814050062