Abstract
The Portuguese Landrace of Eucalyptus globulus is of unknown origin, with the earliest plantings of this tree species dating back to the early 19th century. In Portugal it is currently a major seed source for plantations and is also used in breeding programs. Eucalyptus globulus is native to south-eastern Australia. The substantial genetic differentiation of chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers between different native geographic races of this species allowed us to uncover the Australian origins of the Portuguese Landrace and to study its genetic diversity. To achieve this, we sequenced a highly polymorphic region of chloroplast DNA from 47 Portuguese Landrace individuals, and genotyped 34 of these using seven nuclear microsatellites. We compared these individuals to those in a database comprising chloroplast DNA sequence profiles from 292 native trees and seven nuclear microsatellites from 372 native trees. The majority of the Portuguese Landrace samples had closest affinities, in both marker systems, to native trees from south-eastern Tasmania, but some had affinities to trees from south-eastern Victoria. The discrepancies in the affinities indicated by chloroplast versus nuclear DNA markers could be explained by inter-race hybridisation after introduction. The genetic diversity in the Portuguese Landrace was less than that found in native E. globulus at the species level, but was similar to the average diversity found in native races of the species. This study demonstrates the power of using independent marker systems to identify the origins and diversity of domesticated populations, by comparison with variation in native stands.
Résumé
La race locale portugaise d’Eucalyptus globulus est d’origine inconnue. Les plantations les plus anciennes de cette espèce remontent au début du XIXe siècle. Au Portugal, il s’agit d’une source majeure pour les plantations actuelles et ce matériel est aussi utilisé dans le cadre des programmes d’amélioration. L’Eucalyptus globulus est originaire du Sud-Est de l’Australie. La différenciation génétique très forte entre les différentes races géographiques de cette espèce pour des marqueurs ADN nucléaires et chloroplastiques nous permet de révéler les origines australiennes de cette race locale portugaise et d’étudier sa diversité génétique. Pour cela, nous avons séquencé une région très polymorphe de l’ADN chloroplastique à partir de 47 individus de la race locale portugaise et génotypé 34 d’entre eux en utilisant 7 microsatellites nucléaires. Nous avons comparé ces individus à ceux issus d’une base de données comportant le profil des séquences d’ADN chloroplastiques de 292 arbres de l’aire naturelle ainsi que les 7 microsatellites nucléaires de 372 arbres de l’aire naturelle. La majorité des échantillons de la race locale portugaise montre pour les deux types de marqueurs, la plus grande affinité avec les arbres issus du Sud-Est de la Tasmanie, mais quelques-uns montrent une affinité avec des arbres du Sud-Est de Victoria. Les différences observées entre marqueurs chloroplastiques et nucléaires pourraient s’expliquer par une hybridation inter-raciale après introduction de l’espèce. La diversité génétique de la race locale portugaise est plus faible que celle observée au niveau espèce chez E. globulus dans son aire naturelle, mais elle est semblable à la diversité moyenne observée au niveau des races de l’espèce dans son aire naturelle. L’utilisation de marqueurs indépendants est particulièrement pertinente pour identifier les origines et la diversité des populations domestiquées en comparaison avec la variabilité observée au sein de l’aire naturelle.
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Freeman, J.S., Marques, C.M.P., Carocha, V. et al. Origins and diversity of the Portuguese Landrace of Eucalyptus globulus . Ann. For. Sci. 64, 639–647 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2007042
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2007042