Abstract
The toxicity of four volatile fatty acids (VFAs) as anaerobic digestion (AD) intermediates was investigated at pH 7. Photobacterium phosphoreum T3 was used as an indicator organism. Binary, ternary and mixtures of AD intermediates were designated by letters A (acetic acid + propionic acid), B (acetic acid + butyric acid), C (acetic acid + ethanol), D (propionic acid + butyric acid), E (propionic acid + ethanol), F (butyric acid + ethanol), G (acetic acid + propionic acid + butyric acid), H (acetic acid + propionic acid + ethanol), I (acetic acid + butyric acid+ ethanol), J (propionic acid + butyric acid + ethanol) and K (acetic acid + propionic acid + butyric acid + ethanol) to assess the toxicity through equitoxic mixing ratio method. The IC50 values of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and ethanol were 9.812, 7.76, 6.717 and 17.33 g/L respectively, displaying toxicity order of: butyric acid > propionic acid > acetic acid > ethanol being additive in nature. The toxic effects of four VFAs could be designated as synergistic and one additive in nature.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Tang, C.J., Zheng, P., Jin, R.C., Hu, B.L., Yu, Y., Chen, J.W., and Huang, W., Inhibition of anaerobic digestion of swine wastewater caused by free ammonia nitrogen and its control strategies, J. Chem. Eng. Chin. Univ., 2008, vol. 22, pp. 697–702.
Cavinato, C., Fatone, F., Bolzonella, D., and Pavan, P., Thermophilic anaerobic codigestion of cattle manure with agro-wastes and energy crops: comparison of pilot and full scale experiences, Bioresour. Technol., 2010, vol. 101, pp. 545–550.
Rodirguez, D.C., Belmonte, M., Penuela, G., Campos, J.L., and Vidal, G., Behaviour of molecular weight distribution for the liquid fraction of pig slurry treated by anaerobic digestion, Environ. Technol., 2011, vol. 32, pp. 419–425.
Ge, H.Q., Jensen, P.D., and Batstone, D.J., Increased temperature in the thermophilic stage in temperature phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD) improves degradability of waste activated sludge, J. Hazard. Mater., 2011, vol. 187, pp. 355–361.
Mahmood, Q., Zheng, P., Li, G.X., and Mei, L.L., The rate-limiting step in anaerobic digestion in the presence of Phosphine, Toxicol. Ind. Health, 2006, vol. 22, pp. 165–172.
Ji, J.Y., Zheng, K., Xing, Y.J., and Zheng, P., Hydraulic characteristics and their effects on working performance of compartmentalized anaerobic reactor, Bioresour. Technol., 2012, 116: 47–52.
Zeb, B.S., Mahmood, Q., and Pervez, A., Characteristics and performance of anaerobic wastewater treatment (a review), J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 2013, vol. 35, pp. 217–232.
Wong, B.T., Show, K.Y., Su, A., Wong, R., and Lee, D.J., Effect of volatile fatty acid composition on upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) performance, Energ. Fuels, 2008, vol. 22, pp. 108–112.
Lynd, L.R., Weimer, P.J., Van Zyl, W.H., and Pretorius, I.S., Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Res., 2002, vol. 66, pp. 506–577.
Puñal, A., Rodríguez, J., Franco, A., Carrasco, E.F., Roca, E., and Lema, J.M., Advanced monitoring and control of anaerobic wastewater treatment plants: Diagnosis and supervision by a fuzzy-based expert system, Water Sci. Technol., 2000, vol. 43, pp. 191–198.
Henze, M. and Harremoes, P., Anaerobic treatment of wastewater in fixed film reactors — A literature review, Water Sci. Technol., 1983, vol. 15, pp. 1–10.
Krakat, N., Westphal, A., Schmidt, S., and Scherer, P., Anaerobic digestion of renewable biomass: thermophilic temperature governs methanogen population dynamics, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2010, vol. 76, pp. 1842–1850.
Labatut, R.A. and Gooch, C.A., Undated monitoring of anaerobic digestion process to optimize performance and prevent system failure, Dept. Biol. Environ. Engin., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. http://www.manuremanagement.cornell.edu/Pages/General_Docs/Events/21.Rodrigo.Labatut
Batstone, D., Keller, J., Angelidaki, R., Kalyuzhny, S., Pavlostathis, S., Rozzi, A., Sanders, W., Siegrist, H., and Vavilin, V.A., The IWA anaerobic digestion model N1 (ADM), 9th World Congress Anaerobic Digestion, Antwerpen, 2001.
Batstone, D.J., Keller, J., Angelidaki, I., Kalyuzhnyi, S.V., Pavlostathis, S.G., Rozzi, A., Sanders, W.T.M., Siegrist, H., and Vavilin, V.A., The IWA anaerobic digestion model No. 1 (ADM1), microbial methane production -theoretical aspects, Water Sci. Technol., 2002, vol. 45, pp. 65–73.
McCarty, P.L. and Smith, D.P., Anaerobic waste-water treatment 4, Environ Sci. Technol., 1986, vol. 20, pp. 1200–1206.
Ji, J.Y., Xing, Y.J., Ma, Z.T., Zhang, M., and Zheng, P., Acute toxicity of pharmaceutical wastewaters containing antibiotics to anaerobic digestion treatment, Chem., 2013, vol. 91, pp. 1094–1098.
Huang, Z. and Wang, L.J., Physiological properties of luminescent bacteria and its application in environmental monitoring, China Environ. Sci., 1995, vol. 16, pp. 87–90.
Ren, N.Q., Chua, H., Chan, S.Y., Tsang, Y.F., Wang, Y.J., and Sin, N., Assessing optimal fermentation type for bio-hydrogen production in continuous-flow acidogenic reactors, Bioresour. Technol., 2007, vol. 989, pp. 1774–1780.
Jiao, S.J., Zheng, S.R., Yin, D.Q., Wang, L.H., and Chen, L.Y., Aqueous photolysis of tetracycline and toxicity of photolytic products to luminescent bacteria, Chemosphere, 2008, vol. 73, pp. 377–382.
Ventura, S.P.M., Marques, C.S., Rosatella, A.A., Afonso, C.A.M., Goncalves, F., and Coutinho, J.A.P., Toxicity assessment of various ionic liquid families towards Vibrio fischeri marine bacteria, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 2012, vol. 76, pp. 162–168.
International Standards Organization Water Quality-Determination of the Inhibitory Effect of Water Samples on the Light Emission of Vibrio fischeri (luminescent bacteria test), Geneva, Switzerland ISO 11348-2, 1994.
Zheng, P. and Feng, X.S., Biotechnology for waste treatment, Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2006.
Blum, G.J.W. and Speece, R.E., A database of chemical toxicity to environmental bacteria and its use in interspecies comparisons and correlation, Res. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 1991, vol. 63, pp. 198–207.
Stephanopoulos, G.N., Aristidou, A.A. and Nielsen, J., Metabolic Engineering: Principles and Methodologies, Waltham: Academic Press, 1998.
Sun, C.Q., Connor, O., Turner, C.J., Lewis, S.J., Stanley, G.D., and Roberton, A.M., The effect of pH on the inhibition of bacterial growth by physiological concentrations of butyric acid: implications for neonatesfed on suckled milk, Chem.-Biol. Interact., 1998, vol. 113, pp. 117–131.
Jordening, H.J. and Mosche, M., Comparison of different models of substrate and product inhibition in anaerobic digestion, Water Res., 1999, vol. 33, pp. 2545–2554.
Wang, B., Wei, W., and Wang, J.L., Inhibitory effect of ethanol, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid on fermentative hydrogen production, Int. J. Hyd. Energ., 2008, vol. 33, pp. 7013–7019.
Michel-Savin, D., Marchal, R., and Vandecasteele, J.P., Control of the selectivity of butyric acid production and improvement of fermentation performance with Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 1990, vol. 32, pp. 387–392.
David, A.W. and Pamela, W., Environmental Toxicology, New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002.
Palmisano, A.C. and Barlaz, M.A., Microbiology of Solid Waste, London: CRC, 1971.
Siegert, I. and Banks, C., The effect of volatile fatty acid additions on the anaerobic digestion of cellulose and glucose in batch reactors, Process. Biochem., 2005, vol. 40, pp. 3412–3418.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The article is published in the original.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zeb, B.S., Mahmood, Q., Ping, Z. et al. Assessment of toxicity of volatile fatty acids to Photobacterium phosphoreum . Microbiology 83, 510–515 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026261714050294
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026261714050294