Abstract
The Fusarium species predominantly found associated with Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and other small-grain cereals all over Europe are F. graminearum, F. avenaceum and F. culmorum. Among the less frequently encountered species are several others which are less pathogenic or opportunistic, but also toxigenic. These include F. poae, F. cerealis F. equiseti F. sporotrichioides F. tricinctum and, to a lesser extent, F. acuminatum F. subglutinans F. solani F. oxysporum F. verticillioides F. semitectum and F. proliferatum. The species profile of FHB is due to several factors, primarily climatic conditions, particularly rain and the temperature at flowering stage, but also agronomic factors, such as soil cultivation, nitrogen fertilization, fungicides, crop rotation, and host genotype. The most frequently encountered Fusarium mycotoxins in FHB in Europe has proved to be deoxynivalenol and zearalenone produced by F. graminearum and F. culmorum with the former more common in southern (warmer) and the latter in northern (colder) European areas. Nivalenol was usually found associated with deoxynivalenol and its derivatives (mono-acetyldeoxynivalenols), together with fusarenone-X, formed by F. graminearum F. cerealis F. culmorum and, in northern areas, by F. poae. Moreover, from central to northern European countries, moniliformin has been consistently reported, as a consequence of the widespread distribution of F. avenaceum whereas the occurrence of T-2 toxin derivatives, such as T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin, and diacetoxyscirpenol have been recorded in conjunction with sporadic epidemics of F. sporotrichioides and F. poae. Finally, beauvericin and various enniatins have recently been found in Finnish wheat colonized by F.avenaceum and F. poae.
References
Ablova IB (1997) Resistance to head blight in various types of wheat and triticale in Krasnodar environment. Cereal Research Communications 25: 715–720
Adler A, Lew H, Brodacz W, Edinger W and Oberforster M (1995) Occurrence of moniliformin, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Mycotoxin Research 11: 9–15
Altomare C, Logrieco A, Bottalico A, Mulé G, Moretti A and Evidente A (1995) Production of type A trichothecenes and enniatin B by Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel sensu lato. Mycopathologia 129: 177–181
Aoki T and O'Donnell K (1999a) Morphological and molecular characterization of Fusarium pseudograminearum sp. nov., formerly recognized as Group 1 of F. graminearum and PCR primers for its identification. Mycologia 91: 597–609
Aoki T and O'Donnell K (1999b) Morphological characterization of Gibberella coronicola sp. nov., obtained through mating experiments of Fusarium pseudograminearum. Mycoscience 40: 443–453
Assemat P, Dawson M, Quenin H and Tregou MP (1995) Fusarioses des épis de blé en France. Fréquence et localisation des espèces. Phytoma 479: 22–24
Balmas V and Corazza L (1994) Fusarium graminearum Gruppo 2 agente causale della scabbia del frumento duro nell'Italia centrale. L'Informatore Agrario 11: 59–62
Balmas V, Maccaroni M, Santori A and Corazza L (1999) Fusariosi della spiga di cereali autunno-vernini: Indagine epidemiologica e valutazione della resistenza varietale di frumento duro nell'Italia centrale. L'Informatore Agrario 12: 37–42
Bottalico A (1997) Toxigenic Fusarium species and their mycotoxins in pre-harvest cereals in Europe. Bulletin of the Institute for Comprehensive Agricultural Sciences Kinki University, Nara, Japan 5: 47–62
Bottalico A (1998) Fusarium diseases of cereals: Species complex and related mycotoxins profiles, in Europe. Journal of Plant Pathology 80: 85–103
Bottalico A, Logrieco A and Visconti A (1989) Fusarium species and their mycotoxins in infected cereals in the field and in stored grains. In: Chelkowki J (ed) Fusarium - Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pathogenicity (pp 85–120) Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Bottalico A, Logrieco A and Visconti A (1990) Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium crookwellense Burgess, Nelson and Toussoun. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 29: 124–127
Burgess LW, Summerell BA, Bullock S, Gott KP and Backhouse D (1994) Laboratory manual for Fusarium research. Department of Crop Science and Royal Botanic Garden, University of Sydney, Australia, 133 pp
Burgess LW, Summerell BA, Backhouse D, Benyon F and Levic J (1997) Biodiversity and population studies in Fusarium. Sydowia, special issue 48: 1–11
Casulli F, Pancaldi D, De Lillo E and Alberti I (1995) Observations on wheat crown rot and head blight caused by Fusarium spp. in Italy. In: Abstracts of International Seminar on Fusarium - Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pathogenicity (pp 139–140) May 9-13, 1995, Martina Franca, Italy
Chełkowski J (1989a) Fusarium - Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pathogenicity. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 492 pp
Chełkowski J (1989b) Formation of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium in heads of wheat, triticale and rye. In: Chelkowki J (ed) Fusarium - Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pathogenicity (pp 63–84) Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Chełkowski J (1991a) Cereal grains Mycotoxins, Fungi and Quality in Drying and Storage. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Chełkowski J (1991b) Second European Seminar Fusarium: Mycotoxins, taxonomy, pathogenicity. September 5-7 1990, Poznan, Poland. Mycotoxin Research 7: Part I: 1-96; Part II: 97–187
Chełkowski J, Goliński P, Perkowski J, Visconti A, Rakowska M and W. Wawulinski (1991) Toxinogenicity of Microdochium nivale (Fusarium nivale) isolates from cereals in Poland. Mycotoxin Research 7: 140–145
Daamen RA, Langerak CJ and Stol W (1991) Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in The Netherlands. III. Monographella nivalis and Fusarium spp. in winter wheat fields and seed lots. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 97: 105–114
Delogu G, Faccini N, Lavarelli M, Caruso S, Notario T, Piccioni I, Paoletta G, Riccardi M and Signor M (2001) Le principali malattie dell'orzo. L'Informatore Agrario 1: 40–42
D'Mello JPF, MacDonald AMC, Postel D and Hunter EA (1997) 3-Acetyl deoxynivalenol production in a strain of Fusarium culmorum insensitive to the fungicide difenoconazole. Mycotoxin Research 13: 73–80
De Nijis M, Soentoro P, Delfgou-Van Asch E, Kamphuis H, Rombouts FM and Notermans SHW (1996) Fungal infection and presence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in cereals grown in The Netherlands. Journal of Food Protection 59: 772–777
Elen O, Langseth W, Liu W, Haug G, Skinnes H, Gullord M and Sundheim L (1997) The content of deoxynivalenol and occurrence of Fusarium spp. in cereals from field trials in Norway. Cereal Research Communications 25: 585–586
Eriksen GS and Alexander G (1998) Fusarium toxins in cereals - a risk assessment. TemaNord Food 1998: 502, Nordic Council of Ministers. Expressen Tryk & Kopicenter, Copenaghen, Denmark, 146 pp
Fadl-Allah E, Stack M, Goth R and Bean G (1997) Production of fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 by Fusarium proliferatum isolated from rye grains.Mycotoxin Research 13: 43–48
Gams W (1989) Taxonomy and nomenclature of Microdochium nivale (Fusarium nivale). In: Chełkowski J (ed) Fusarium: Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pathogenicity (pp 195–198) Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Gang G, Miedaner T, Schuhmacher U, Schollenberger M and Geiger HH (1998) Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol production by Fusarium culmorum isolates differing in aggressiveness toward winter rye. Phytopathology 88: 879–884
Goliński P, Perkowski J, Kostecki M, Grabarkiewicz-Szczesna J and Chełkowski J (1997) Fusarium species and Fusarium toxins in wheat in Poland - a comparison with neighbour countries. Sydowia (special issue March 1997) 48: 12–22
Hietaniemi V and Kumpulainen J (1991) Contents of Fusarium toxins in Finnish and imported grains and feeds. Food Additives and Contaminants 8: 171–182
IARC (1993) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic risks to Humans. Vol. 56. Some Naturally Occurring Substances: Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
Infantino A, Conca G, Di Giambattista G, Pucci N and Porta-Puglia A (2001) Lo stato sanitario delle cariossidi di frumento. L'Informatore Agrario 18: 90–91
Kosiak B, Torp M and Thrane U (1997) The occurrence of Fusarium spp. in Norwegian grain - A survey. Cereal Research Communications 25: 595–596
Kostechi M, Szczesna J, Chełkowski J and Wisniewska H (1995) Beauvericin and moniliformin production by Polish isolates of Fusarium subglutinans and natural co-occurrence of both mycotoxins in cereal grain samples. Microbiologie, Aliments, Nutrition 13: 67–70
Kostecki M, Grabarkiewicz-Szczesna J and Goliński P (1997) Simultaneous analysis of beauvericin and moniliformin in fungal cultures and in cereal grain samples. Mycotoxin Research 13: 17–22
Lacicowa B and Kiecana I (1991) Fusariosis of spring barley cultivated in Lublin region. Mycotoxin Research 7: 128–135
Langseth W and Elen O (1996) Differences between barley, oats and wheat in the occurrence of deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes in Norwegian grain. Journal of Phytopathology 144: 113–118
Langseth W and Elen O (1997) The occurrence of deoxynivalenol in Norwegian cereals - differences between years and districts, 1988-1996. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section B, Soil and Plant Science 47: 176–184
Langseth W, Bernhoft A, Rundberget T, Brekke T, Kosiak B and Gareis M (1997) Cytotoxicity and mycotoxin production of Fusarium strains isolated from Norwegian grain. Cereal Research Communications 25: 419–421
LBP - Bayerische Landesanstalt für Bodenkultur und Pflanzenbau (2000) Risiken durch den Ährenparasiten Fusarium graminearum - Ergebnisse eines LBP-Forschungsverbunds. Bodenkultur und Pflanzenbau Vol 3, 107 pp
Leonov AN, Kononenko GP and Soboleva NA (1990) Production of DON-related trichothecenes by Fusarium graminearum Schw. from Krasnodarski krai of the USSR. Mycotoxin Research 6: 54–60
Lepschy-von Gleissenthal J, Dietrich R, Märtlbauer E, Schuster M, Süss A and Terplan G (1989) A survey on the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in Bavarian cereals from the 1987 harvest. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und-Forschung 188: 521–526
Lew H, Chełkowski J, Wakulinski W and Edinger W (1993) Moniliformin in wheat and triticale grain. Mycotoxin Research 9: 66–71
Logrieco A, Vesonder RF, Peterson SW and Bottalico A (1991) Reexamination of the taxonomic disposition of and deoxynivalenol production by Fusarium nivale NRRL 3289. Mycologia 83: 367–370
Logrieco A, Altomare C, Moretti A and Bottalico A (1992) Cultural and toxigenic variability in Fusarium acuminatum. Mycological Research 96: 518–523
Logrieco A, Seifert KA, Leslie JF, Petrini O and Petrini LE (1997) Biodiversity of toxigenic Fusarium species. Sydowia special issue 1997 Verlag, Horn, Austria, 228 pp
Logrieco A, Rizzo A, Ferracane L and Ritieni A (2002) Occurrence of beauvericin and enniatins in wheat affected by Fusarium avenaceum head blight. Applied Environmental Microbiology 68(1): 82–85
Mauler-Machnik A and Suty A (1997) New findings on the epidemiology, importance and control of Fusarium ear blight on wheat. Cereal Research Communications 25: 705–709
Maurin N and Chenet I (1993) Espèces de Fusarium présentes dans les cultures de céréales en France. Phytoma 453: 20–22
Mesterházy Á (1997a) Proceedings of the Fifth European Fusarium Seminar, Szeged, Hungary, 29 August-5 September 1997. Cereal Research Communications 25(3)/1-2: 231–867
Mesterházy Á (1997b) Methodology of resistance testing and breeding against Fusarium head blight in wheat and results of the selection. Cereal Research Communications 25: 631–637
Mesterházy á, Bartók T, Téren J and Korom Á (1991) Resistance level and toxin contamination in wheat and corn after artificial inoculation. Mycotoxin Research 7/1: 64–67
Miller JD (1995) Fungi and mycotoxins in grains: Implications for stored product research. Journal of Stored Products Research 31: 1–16
Miller JD, Greenhalgh R, Wang YZ and Lu M (1991) Trichothecene chemotype of three Fusarium species. Mycologia 83: 121–130
Miller JD and Trenholm HL (1994) Mycotoxins in Grains: Compounds other than Aflatoxins. Eagan Press, St. Paul, Minnesota
Müller HM and Schwadorf K (1993a) Natural occurrence of Fusarium toxins in barley grown in a south-western area of Germany. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 51: 532–537
Müller HM and Schwadorf K (1993b) A survey of the natural occurrence of Fusarium toxins in wheat grown in a southwestern area of Germany. Mycopathologia 121: 115–121
Müller HM and Reiman J (1997) Fusarium toxins in wheat harvested during six years in an area of South West Germany. Natural Toxins 5: 24–30
Nakajima T and Naito S (1995) Reassessment of mycotoxin productivity of Microdochium nivale in Japan. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 61: 357–361
Nirenberg HI (1995a) The European Fusarium sambucinum project. Mycopathologia 129: 131–190
Nirenberg HI (1995b) Morphological differentiation of Fusarium sambucinum sensu stricto, F. torulosum (Berk. & Curt.) Nirenberg comb. nov. and F. venenatum Nirenberg sp. nov. Mycopathologia 129: 131–141
Obst A, Lepschy-von Gleissenthall J and Beck R (1997) On the etiology of Fusarium head blight of wheat in south Germany - preceding crops, weather conditions for inoculum production and the head infection, proneness of the crop to infection and mycotoxin production. Cereal Research Communications 25: 699–703
Pancaldi D and Torricelli R (1999) ‘Presenza di specie di Fusarium su cariossidi di frumento duro in Emilia-Romagna nel triennio’ 94-'96. L'Informatore Agrario 3: 42–46
Pancaldi D and Alberti I (2001) Le principali malattie su foglia e spiga del frumento. L'Informatore Agrario 20: 63–69
Parry DW, Jenkinson P and McLeod L (1995) Fusarium ear blight (scab) in small grain cereals - a review. Plant Pathology 44: 207–238
Pascale M, De Girolamo A, Visconti A and Pancaldi D (2000) Indagine sulla presenza di deossinivalenolo in cereali prodotti in alcune aree del Nord Italia nel 1998. L'Informatore Agrario 10: 68–73
Pascale M, Pancaldi D, Visconti A, Perrone G and Bottalico A (2001) Fusarium ear blight, deoxynivalenol and toxigenic Fusarium species in selected wheat cultivars assayed all over Italy, in 2000. In: Proceedings of 11th Congress of the Mediterranean Phytopathological Union, 17-20 September 2001 (pp 123–125) University of Evora, Portugal
Pasquini M, Cardone AM, Casini F, Casulli F, Chierico M, Contoli S, Converso R, Corazza L, DelVecchio A, Iori A, Lombardi T, Lombardo GL, Mazzocchetti A, Natalizi G, Notario T, Pancaldi D, Raimondo I, Ratti C, Riccardi M, Rubies-Autonell C, Sereni L, Vallega V, Virzì N and Vitale S (2001) Monitoraggio delle malattie sui cereali autunno-vernini: le principali malattie del frumento. L'Informatore Agrario 1: 33–39
Perkowski J, Chełkowski J and Wakuliñski W (1988) Deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and Fusarium species in winter triticale. Mycotoxin Research 4: 97–100
Perkowski J, Plattner RD, Goliński P, Vesonder R.F and Chelkowki J (1990) Natural occurrence of Deoxynivalenol, 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol, 15-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol, 4,7-Dideoxynivalenol, and Zearalenone in Polish wheat. Mycotoxin Research 6: 7–12
Perkowski J, Stachowiak J, Kiecana I, Goliński P and Chełkowski J (1997a) Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in Polish cereals. Cereal Research Communications 25: 379–380
Perkowski J, Jelén H, Kiecana I and Goliński P (1997b) Natural contamination of spring barley with group A trichothecene mycotoxins in south-eastern Poland. Food Additives and Contaminants 14: 321–325
Polley RW and Turner JA (1995) Survey of stem base diseases and Fusarium ear diseases in winter wheat in England, Wales and Scotland, 1989-1990. Annals of Applied Biology 126: 45–59
Schachermayr G and Fried PM (2000) Fusarioses et mycotoxines: le tour du probléme. Revue Suisse d'Agriculture 32: 241–246
Schipilova NP and Gagkaeva TY (1997) The forms of manifestation of Fusarium head blight on the seed and heads of cereal crops. Cereal Research Communications 25: 815–816
Schütt F, Nirenberg HI and Deml G (1998) Moniliformin production in the genus Fusarium. Mycotoxin Research 14: 35–40
Schütze A, Oerke EC and Dehne HW(1997) Isolation and differentiation of Fusarium spp. and Microdochium nivale on winter wheat inWestern Germany. Cereal Research Communications 25: 615–616
Srobárová A (1997) Occurence of Fusarium spp. from Slovakia maize kernels. Cereal Research Communications 25: 617–618
Srobárová A and Pavlová A (1997) The pathogen localization and ZEN concentration in wheat infected by Fusarium graminearum in relation to nutrition. Cereal Research Communications 25: 449–450
Sydenham EW, Marasas WFO, Thiel PG, Shephard GS and Nieuwenhuis JJ (1991) Production of mycotoxins by selected Fusarium graminearum and F. crookwellense isolates. Food Additives and Contaminants 8: 31–41
Szácsi A and Bartok T (1995) Trichothecene chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum from corn in Hungary. Mycotoxin Research 11: 85–92
Thrane U (2000) Mycotoxin producing Fusarium species occurring in Danish cereals. DJF Rapport, Markbrug 24: 165–169
Tóth A (1997) Dominance condition of Fusarium species occurring in winter wheat kernels in Pest county. Cereal Research Communications 25: 625–627
Turner JE and Jennings P (1997) The effect of increasing humidity on Fusarium ear blight and grain quality. Cereal Research Communications 25: 825–826
Visconti A (2001) Problems associated with Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals. Bulletin of the Institute for Comprehensive Agricultural Sciences Kinki University, Nara, Japan 9: 39–55
Visconti A, Chełkowski J and Bottalico A (1986) Deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol - mycotoxins associated with wheat head fusariosis in Poland. Mycotoxin Research 2: 59–64
Vrabcheva T, Gessler R, Usleber E and Märtlbauer E (1996) First survey on the natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in Bulgarian wheat. Mycopathologia 136: 47–52
Vrabcheva T and Vrabchev N (1997) Fusarium and deoxynivalenol contamination of wheat grown in various regions of Bulgaria. Cereal Research Communications 25: 395–396
Wang Y and Miller JD (1994) Toxin producing potential of Fusarium graminearum from China. Acta Mycologica Sinica 13(3): 229–234
Yli-Mattila T, Mironenko NV, Alekhina IA, Hannukkala A and Bulat SA (1997) Universally primed polymerase chain reaction analysis of Fusarium avenaceum isolated from wheat and barley in Finland. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland 6: 25–36
Yoshizawa T (1997) Geographic differences in trichothecene occurrence in Japanese wheat and barley. Bulletin of the Institute for Comprehensive Agricultural Sciences Kinki University, Nara, Japan 5: 23–29
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bottalico, A., Perrone, G. Toxigenic Fusarium species and Mycotoxins Associated with Head Blight in Small-Grain Cereals in Europe. European Journal of Plant Pathology 108, 611–624 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020635214971
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020635214971