The foundation of ecological restoration is how to preserve biocoenoses (i.e. functional ecosystems) and how to restore and reconstruct them where they were destroyed. One of the most important challenges is the restoration of complex, multilayer forests representing the potential natural vegetation. Native forests have functions in disaster mitigation and environmental protection, as well as providing the basis of existence for local people and maintaining gene pools for the future. Through vegetation surveys in Japan and South-east Asia, we have established basic principles in vegetation-ecological restoration of forests. We have been restoring expected disaster-mitigation and environmental protection forests, as experimental reforestation projects, since the 1970s at more than 750 sites throughout the 3000 km long Japanese Archipelago, and since the 1980s in parts of South-east Asia, China and South America. The restoration movement has spread from a local activity to a global movement. We aim for the sustainable development of human society through ecological restoration of living environments.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Clements F. E. (1916) Plant Succession, an Analysis of the Development of Vegetation, vol. 1. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, Washington.
Miyawaki A., Fujiwara K., Minowa R., Mochizuki R., Murakami Y., Okuda S., Sasaki Y., Suzuki, K. & Tsurumaki K.(1980) Vegetation of Japan vol. 1. pp. 81–305 (In Japanese with English and German summaries). Yakushima, Shibundo, Tokyo.
Miyawaki A., Fujiwara K., Itow S., Kawano K., Murakami Y., Nakamura Y., Ohno K., Okuda S., Sasaki Y. & Suzuki K. (1981) Vegetation of Japan. vol 2. pp. 75–422 (In Japanese with English and German summaries). Kyushu Shibundo, Tokyo.
Miyawaki A., Fujiwara K., Morimoto K., Murakami Y., Nakamura Y., Okuda S., Sasaki Y., Suzuki K. & Suzuki S. (1982) Vegetation of Japan. vol 3. pp. 84–479 (In Japanese with English and German summaries). Shikoku, Shibundo, Tokyo.
Miyawaki A., Fujiwara K., Hada Y., Itoh S., Miyata I., Miyoshi N., Murakami Y., Nakagoshi N., Nakanishi H., Nakamura Y., Ohno K., Okuda S., Sasaki Y., Shimizu H., Suzuki S. & Toyohara G. (1983) Vegetation of Japan. vol 4. pp. 90–465 (In Japanese with English and German summaries). Chugoku, Shibundo, Tokyo.
Miyawaki A., Fujiwara K., Goto S., Murakami Y., Nakagoshi N., Nakanishi S., Nakamura Y., Ohno K., Okuda S., Suganuma T., Suzuki K. & Suzuki S. (1984) Vegetation of Japan. vol 5. pp. 106–515 (In Japanese with English and German summaries). Kinki, Shibundo, Tokyo.
Miyawaki A., Aizawa Y., Fujiwara K., Hukushima T., Kim J., Kim S., Matsui H., Matsuda Y., Minamikawa M., Murakami Y., Nakamura Y., Ohno K., Okuda S., Sasaki Y., Shimizu T., Suzuki K., Suzuki S., Tohyama M. & Wada K. (1985) Vegetation of Japan. vol 6. pp. 96–521 (In Japanese with English and German summaries). Chubu, Shibundo, Tokyo.
Miyawaki A., Fujiwara K., Kim J., Murakami Y., Nakamura Y., Nomoto N., Ohno K., Okuda S., Sasaki Y., Suzuki K., Suzuki S., Takeuchi K. & Tohyama M. (1986) Vegetation of Japan. vol 7. pp. 123–394 (In Japanese with English and German summaries). Kanto, Shibundo, Tokyo.
Miyawaki A., Fujiwara K., Fujiwara R., Iizumi S., Ishizuka K., Kashimura T., Kikuchi T., Makita H., Murakami Y., Naito T., Nakamura Y., Ohno K., Okuda S., Sasaki Y., Sugawara K., Suzuki K., Suzuki S. & Tohyama M. (1987) Vegetation of Japan. vol 8. pp. 149–516 (In Japanese with English and German summaries). Tohoku, Shibundo, Tokyo.
Miyawaki A., Fujiwara K., Ito K., Kim J., Murakami Y., Nakamura Y., Ohno K., Okuda S., Sasaki Y., Sato K., Shinjo H., Suzuki K., Suzuki S., Tachibana H., Tohyama M., Tsujii T. & Tsukada M. (1988) Vegetation of Japan. vol 9. pp. 158–474 (In Japanese with English and German summaries). Hokkaido, Shibundo, Tokyo.
Miyawaki A., Fujiwara K., Miyagi K., Murakami Y., Nakamura Y., Ohno K., Ohno T., Okuda S., Okutomi K., Ono M., Shimizu Y., Suzuki K., Suzuki S. & Tohyama M. (1989) Vegetation of Japan. vol 10. pp. 247–564 (In Japanese with English and German summaries). Okinawa and Ogasawara, Shibundo Tokyo.
Miyawaki A. (1975) Entwicklung der Umweltschtz-Pflanzungen und-Ansaaten in Japan. In: Sukuzessionsforschung (ed. R. Tüxen) Berichte Über Internationales Symposium der Internationalen Vereinigung für Vegetationskunde, pp. 237–254. J. Cramer, Vaduz.
Miyawaki A. (1979) Vegetation und Vegetationskarten auf den Japanischen Inseln. Bulletin of Yokohama Phytosociological Society. Japan (Festschrift für Prof. R. Tüxen) 16: 49–70. mit 2 farb. Vegetationskarte.
Miyawaki A. (1981) Energy policy and green environment on the base of ecology. In: Beyond the Energy Crisis Opportunity and Challenge (eds R. A. Fazzolage & C. B. Smith) pp. 581–587. Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York.
Miyawaki A. (1982a) Umweltschutz in Japan an der Vegetationsökologischer Grundlage. Bulletin of Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Yokohama National University 8: 107–120 (German with English synopsis).
Miyawaki A. (1982b) Anthropogene Veränderungen der Struktur und Dynamik Immer- und Sommergrüne Laubwälder auf den Japanischen Inseln. In: Struktur und Dynamik von Wäldern Berichte über Internationales Symposium der Internationalen Vereinigung für Vegetationskunde (ed. H. Dierschke) pp. 659–679. J. Cramer, Vaduz.
Miyawaki A. (1982c) Phytosociological study of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bulletin of Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Yokohama National University 8: 219–232 (in Japanese with English synopsis).
Miyawaki A. (1989a) Restoration of evergreen broad-leaved forest (‘laurel forest’) in Japan. The World Community in Post Industrial Society. The human encounter with nature: Destruction and Reconstruction 5, pp. 130–147. Wooseok Publishing, Seoul.
Miyawaki A. (1989b) Forest types in East Asia and their dynamics under human impact, emphasizing the Japanese Archipelago Studies in Plant Ecology 18: 180–182.
Miyawaki A. (1990) A vegetation-ecological view of the Japanese Archipelago. Ecology International Bulletin 18: 13–28.
Miyawaki A. (1991) New succession theory and its application for creation of environmental protection forests. 34th IAVS Symposium on ‘Mechanism in Vegetation Dynamics, 26–30 August 1991. Eger, Hungary.
Miyawaki A. (1992) Restoration of evergreen broad-leaved forests in Pacific region. In: Ecosystem Rehabilitation (ed. M. K. Wali), vol. 2, pp. 233–245. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.
Miyawaki A. (1993) Restoration of native forests from Japan to Malaysia. In: Restoration of Tropical Forest Ecosystem (eds H. Lieth & M. Lohmann). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Miyawaki A. (1996) Restoration of biodiversity in urban and peri-urban environments with native forests. In: Biodiversity, Science and Development, Towards a New Partnership (eds F. di Castri & T. Younes) pp. 558–565. CAB International, Cambridge.
Miyawaki A. (1997) Green Environments and Vegetation Science-Chinju-No-Mori to the Global Forest. NTT Publishing, Tokyo (In Japanese).
Miyawaki A. (1998) Restoration of urban green environments based on the theories of vegetation ecology. Ecological Engineering 11: 157–165.
Miyawaki A. (1999) Creative ecology – restoration of native forests by native trees. Plant Biotechnology 16: 15–25.
Miyawaki A. (2001) A vegetation-ecological study on regeneration and restoration of vegetation. Vegetation Science News 6: 55–62. (In Japanese).
Miyawaki A. & Abe S. (2002) A reforestation project of lowland forest in Brazilian Amazon - Growth behavior in ten years. Abstracts of 45th Symposium of IAVS; 3–8 March 2002, Porto Alegre, Brazil, p. 114.
Miyawaki A. & Fujiwara K. (1970) Vegetationskundliche Untersuchungen im OzeGahara-Moor, Mittel-Japan. The National Parks Association of Japan, Tokyo. (In Japanese with German summary).
Miyawaki A., Fujiwara K., Nakamura Y. & Kimura M. (1983) Ökologische und Vegetationskundliche Untersuchungen zur Schaffung von Umweltschutzwäldern in den Industrie-Gebieten Japans. Bulletin of the Yokohama Phytosociological Society 22: 84–151 (In Japanese with German and English summaries).
Miyawaki A., Fujiwara K. & Ozawa M. (1993) Native forest by native trees-restoration of indigenous forest ecosystem. (Reconstruction of environmental protection forest by Prof. Miyawaki’s Method). Bulletin of Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Yokohama National University 19: 73–107 (In English and Japanese).
Miyawaki A. & Golley F. B. (1993) Forest reconstruction as ecological engineering. Ecological Engineering 2: 333–345.
Miyawaki A, Harada H. & Ude K. (1979) Vegetationskundliche Untersuchung zur Schaffung von Umweltschutzwäldern um Industrie-Anlagen, Erlautert am Beispiel der 11 Fabriken der Tore-Industrie-AG. Bulletin of the Yokohama Phytosociological Society 8: 1–50 (In Japanese with German summary).
Miyawaki A. & Meguro S. (2000) Planting experiments for the restoration of tropical rainforest in Southeast Asia and a comparison with laurel forest at Tokyo Bay. Proceedings of IAVS Symposium, 2000 IAVS, pp. 249–250. Opulus Press, Uppsala.
Miyawaki A. & Ohba T. (1963) Castanopsis sieboldii-Wälder auf den Amami-Inseln. Science Report of the Yokohama National University II Biological and Geological Sciences 9: 31–48.
Tüxen R. (1956) Die huetige potentielle natürliche Vegetation als Gegestand der Vegetationskarierung. Angewandte Pflanzensozioligie 13: 5–42.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
MIYAWAKI, A. Restoration of living environment based on vegetation ecology: Theory and practice. Ecol Res 19, 83–90 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1703.2003.00606.x
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1703.2003.00606.x