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Effect of thymol and resveratrol administered with candy or syrup on the development of Nosema ceranae and on the longevity of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in laboratory conditions

Effet du thymol et du resveratrol, administrés avec du sucre candi ou du sirop, sur le développement de Nosema ceranae et sur la longévité des abeilles (Apis mellifera), en conditions de laboratoire

Der Effekt von Thymol und Resveratrol, verabreicht mit Sirup oder Zuckerteig, auf die Entwicklung von Nosema ceranae und die Lebensdauer von Honigbienen Apis mellifera) unter Laborbedingungen

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of thymol and resveratrol administered in two different formulation modes (candy and syrup) on the development of Nosema ceranae and on the longevity of honey bees. Emerging bees from a nosema-free apiary were individually infected with 1 μL of sucrose syrup containing 18000 spores of N. ceranae, placed in cages, and kept in an incubator at 33 °C and 65% RH. The experimental groups were fed candy or syrup prepared with thymol (100 ppm) or resveratrol (10 ppm). Infection levels were monitored over a 25 day period by removal and dissection of two live bees per cage. On day 25, post-infection bees fed with thymol syrup had significantly lower levels of infection (60 ± 9 million spores/bee) compared to control bees (138 ± 7 million spores/bee). Bees fed with thymol or resveratrol syrup lived significantly longer (23 and 25 days, respectively) than bees fed with control syrup (20 days). Thymol treated syrup appears to be promising in the control of nosema infection.

Zusammenfassung

Der Parasit Nosema ceranae, ursprünglich von der asiatischen Honigbiene Apis cerana stammend, ist in den letzten Jahren in Honigbienen europäischer Abstammung auf der ganzen Welt nachgewiesen worden und wird von einigen Autoren auch für den plötzlichen Zusammenbruch von Völkern verantwortlich gemacht. In einem vorhergegangenen Experiment untersuchten wir einige natürliche Substanzen auf ihre Wirkung auf eine Nosema-Infektion und fanden einen vielversprechenden hemmenden Effekt von Thymol und Resveratrol, die in Zuckerteig verabreicht wurden. In dieser Untersuchung verglichen wir den Effekt von Thymol (100 ppm) und Resveratrol (10 ppm) auf den Infektionsverlauf von künstlich mit N. ceranae infizierten Bienen in zwei verschiedenen Verabreichungsformen, Zuckerteig und Sirup.

Frisch geschlüpfte Nosema-freie Arbeiterinnen wurden individuell mit 1 μL Saccharosesirup gefüttert, der 18 000 N. ceranae Sporen enthielt. Die Entwicklung der Infektion wurde beobachtet, indem aus jedem Käfig zu den Beobachtungszeitpunkten an Tag 8, 13, 19 und 25 p.i. zwei lebende Bienen entnommen und seziert wurden; die Zahl der toten Bienen wurde täglich protokolliert. Die Ergebnisse der Überlebensanalyse (Abb. 1, Tab. I) zeigten, dass 12 Tage nach Beginn des Experiments in allen Gruppen noch etwa 90 % der Bienen am Leben waren, unabhängig von der verabreichten aktiven Substanz oder der Verabreichungsform. Am Ende des Experiments gab es dagegen deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den Behandlungsformen, da Bienen, die mit Sirup gefüttert wurden, der Thymol oder Resveratrol enthielt, signifikant länger überlebten (Median der Überlebenszeit 23 Tage, bzw. 25 Tage) als Bienen, die Kontrollsirup erhielten (Median der Überlebenszeit 20 Tage) oder Bienen, die mit Kontroll-Zuckerteig oder Substanz-Zuckerteig gefüttert wurden.

Die Sporenbelastungen am letzten Beobachtungszeitpunkt (25 d) waren signifikant unterschiedlich, wobei Bienen, die mit Thymol-Sirup oder — Teig gefüttert wurden, am wenigsten Sporen hatten (Tab. II). Bei Bienen, die mit Thymol gefüttert wurden, war die Entwicklung der Infektion deutlich langsamer als in den anderen Gruppen. Am Ende des Experiments traten die höchsten bzw. niedrigsten Infektionsniveaus bei Kontrollzuckerteig bzw. Thymolsirup auf (138,33 ± 6,74 bzw. 60,16 ± 9,17 Millionen Sporen pro Biene ± SE). Thymol, entweder in Sirup oder in Zuckerteig verabreicht, war deutlich in der Lage, die Entwicklung von N. ceranae im Mitteldarm zu verzögern. Es wurde vermutet, dass Thymol die Entwicklung der Infektion durch Perforation der Plasmamembran behindert. Die von jeder Biene durchschnittlich täglich aufgenommene Dosis war 3,2 × 10−3 mg: diese Menge erschien ausreichend, um die Entwicklung der Infektion zu verhindern. Das längere Überleben der mit Resveratrol gefütterten Bienen, in denen die Sporenbelastung sich nicht von den Kontrollbienen unterschied, könnte durch die spezifischen lebens verlängernden anti-oxidativen Eigenschaften dieser Substanz erklärt werden. In der Tat konnte gezeigt werden, dass Resveratrol die Lebensspanne einiger Invertebraten verlängern kann, indem es Enzyme aktiviert, die das Überleben von Zellen fördern. Das Füttern von Bienenvölkern mit Thymol könnte eine effektive Maßnahme sein, um Nosema-Infektionen zu vermindern.

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Correspondence to Lara Maistrello.

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Costa, C., Lodesani, M. & Maistrello, L. Effect of thymol and resveratrol administered with candy or syrup on the development of Nosema ceranae and on the longevity of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in laboratory conditions. Apidologie 41, 141–150 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009070

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