Abstract
Glacial deposits occurring close to the Vendian-Cambrian boundary were discovered long ago in several regions of Asia and West Africa. New data of recent years confirm earlier observation and specify age constraints of these deposits. In certain sections, glacial sediments rest on beds with the Upper Vendian fossils (Vendotaenia sp., Sabellidites remains, and microfossils). In the Hoggar Highland, they discordantly overlie magmatic rocks ca. 560 Ma old. In the East Sayan Mts., the Upper Vendian Cloudina sp. have been found in the diamictite matrix. In Central Asia and Northwest China, cap dolomites conformably overlying glacial deposits grade upward into the chert-phosphatic sediments containing fossils (Tarim region), which are characteristic of the Anabarites trisulcatus Zone in the Nemakit-Daldynian Stage. Fossils of this zone have been found directly above glacial deposits in the East Sayan. According to all these data, the respective Baykonurian glaciation, as it is termed in this work, either antedated the Nemakit-Daldynian Age or was concurrent to its commencement. The glaciation is correlative with a significant negative δ13C excursion of −5 to −10‰. Judging from recent paleotectonic reconstructions, the Baykonurian glaciation was not regional in rank and left records in both hemispheres of the Earth. This glaciation resumes the well-known succession of the great glaciation event in the terminal Late Precambrian, i.e., the Sturtian, Marinoan, and Gaskiers glaciations. Hence, one cannot ignore the Baykonurian glaciation when analyzing the geological, biospheric, and biotic history of the Late Precambrian.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. Bertrand-Sarfati, A. Moussine-Pouchkine, B. Amard, and A. A. K. Ahmed, “First Ediacaran Fauna Found in Western Africa and Evidence for an Early Cambrian Glaciation,” Geology 23, 133–136. 1995.
M. I. Buyakaite, A. B. Kuzmichev, and D. D. Sokolov, “718 Ma Rb-Sr Errorchron of the Sorkhoi Group in the East Sayan,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 309(1), 150–154 (1989).
R. Caby and J. Fabre, “Late Proterozoic to Early Palaeozoic Diamictites/Tillites and Associated Glaciogenic Sediments in the Serie Pourpree of Western Hoggar, Algeria,” in Earth’s Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record, Ed. by M. J. Hambrey and W. B. Harland (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1981), pp. 140–145.
J. Chen, H. Zhang, Y. Xing, and G. Ma, “On the Upper Precambrian (Sinian Suberathem) in China,” Precambrian Res. 15, 207–228, 1981.
N. M. Chumakov, Precambrian Tillites and Tilloids (Nauka, Moscow, 1978) [in Russian].
N. M. Chumakov, “Upper Proterozoic Glaciogenic Rocks and Their Stratigraphic Significance,” Precambrian. Res. 15, 187–190 (1981).
N. M. Chumakov, The Problems of Old Glaciations (Pre-Pleistocene Glaciogeology in the USSR) (Pennsylvania: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1992).
N. M. Chumakov, “A Problem of Total Glaciations on the Earth in the Late Precambrian,” Stratigr. Geol. Korrelyatsiya 16(2), 3–15 (2008) [Stratigr. Geol. Correlation 16 (2), 107–119 (2008)].
S. J. Culver, J. Pojeta, and J. E. Repetski, “First record of Early Cambrian shelly microfossils from West Africa,” Geology 16, 596–599 (1988).
M. Deynoux, P. Affaton, R. Trompette, and M. Villeneuve, “Pan-African tectonic evolution and glacial events registered in Neoproterozoic to Cambrian cratonic and foreland basins of West Africa,” J. Afr. Earth Sci. 46, 397–426 (2006).
N. Dobrzinski and H. Bahlburg, “Sedimentology and environmental significance of the Cryogenian successions of the Yangtze Platform, South China block,” Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 254, 100–122 (2007).
E. A. Eganov and Yu. K. Sovetov, The Karatau-A Model Region of Phosphorite Accumulation (Nauka, Novosibirsk, 1979) [in Russian].
G. Kh. Ergaliev, “To the Vendian-Cambrian Stratigraphy of the Baikonur-Karatau-Dzhebagly Zone,” Izv. Akad. Nauk Kazakh. SSR. Ser. Geol, No. 6, 31–43 (1965).
M. A. Fedonkin, A. Yu. Ivantsov, M. V. Leonov, and E. A. Serezhnikova, “Dynamics of Evolution and Biodiversity in Late Vendian: A View from the White Sea,” in Trans. Intern. Conference on the IGCP Project 493: The Rise and Fall of the Vendian (Ediacaran) Biota, Origin of the Modern Biosphere, Ed. by M. A. Semikhatov (GEOS, Moscow, 2007), pp. 6–9.
F. Fiala, “Latest Precambrian Tilloids of Eastern Bohemia, Czechoslovakia,” in Earth’s Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record, Ed. by M. J. Hambrey and W. B. Harland (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1981), pp. 647–649.
G. J. B. Germs, “The Neoproterozoic of Southwestern Africa, with Emphasis on Platform Stratigraphy and Paleontology,” Precambrian Res. 73, 137–151 (1995).
J. P. Grotzinger S. A., Bowring, B. Z. Saylor, and A. J. Kaufman, “Biostratigraphic and Geochronologic Constraints on Early Animal Evolution,” Science 270, 598–604 (1995).
Baode Guan, Ruitang Wu, M. J. Hambrey, and Geng Wu, “Glacial sediments and erosional pavement near the Cambrian-Precambrian boundary in western Henan Province, China,” J. Geol. Soc. London 143, 311–323 (1986).
G. P. Halverson, P. F. Hoffman, D. P. Schrag, et al., “Toward a Neoproterozoic Composite Carbon-Isotope Record,” Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 117, 1181–1207 (2005).
M. J. Hambrey and W. B. Harland (Eds.) Earth’s Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1981).
T. N. Kheraskova, “Late Precambrian Tilloid of Baykonur Formation in Ulutau Mountains, Central Kazakhstan, USSR,” in Earth’s Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record, Ed. by M. J. Hambrey and W. B. Harland (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1981), pp. 348–352.
T. N. Kheraskova and S. G. Samygin, “Tectonic Settings during Formation of the Vendian-Middle Cambrian Siliciclastic-Carbonate Complex in the East Sayan,” Geotektonika, No. 6, 18–36 (1992).
V. V. Kiselev, “Analogs of the Sinian Complex in the Central and Northern Tien Shan,” Geol. Geofiz. 42, 1453–1463 (2001).
A. L. Knipper, Tectonics of the Baikonur Synclinorium (Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1963) [in Russian].
A. H. Knoll, “Learning to Tell Neoproterozoic Time,” Precambrian. Res. 100, 3–20 (2000).
A. H. Knoll and M. R. Walter, “Latest Proterozoic Stratigraphy and Earth History,” Nature 356, 673–678 (1992).
V. G. Korolev, “The Precambrian,” in Geology of the USSR, Vol. 25: Geological Description (Nedra, Moscow, 1972), pp. 38–74 [in Russian].
V. G. Korolev and R. A. Maksumova, Precambrian Tillites and Tilloids of the Tien Shan (Ilim, Frunze, 1984) [in Russian].
A. Kröner, “Late Precambrian Diamictites of South Africa and Namibia,” in Earth’s Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record, Ed. by M. J. Hambrey and W. B. Harland (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1981), pp. 167–177.
I. N. Krylov, V. N. Sergeev, and T. N. Kheraskova, “Cambrian Microfossils Found in Deposits of the Baikonur Synclinorium,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., No. 1, 51–56 (1986).
A. B. Kuz’michev, Tectonic History of the Tuva-Mongolian Massif: Early to Late Baikalian and Early Caledonian Stages (Probel, Moscow, 2004) [in Russian].
Z. X. Li, S. V. Bogdanova, A. S. Collins, et al., “Assembly, Configuration, and Breakup History of Rodinia: A Synthesis,” Precambrian. Res. 160, 179–210 (2008).
U. Linnemann K., Drost, J. Ulrich, et al., “Traces of a Late Neoproterozoic Glaciation in the Cadomian Basement of Central and Western Europe: Constraints by Basin Development and Laser Ablation-ICP-MS U/Pb Dating of Detrital Zircon Grains,” in Trans. Intern. Conference on the IGCP Project 493: The Rise and Fall of the Vendian (Ediacaran) Biota, Origin of the Modern Biosphere, Ed. by M.A. Semikhatov (GEOS, Moscow, 2007), p. 53.
S. Lu, G. Ma, Z. Gao, and W. Lin, “Sinian Ice Ages and Glacial Sedimentary Facies-Areas in China,” Precambrian Res. 29, 53–63 (1985).
Y. Mu, “Luoquan Tillite of the Sinian System in China,” in Earth’s Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record, Ed. by M. J. Hambrey and W. B. Harland (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1981), pp. 402–413.
E. Norin, “Cambrian and Precambrian Sediments of the Central Quruqtagh, the Eastern Tien Shan,” in Trans. XVII Session of the International Geological Congress, 1937 (Gostekhizdat, Moscow, 1940), Vol. 6, pp. 31–34 [in Russian].
P. V. Osokin and A. V. Tyzhinov, “Precambrian Tilloids of the Oka-Khubsugul Phosphorite-bearing Basin (Eastern Sayan, Northwestern Mongolia),” Litol. Polezn. Iskop., No. 2, 162–176 (1998) [Lithol. Miner. Resour. 33 (2), 142–154 (1998)].
B. G. Pokrovskii, “Proterozoic-Paleozoic Boundary: Isotope Anomalies of the Siberian Platform Sections and Global Environmental Changes,” Litol. Polezn. Iskop., No. 4, 376–392 (1996) [Lithol. Miner. Resour. 31 (4), 333–347 (1996)].
A. A. Postnikov and A. A. Terleev, “Neoproterozoic Stratigraphy of the Altai-Sayan Fold Region,” Geol. Geofiz. 45(3), 295–309 (2004).
C. Powell, S. A. Pisarevsky, and M. T. D., “Wingate An animated history of Rodinia,” Geol. Soc. Australia 65, 85–87 (2001).
Yu. A. Rozanov, V. V. Khomentovsky, Yu. Ya. Shabanov, et al., “To the Problem of Stage Subdivision of the Lower Cambrian,” Stratigr. Geol. Korrelyatsiya 16(1), 3–21 (2008) [Stratigr. Geol. Correlation 16 (1), 1–19 (2008)].
B. Z. Saylor, J. P. Grotzinger, and G. J. B. Germs, “Sequence Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Neoproterozoic Kuibis and Schwarzrand Subgroups (Nama Group), Southwestern Namibia,” Precambrian Res. 73, 153–171, 1995.
C. R. Scotese, Paleomap Project 2000, http://www. scotese
M. A. Semikhatov, A. B. Kuznetsov, V. N. Podkovyrov, et al., “The Yudoma Group of Stratotype Area: C-isotope Chemostratigraphic Correlations and Yudomian-Vendian Relation,” Stratigr. Geol. Korrelyatsiya 12(5), 3–28 (2004) [Stratigr. Geol. Correlation 12 (5), 435–459 (2004)].
V. V. Shabalin, “Structure and Composition of the Cambrian Vanadium-Bearing Horizon, the Dzhetym-Too Range,” Zap. Kirgiz. Otd. Vses. Mineral. O-va, No. 5, 7991 (1965).
G. A. Shields, M. Deynoux, S. J. Culver, et al., “Neoproterozoic Glaciomarine and Cap Dolostone Facies of the Southwestern Taoudeni Basin (Walidiala Valley, Senegal/Guinea, NW Africa),” C.R. Acad. Sci. Geoscience 339, 186–199 (2007a).
G. A. Shields, M. Deynoux, H. Strauss, et al., “Barite-bearing Cap Dolostones of the Taoudéni Basin, Northwest Africa: Sedimentary and Isotopic Evidence for Methane Seepage after a Neoproterozoic Glaciation”, Precambrian Res. 153, 209–235 (2007b).
B. S. Sokolov, “Introduction,” in The Vendian System, Ed. by B. S. Sokolov and A. B. Ivanovskii (Nauka, Moscow, 1985), Vol. 1, pp. 3–9 [in Russian].
M. Steiner, G. Li, Q. Yi, et al., “Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian Small Shelly Fossil Assemblages and a Revised Biostratigraphic Correlation of the Yangtze Platform (China),” Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 254, 67–99 (2007).
A. A. Sudorgin, Candidate’s Dissertation in Geology and Mineralogy (Frunze, 1990).
A. A. Terleev and V. M. Zadorozhnyi, “Finds of Paleozoic Foraminifers in the Precambrian of the East Sayan (the Sorkhoi River),” Dokl. Akad. Nauk 351(3), 373–374 (1996) [Dokl. Earth Sci. 351A (9), 1351–1353 (1996)].
R. Trompette, “Temporal Relationship between Cratonization and Glaciation: the Vendian-Early Cambrian Glaciation in Western Gondwana,” Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 123, 373–383 (1996).
A. F. Veis and N. G. Vorob’eva, “The First Finds of Organic-Walled Microfossils in the Upper Precambrian of the Bokson-Sorkhoi Depression (the Eastern Sayan),” Stratigr. Geol. Korrelyatsiya 1(4), 27–32 (1993) [Stratigr. Geol. Correlation 1 (4), 393–398 (1993)].
Y. Wang, S. Lu, Z. Gao, et al., “Sinian Tillites of China,” in Earth’s Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record, Ed. by M. J. Hambrey and W. B. Harland (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1981), pp. 386–401.
S. Xiao, H. Bao, H. Wang, et al., “The Neoproterozoic Quruqtagh Group in Eastern Chinese Tien Shan: Evidence for a Post-Marinoan Glaciation,” Precambrian. Res. 130, 1–26 (2004).
B. Xu, Sh. Xiao, H. Zou, et al., “SRIMP Zircon U-Pb Age Constraints on Neoproterozoic Quruqtagh Diamictites in NW China,” Precambrian. Res. (2008). doi: 10.1016/j/precamres.2008.10.008
L. Yin and B. Guan, “Organic-Walled Microfossils of Neoproterozoic Dongjia Formation, Lushan County, Henan Province, North China,” Precambrian Res. 94, 121–137 (1999).
Z. Zheng, Y. Li, S. Lu, and H. Li, “Lithology, Sedimentology and Genesis of the Zhengmuguan Formation of Ningxia, China,” in Earth’s Glacial Record. Eds. Deynoux M., Miller J.M.G., Domack E.W., et al. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1994), pp. 101–108.
G. Zhou and S. Xiao, “Ediacaran δ13C Chemostratigraphy of South China,” Chem. Geol. 237(1–2), 89–108 (2007).
M. Zhu, H. Strauss, and G. A. Shields, “Shields From Snowball Earth to the Cambrian Bioradiation: Calibration of Ediacaran-Cambrian Earth History in South China,” Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 254, 1–6 (2007).
E. I. Zubtsov, “Precambrian Tillites of Tien Shan and Their Stratigraphic Significance,” Byull. Mosk. O-va Ispyt. Prir., Ser. Geol. 47(1), 42–56 (1972).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © N.M. Chumakov, 2009, published in Stratigrafiya. Geologicheskaya Korrelyatsiya, 2009, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 23–31.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chumakov, N.M. The Baykonurian glaciohorizon of the Late Vendian. Stratigr. Geol. Correl. 17, 373–381 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869593809040029
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869593809040029