Abstract
Nodules of various compositions, including ferromanganese nodules, have been found in bottom sediments of an artificial reservoir in the central Altai Territory. The nodules were formed in the alkaline environment against the background of a high carbonate content and saturation with oxygen. The rate of nodule growth is no less than 1.7–1.8 mm/yr and the pH value of water varies from 8.0 to 9.7. Fe and Mn contents in soil and loam of the drainage area are lower than the global clarke value, whereas Ca, K, and Na contents are much higher. The main mass of bottom sediments in the reservoir is markedly enriched in Cd, Mg, Mn, Sr, Ni, Cr, Sb, V, and Pb, but they are depleted in Cu, Mo, Zn, and Li, relative to the soil and loam. Elements in ferromanganese nodules are arranged in the following way in terms of the decreasing concentration coefficient: Mn (27) > Ba (13.4) > Co (10.7) > Mo (9.2) > Cd (5.35) > Ni (3.88) > V (3.52) > Cu (3.3) > Fe (3.2) > Sb (2.17) > Sr (2.04) > Pb (1.5) > Zn (1.43) > Cr (1.1) > Li (0.78) > Mg (0.75) > Na (0.69) > K (0.67) > Ca (0.51). The microelemental composition of nodules in the reservoir qualitatively fits the composition of ferromanganese nodules in seas and oceans. However, the contents of major ore elements (Ni, Cu, Co, Zn, Pb, Mo, and V) in ferromanganese nodules from the World Ocean are much higher than in nodules from the examined reservoir.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baturin, G.N., Geokhimiya zhelezomargantsevykh konkretsii okeana (Geochemistry of Ferromanganese Nodules of the Ocean), Moscow: Nauka, 1986.
Bezrukov, P.L. and Andryushchenko, P.F., Ferromanganese Nodules in the Indian Ocean, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., 1972, no. 9, pp. 3–20.
Bobrov, V.A. and Gofman, A.M., Laboratornyi gamma-spektrometricheskii analiz estestvennykh radioaktivnykh elementov (metodicheskie razrabotki) (Laboratory Gammaspectrometric Analysis of Natural Radioactive Elements: Recommended Procedures), Novosibirsk: Inst. Geol. Geofiz. Sib. Otd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1971.
Dubinina, G.A. and Deryugina, Z.P., Microbiological Transformation of Various Forms of Iron in a Meromictic Lake, Zh. Obshch. Biol., 1969, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 602–610.
Ekogeokhimiya Zapadnoi Sibiri (Ecogeochemistry of Western Siberia), Polyakov, G.V., Ed., Novosibirsk: Nauchno-Issled. Tsentr Otd. Inst. Geol. Geokhim. Miner. Sib. Otd. Ross. Akad. Nauk, 1996.
Gamayunov, K.V., Goncharov, A.I., Lagutin, A.A., and Makhon’ko, K.P., Recognition of Areas of Radioactive Fallout after Nuclear Explosions Based on β-Activity Fallout Measurements at Meteorological Stations, Vest. Nauchn. Programmy “Semipalatinskii Poligon-Altai”, 1995, no. 4, pp. 21–51.
Il’in, V.B., Tyazhelye metally v sisteme pochva-rastenie (Heavy Metals in the Soil-Plant System), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1991.
Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H., Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, 1984. Translated as Mikroelementy v pochvakh i rasteniyakh, Moscow: Mir, 1989.
Kalinenko, V.O., Origin of Ferromanganese Nodules, Mikrobiologiya, 1949, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 528–532.
Krotov, B.P., Release of Iron and Manganese Hydroxides in Lakes, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1950, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 533–536.
Kuznetsov, S.I., Mikroflora ozer i ee geokhimicheskaya deyatel’nost’ (Lake Microflora and Its Geochemical Activity), Leningrad: Nauka, 1970.
Loborev, V.M., Sudakov, V.V., Volobuev, N.M., et al., Refinement of the List of Nuclear Explosions at the Semipalatinsk Test Site and Their Radioactive Impact on the Altai Territory, Vest. Nauchn. Programmy “Semipalatinskii Poligon-Altai,” 1995, no. 4, pp. 8–20.
Mero, J., The Mineral Resources of the Sea, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1965.
Mikhailov, N.N., Contamination of Lake Bottom Sediments in the Altai Territory, in Nuclear Tests, Environment, and Public Health in the Altai Territory, Barnaul: Altai Gos. Univ., 1993, vol. 2, pp. 28–44.
Ovchinnikov, A.M., Gidrokhimiya (Hydrochemistry), Moscow: Nedra, 1970.
Perel’man, A.I., Geokhimiya landshafta (Landscape Geochemistry), Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola, 1975.
Perel’man, A.I., Geokhimiya (Geochemistry), Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola, 1989.
Semenovich, N.I., Donnye otlozheniya Ladozhskogo ozera (Bottom Sediments in Lake Ladoga), Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1966.
Semipalatinskii poligon. Obespechenie obshchei i radiatsionnoi bezopasnosti yadernykh ispytanii (The Semipalatinsk Test Site: Provisions for the General and Radioactive Safety of Nuclear Tests) Logachev, V.A., Ed., Moscow: IGEM Ross. Akad. Nauk, 1997.
Shcherbov, B.L., Strakhovenko, V.D., and Malikova, I.N., Natural and Manmade Sources of the Element Composition of Bottom Sediments in Water Basins of the Altai Territory, Geol. Geofiz., 2003, vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 1024–1035.
Shoikhet, Ya.N., Loborev, V.M., Kiselev, V.I., et al., Radioactive Impact of the Semipalatinsk Test Site on the Altai Territory, Vest. Nauchn. Programmy “Semipalatinskii Poligon-Altai”, Barnaul: Altai. Gos. Univ., 1966, no. 1 (9), pp. 28–44.
Simonova, V.I., Atomno-absorbtsionnye metody opredeleniya elementov v porodakh i mineralakh (The Atomic Absorption Method for the Determination of Elements in Rocks and Minerals), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1986.
Skornyakova, N.S., Khimicheskii sostav zhelezomargantsevykh konkretsii Tikhogo okeana (Chemical Composition of Ferromanganese Nodules in the Pacific), Bezrukov, P.L., Ed., Moscow: Nauka, 1976, pp. 168–169.
Strakhov, N.M., Brodskaya, N.G., Knyazeva, L.I., et al., Obrazovanie osadkov v sovremennykh vodoemakh (Sedimentation in Modern Water Basins), Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1954.
Taylor, S.R. and McLennan, S.M., The Composition and Evolution of the Continental Crust: Rare Element Evidence from Sedimentary Rocks, Philos. Trans. R. Soc., 1981, A 301, pp. 381–399.
Taylor, S.R., McLennan, S.M., and McCulloch, M.T., Geochemistry of Loess, Continental Crustal Composition and Crustal Model Ages, Geochim. Cosmochim. Asta, Pergamon Press Ltd., 1983, vol. 47, pp. 1897–1905.
Tugarinov, A.I., Obshchaya geokhimiya (General Geochemistry), Moscow: Atomizdat, 1973.
Verigina, K.V., Problem of Iron Migration and Accumulation during Soil Formation, in Vyvetrivanie i pochvoobrazovanie, (Weathering and Soil Formation), Moscow, 1950, issue 34, pp. 190–201.
Vinogradov, A.P., Geokhimiya Redkikh i Rasseyannykh Elementov v Pochvakh (Geochemistry of Rare and Trace Elements in Soils), Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1957.
Vital, D.A., Modern Carbonate Nodules in Salt Lakes of the Kulunda Steppe and Their Genesis, Tr. Inst. Geol. Nauk Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., 1950, issue 125.
Voitkevich, G.V. and Zakrutkin, V.V., Osnovy Geokhimii (Fundamentals of Geochemistry), Rostov: Rostov. Univ., 1970.
Volkov, I.I., Ferromanganese Nodules, in Okeanologiya. Khimiya okeana (Oceanology: Oceanic Chemestry), Vol. 2: Geochemistry of Bottom Sediments, Moscow: Nauka, 1979, pp. 414–467.
Yoshimura, S., Contribution to Iron in Lake Water of Japan (Second Report), Jap. J. Geol. Geogr., 1936, vol. 13, pp. 39–56.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shcherbov, B.L., Strakhovenko, V.D. Nodules in sediments of an artificial reservoir in the Altai Territory. Lithol Miner Resour 41, 45–53 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0024490206010044
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0024490206010044