Abstract
In 1959, LJ Savage attended a statistics seminar held in his honour at the University of London, confronting those present with a radically different approach to reasoning about uncertainty. Britain was well placed to respond to Savage, as very similar ideas had been laid out in Britain a full generation earlier, and in the next few decades, British and British-based practitioners and researchers championed a collection of techniques for thinking quantitatively about uncertainty (which we call ‘Probabilistic Decision Analysis’), developing practice, and contributing to theoretic knowledge about the underlying psychology and mathematics. This effectively turned a collection of purely theoretical ideas into a practical modelling technology. In the first decade of the 21st century, some 50 years on, these ideas have made a noticeable influence on practice and thinking in various domains, but numerous challenges still remain.
References
Adelson RM (1977). Comment on ‘Discussion on control'. Opl Res Quart 28: 105–107.
Barclay S, Brown RV, Kelly CW, Peterson CR III,, Phillips LD and Selvidge J (1977). ARPA Handbook for Decision Analysis. Decisions and Designs: McLean, VA.
Beattie DW (1969). Marketing a new product. Opl Res Quart 20: 429–435.
Bedford T and Cooke R (2001). Probabilistic Risk Analysis. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Bernstein PL (1996). Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk. Wiley: Chichester.
Blackett PMS (1950). Operational Research. Opl Res Quart 1: 3–6.
Briggs A, Sculpher M and Claxton K (2006). Decision Modelling for Health Economic Evaluation. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Brown RV, Kahr AS and Peterson C (1974a). Decision Analysis for the Manager. Holt, Rinehart and Winston: New York.
Brown RV, Kahr AS and Peterson C (1974b). Decision Analysis: An Overview. Holt, Rinehart and Winston: New York.
Bunn DW (1982). Analysis for Optimal Decisions. Wiley: Chichester.
Bunn DW (1984). Applied Decision Analysis. McGraw-Hill: London.
Chapman M (1980). Decision Analysis: Civil Service College Handbook 21. HMSO: London.
Dando MR and Bennett PG (1981). A Kuhnian crisis in management science? J Opl Res Soc 32: 92–103.
David FN (1962). Games, Gods and Gambling: A History of Probability and Statistical Ideas. Griffin: London.
Edwards W, Miles RF and von Winterfeldt D (2007). Advances in Decision Analysis: From Foundations to Applications. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
French S (1978). Viewpoint. J Opl Res Soc 29: 179–180.
French S (1986). Decision Theory: An Introduction to the Mathematics of Rationality. Ellis Horwood: Chichester.
French S (1989). Readings in Decision Analysis. Chapman and Hall: London.
French S, Hartley R, Thomas L, White D and Tocher KD (1978). Comments on the relevance of utility theory to modern society. J Opl Res Soc 29: 1132–1133.
Goodwin P and Wright G (1991). Decision Analysis for Management Judgement. Wiley: Chichester.
Goodwin P and Wright G (2004). Decision Analysis for Management Judgement. Wiley: Chichester.
Hacking I (1984). The Emergence of Probability. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Hampton JM, Moore PG and Thomas H (1973). Subjective probability and its measurement. J Roy Stat Soc 136: 21–42.
Hertz DB and Thomas H (1983). Risk Analysis and Its Applications. Wiley: Chichester.
HM Treasury (2003). The Green Book: Appraisal and Evaluation in Central Government. London: TSO.
Howard RA (1966). Decision Analysis: Applied decision theory. In: Hertz D.B. and Melesej J. (eds). Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Operational Research. Wiley-Interscience: New York.
Howard RA (1988). Decision Analysis: Practice and promise. Mngt Sci 34: 679–695.
Howie D (2002). Interpreting Probability: Controversies and Developments in the Early 20th Century. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Howson C and Urbach P (2005). Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach. Open Court: La Salle, IL.
Hull J, Moore PG and Thomas H (1973). Utility and its measurement. J Roy Stat Soc 136: 226–247.
Jaynes ET and Bretthorst GL (2003). Probability Theory: The Logic of Science: Principles and Elementary Applications. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Jeffreys H (1939). Theory of Probability. Clarendon: Oxford.
Kirby MW (2000). Operations Research Trajectories: The Anglo-American experience from the 1940s to the 1990s. Opns Res 48: 661–670.
Lauritzen SL and Spiegelhalter DJ (1988). Local computations with probabilities on graphical structure and applications to expert systems. J Roy Stat Soc B 50: 157–224.
Lichtenstein S and Slovic P (eds) (2006). The Construction of Preference. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
Lichtenstein S, Fischhoff B and Phillips LD (1982). Calibration of probabilities: The state of the art to 1980. In: Kahneman D., Slovic P. and Tversky A. (eds). Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
Lindley DV (1958). Professor Hogben's ‘Crisis’—A survey of the foundations of statistics. Appl Stat 7: 186–198.
Lindley DV (1971). Making Decisions. Wiley: Chichester.
Luce RD and Raiffa H (1957). Games and Decisions. New York.
Moore PG (1983). The Business of Risk. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Moore PG and Thomas H (1976). The Anatomy of Decisions. Penguin: Harmondsworth.
Moore PG, Thomas H, Bunn DW and Hampton JM (1976). Case Studies in Decision Analysis. Penguin: Harmondsworth.
Morgan MG and Henrion M (1990). Uncertainty: A Guide to Dealing with Uncertainty in Quantitative Risk and Policy Analysis. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
Nirex (2006). A Procedure for Data Elicitation in Support of Performance Assessments: Nirex Report N/132. Nirex: Didcot.
O'Hagan A, Buck CE, Daneshkhah A, Eiser JR, Garthwaite PH, Jenkinson DJ, Oakley JE and Rakow T (2006). Uncertain Judgements: Eliciting Experts' Probabilities. Wiley: Chichester.
Oliver RM and Smith JQ (eds) (1990). Influence Diagrams, Belief Nets and Decision Analysis. Wiley: Chichester.
OR/MS Today (2006). Decision Analysis Software Survey OR/MS Today, December, http://www.lionhrtpub.com/orms/surveys/das/das.html, accessed 8 January 2008.
Pearman AD (1987). The application of decision-analysis—a US/UK Comparison. J Opl Res Soc 38: 775–783.
Phillips LD (1970). The ‘true probability’ problem. Acta Psychol 34: 254–264.
Phillips LD (1982). Requisite decision modelling: A case study. J Opl Res Soc 33: 303–311.
Phillips LD (1984). A theory of requisite decision models. Acta Psychol 56: 29–48.
Phillips LD (1989). Decision Analysis in the 1990s. In: Shahani A. and Stainton R. (eds). Tutorial papers in Opl Res. Operational Research Society: Birmingham.
Phillips LD (1990). Decision analysis for group support. In: Eden C. and Radford J. (eds). Tackling Strategic Problems. Sage: London.
Phillips LD (2005). Decision Analysis in 2005. In: Robinson A. and Parkin J. (eds). OR47: Keynote and Tutorials. The OR Society: Birmingham.
Phillips LD and Wisbey SJ (1993). The Elicitation of Judgmental Probability Distributions from Groups of Experts: A Description of the Methodology and Records of Seven Formal Elicitation Sessions Held in 1991 and 1992: Safety Studies—Nirex Radioactive Waste Disposal NSS/B101. Nirex: Didcot.
Phillips LD and Wisniewski TK (1983). Bayesian models for computer-aided underwriting. Statistician 32: 252–263.
Raiffa H (1968). Decision Analysis: Introductory Lectures on Choices Under Uncertainty. Random House: New York.
Raiffa H (2002). Decision analysis: A personal account of how it got started and evolved. Opns Res 50: 179–185.
Ramsey FP (1978). Truth and probability. In: Mellor D.H. (ed). Foundations : Essays in Philosophy, Logic, Mathematics and Economics. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London.
Savage LJ (1954). The Foundations of Statistics. Wiley: New York.
Savage LJ, Bartlett MS, Barnard GA, Cox DR, Pearson ES and Smith CAB (1962). The Foundations of Statistical Inference. Methuen: London.
Schum DA (1994). The Evidential Foundations of Probabilistic Reasoning. Wiley: Chichester.
Shanteau J, Mellers BA and Schum DA (eds) (1999). Decision Science and Technology: Reflections on the Contributions of Ward Edwards. Kluwer: Dordrecht.
Smith JQ (1988). Decision Analysis: A Bayesian Approach. Chapman and Hall: London.
Spiegelhalter DJ, Dawid AP, Lauritzen SL and Cowell RG (1993). Bayesian analysis in expert systems. Stat Sci 8: 219–247.
Staël von Holstein C-AS and Matheson J (1979). A Manual for Encoding Probability Distributions. SRI International: Menlo Park, CA.
Stern N (2007). The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Thomas H (1972). Decision Theory and the Manager. Pitman: London.
Thomas H and Samson D (1986). Subjective aspects of the art of decision-analysis: Exploring the role of decision-analysis in decision structuring, decision support and policy dialogue. J Opl Res Soc 37: 249–265.
Thrall RM, Coombs CH and Davis RL (1954). Decision Processes. Wiley: New York.
Tocher KD (1976). Notes for discussion on ‘Control’. Opl Res Quart 27: 231–239.
Tocher KD (1977a). Discussion on control—Reply to a comment on my paper. Opl Res Quart 28: 107.
Tocher KD (1977b). Planning systems. Philosoph Trans Roy Soc London 287: 425–441.
Tocher KD (1977c). Viewpoint. J Opl Res Soc 29: 180–182.
Tocher KD (1978). Viewpoint. J Opl Res Soc 29: 1134–1135.
Ulvila JW and Brown RV (1982). Decision analysis comes of age. Harvard Bus Rev 60: 130–141.
Watson SR and Buede DM (1987). Decision Synthesis: The Principles and Practice of Decision Analysis. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
White DJ (1969). Decision Theory. Allen and Unwin: London.
Woo G (1999). The Mathematics of Natural Catastrophes. Imperial College Press: London.
Wright G and Ayton P (eds) (1994). Subjective Probability. Chichester: Wiley.
Zeckhauser RJ, Keeney RL, and Sebenius JK (eds) (1996). Wise Choices: Decisions, Games and Negotiations. Harvard Business School Press: Boston.
Acknowledgements
This paper is based on one of the two keynotes in the decision analysis stream of the 50th OR Society conference in York, 2008, and interested readers are welcome to contact us for the presentation slides. We are grateful to the organizers of OR50 for inviting us to give this paper and to the guest editor and two referees for their helpful comments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Morton, A., Phillips, L. Fifty years of probabilistic decision analysis: a view from the UK. J Oper Res Soc 60 (Suppl 1), S33–S40 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2008.175
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2008.175