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“RadioAstron”-A telescope with a size of 300 000 km: Main parameters and first observational results

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Abstract

The Russian Academy of Sciences and Federal Space Agency, together with the participation of many international organizations, worked toward the launch of the RadioAstron orbiting space observatory with its onboard 10-m reflector radio telescope from the Baikonur cosmodrome on July 18, 2011. Together with some of the largest ground-based radio telescopes and a set of stations for tracking, collecting, and reducing the data obtained, this space radio telescope forms a multi-antenna ground-space radio interferometer with extremely long baselines, making it possible for the first time to study various objects in the Universe with angular resolutions a million times better than is possible with the human eye. The project is targeted at systematic studies of compact radio-emitting sources and their dynamics. Objects to be studied include supermassive black holes, accretion disks, and relativistic jets in active galactic nuclei, stellar-mass black holes, neutron stars and hypothetical quark stars, regions of formation of stars and planetary systems in our and other galaxies, interplanetary and interstellar plasma, and the gravitational field of the Earth. The results of ground-based and inflight tests of the space radio telescope carried out in both autonomous and ground-space interferometric regimes are reported. The derived characteristics are in agreement with the main requirements of the project. The astrophysical science program has begun.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Astro Space Center, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia

    N. S. Kardashev, V. Yu. Avdeev, A. V. Alakoz, Yu. A. Aleksandrov, V. V. Andreyanov, A. S. Andrianov, N. M. Antonov, M. Yu. Arkhipov, N. G. Babakin, K. G. Belousov, J. J. Berulis, A. V. Biryukov, M. S. Burgin, V. S. Bychkova, V. I. Vasil’kov, I. S. Vinogradov, P. A. Voitsik, A. S. Gvamichava, I. A. Girin, R. D. Dagkesamanskii, V. I. Zhuravlev, A. N. Zinov’ev, B. Z. Kanevskii, I. A. Knorin, Yu. A. Kovalev, Yu. Yu. Kovalev, A. V. Kovalenko, G. D. Kopelyanskii, Yu. A. Korneev, V. I. Kostenko, A. N. Kotik, B. B. Kreisman, A. M. Kut’kin, M. G. Larionov, M. M. Lisakov, S. F. Likhachev, L. N. Likhacheva, S. V. Logvinenko, T. A. Mizyakina, N. Ya. Nikolaev, B. S. Novikov, I. D. Novikov, V. V. Oreshko, I. N. Pashchenko, Yu. N. Ponomarev, M. V. Popov, V. N. Pyshnov, V. A. Rudakov, S. V. Sazankov, V. I. Slysh, A. I. Smirnov, V. A. Soglasnov, K. V. Sokolovskii, S. D. Fedorchuk, G. S. Tsarevskii, A. A. Chuprikov, M. V. Shatskaya, N. Ya. Shapirovskaya, L. A. Shnyreva & V. E. Yakimov

  2. Lavochkin Scientific and Production Association, ul. Leningradskaya 24, Khimki, Moscow region, 141400, Russia

    V. V. Khartov, M. I. Artyukhov, V. E. Babyshkin, R. V. Komaev, M. V. Melekhin, A. V. Menderov, Yu. V. Mozgovoi, S. K. Semenov, V. A. Serebrennikov, A. I. Sheikhet & A. E. Shirshakov

  3. Institute of Radio Technology and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    V. V. Abramov, M. S. Turygin & S. Yu. Turygin

  4. Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, P.B. 6, Narayangoan, Tal-Junnar, Pune, Maharashtra, India

    S. Ananthakrishnan & A. Pravin-Kumar

  5. Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), P. O. Box 2, 7990 AA, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands

    W. Baan & L. H. Sondaar

  6. “Vremya-Ch” Joint Stock Company, ul. Osharskaya 67, Nizhni Novgorod, 603105, Russia

    A. A. Belyaev, S. Yu. Medvedev, Yu. K. Pavlenko & B. A. Sakharov

  7. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    B. F. Burke

  8. Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    A. E. Bubnov, A. Yu. Kukushkin, B. S. Novikov, D. P. Skulachev & Yu. B. Khapin

  9. Observatoire de Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland

    G. Busca & P. Rocha

  10. “Salut-27” Private Joint Stock Company, Research and Production Enterprise, Nizhni Novgorod, 603105, Russia

    A. A. Bykadorov

  11. Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO Division of Radio Physics, Sydney, Australia

    K. J. Wellington, D. L. Jauncey, D. N. Cooper, K. McCracken & R. D. Ekers

  12. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91011, USA

    R. Wietfeldt, L. D’Addario, D. W. Murphy, R. A. Preston & J. G. Smith

  13. Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe, Postbus 2, 7990, AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands

    L. I. Gurvits & J. L. Casse

  14. Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyerveg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands

    L. I. Gurvits

  15. INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129, Bologna, Italy

    G. Giovannini

  16. Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita di Bologna, via Zamboni 33, 40126, Bologna, Italy

    G. Giovannini

  17. SKA Program Development Office, University ofManchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK

    P. E. Dewdney

  18. Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia

    A. A. D’yakov, A. V. Ipatov, I. A. Rakhimov, A. M. Finkel’shtein & V. V. Shpilevskii

  19. Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    V. E. Zharov & K. V. Sokolovskii

  20. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miusskaya 4, Moscow, 125047, Russia

    G. S. Zaslavskii, M. V. Zakhvatkin, V. A. Stepan’yants & A. G. Tuchin

  21. Ilinen Company, Helsinki, Finland

    Yu. Ilinen

  22. National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Edgemont Rd., Charlottesville, VA, 22903-2475, USA

    K. I. Kellermann & E. B. Fomalont

  23. Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, 69 Auf dem Hügel, 53121, Bonn, Germany

    Yu. Yu. Kovalev, A. P. Lobanov, J. A. Zensus & A. Schmidt

  24. Moscow Energy Institute, Moscow, Russia

    B. L. Kogan

  25. Radio Astronomy Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ul. Krasnoznamennaya 24, Khar’kov, 61002, Ukraine

    A. A. Konovalenko, V. F. Kulishenko & L. N. Litvinenko

  26. Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada

    N. Bartel’ & W. H. Cannon

  27. National Radio Astronomy Observatory, P. O. Box 2, Rt. 28/92, Green Bank, WV, 24944-0002, USA

    G. Langston

  28. Raketno-Kosmicheskie Sistemy, ul. Aviamotornaya 53, Moscow, 111250, Russia

    V. M. Rozhkov

  29. National Radio Astronomy Observatory, P. O. Box 0, 1003, Lopezville Rd., Socorro, NM, 87801-7000, USA

    J. D. Romney

  30. Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 13000, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland

    A. Räisänen & S. Urpo

  31. University of Manchester, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK

    R. T. Schilizzi

  32. FÖMI Satellite Geodetic Obsevatory, Renc, Hungary

    I. Fejes

  33. Ekologiya i Radiosvyaz, Private Joint Stock Company, ul. Vaneeva 34, kv. 21, 603105, Nizhni Novgorod, Russia

    A. N. Fomina

Authors
  1. N. S. Kardashev
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  2. V. V. Khartov
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  3. V. V. Abramov
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  4. V. Yu. Avdeev
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  5. A. V. Alakoz
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  6. Yu. A. Aleksandrov
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  7. S. Ananthakrishnan
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  8. V. V. Andreyanov
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  9. A. S. Andrianov
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  10. N. M. Antonov
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  11. M. I. Artyukhov
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  12. M. Yu. Arkhipov
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  13. W. Baan
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  14. N. G. Babakin
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  15. V. E. Babyshkin
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  16. N. Bartel’
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  17. K. G. Belousov
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  18. A. A. Belyaev
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  19. J. J. Berulis
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  20. B. F. Burke
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  21. A. V. Biryukov
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  22. A. E. Bubnov
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  23. M. S. Burgin
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  24. G. Busca
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  25. A. A. Bykadorov
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  26. V. S. Bychkova
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  27. V. I. Vasil’kov
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  28. K. J. Wellington
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  29. I. S. Vinogradov
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  30. R. Wietfeldt
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  31. P. A. Voitsik
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  32. A. S. Gvamichava
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  33. I. A. Girin
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  34. L. I. Gurvits
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  35. R. D. Dagkesamanskii
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  36. L. D’Addario
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  37. G. Giovannini
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  38. D. L. Jauncey
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  39. P. E. Dewdney
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  40. A. A. D’yakov
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  41. V. E. Zharov
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  42. V. I. Zhuravlev
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  43. G. S. Zaslavskii
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  44. M. V. Zakhvatkin
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  45. A. N. Zinov’ev
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  46. Yu. Ilinen
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  47. A. V. Ipatov
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  48. B. Z. Kanevskii
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  49. I. A. Knorin
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  50. J. L. Casse
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  51. K. I. Kellermann
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  52. Yu. A. Kovalev
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to N. S. Kardashev or M. Yu. Arkhipov.

Additional information

Original Russian Text © N.S. Kardashev, V.V. Khartov, V.V. Abramov, V.Yu. Avdeev, A.V. Alakoz, Yu.A. Aleksandrov, S.Ananthakrishnan, V.V. Andreyanov, A.S. Andrianov, N.M. Antonov, M.I. Artyukhov, M.Yu. Arkhipov, W. Baan, N.G. Babakin, N. Bartel’, V.E. Babyshkin, K.G. Belousov, A.A. Belyaev, J.J. Berulis, B.F. Burke, A.V. Biryukov, A.E. Bubnov, M.S. Burgin, G. Busca, A.A. Bykadorov, V.S. Bychkova, V.I. Vasil’kov, K.J. Wellington, I.S. Vinogradov, R. Wietfeldt, P.A. Voitsik, A.S. Gvamichava, I.A. Girin, L.I. Gurvits, R.D. Dagkesamanskii, L.D’Addario, G. Giovannini, D.L. Jauncey, P.E. Dewdney, A.A. D’yakov, V.E. Zharov, V.I. Zhuravlev, G.S. Zaslavskii, M.V. Zakhvatkin, A.N. Zinov’ev, Yu. Ilinen, A.V. Ipatov, B.Z. Kanevski, I.A. Knorin, J.L. Casse, K.I. Kellermann, Yu.A. Kovalev, Yu.Yu. Kovalev, A.V. Kovalenko, B.L. Kogan, R.V. Komaev, A.A. Konovalenko, G.D. Kopelyanski, Yu.A. Korneev, V.I. Kostenko, A.N. Kotik, B.B. Kreisman, A.Yu. Kukushkin, V.F. Kulishenko, D.N. Cooper, A.M. Kut’kin, W.H. Cannon, M.G. Larionov, M.M. Lisakov, L.N. Litvinenko, S.F. Likhachev, L.N. Likhacheva, A.P. Lobanov, S.V. Logvinenko, G. Langston, K. McCracken, S.Yu. Medvedev, M.V. Melekhin, A.V. Menderov, D.W. Murphy, T.A. Mizyakina, Yu.V. Mozgovoi, N.Ya. Nikolaev, B.S. Novikov, I.D. Novikov, V.V. Oreshko, Yu.K. Pavlenko, I.N. Pashchenko, Yu.N. Ponomarev, M.V. Popov, A. Pravin-Kumar, R.A. Preston, V.N. Pyshnov, I.A. Rakhimov, V.M. Rozhkov, J.D. Romney, P. Rocha, V.A. Rudakov, A. Räisänen, S.V. Sazankov, B.A. Sakharov, S.K. Semenov, V.A. Serebrennikov, R.T. Schilizzi, D.P. Skulachev, V.I. Slysh, A.I. Smirnov, J.G. Smith, V.A. Soglasnov, K.V. Sokolovskii, L.H. Sondaar, V.A. Stepan’yants, M.S. Turygin, S.Yu. Turygin, A.G. Tuchin, S. Urpo, S.D. Fedorchuk, A.M. Finkel’shtein, E.B. Fomalont, I. Fejes, A.N. Fomina, Yu.B. Khapin, G.S. Tsarevskii, J.A. Zensus, A.A. Chuprikov, M.V. Shatskaya, N.Ya. Shapirovskaya, A.I. Sheikhet, A.E. Shirshakov, A. Schmid, L.A. Shnyreva, V.V. Shpilevskii, R.D. Ekers, V.E. Yakimov, 2013, published in Astronomicheskii Zhurnal, 2013, Vol. 90, No. 3, pp. 179–222.

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Kardashev, N.S., Khartov, V.V., Abramov, V.V. et al. “RadioAstron”-A telescope with a size of 300 000 km: Main parameters and first observational results. Astron. Rep. 57, 153–194 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063772913030025

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