Skip to main content
Log in

Connectionism, Systematicity, and the Frame Problem

  • Published:
Minds and Machines Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper investigates connectionism's potential to solve the frame problem. The frame problem arises in the context of modelling the human ability to see the relevant consequences of events in a situation. It has been claimed to be unsolvable for classical cognitive science, but easily manageable for connectionism. We will focus on a representational approach to the frame problem which advocates the use of intrinsic representations. We argue that although connectionism's distributed representations may look promising from this perspective, doubts can be raised about the potential of distributed representations to allow large amounts of complexly structured information to be adequately encoded and processed. It is questionable whether connectionist models that are claimed to effectively represent structured information can be scaled up to a realistic extent. We conclude that the frame problem provides a difficulty to connectionism that is no less serious than the obstacle it constitutes for classical cognitive science.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bechtel, W., and Abrahamsen, A. (1991), Connectionism and the Mind, Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, K. (1993), Connectionism, Classical Cognitivism and the Relation between Cognitive and implementational Levels of Analysis, Philosophical Psychology, 6(3), pp 321–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalmers, D.J. (1990), "syntactic Transformations on Distributed Representation, Connection Science, 2(1 & 2), 53–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalmers, D.J. (1993), ‘Connectionism and Compositionality: why Fodor and Pylyshyn were Wrong, Philosophical Psychology, 6(3), pp.305–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, M.H., and Chater, N. (1994), Generalization and Connectionist Language Learning, Mind & Language, 9(3), pp.273–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchland, P.M. (1989), A Neurocomputational Perspective: The Nature of Mind and the Structure of Science, Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchland, P.M. (1995), The Engine of Reason, the Seat of the Soul: A Philosophical Journey into the Brain, Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchland, P.S., and Sejnowski, T.J. (1992), The Computational Brain, Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A. (1992), ‘The presence of a Symbol’, Connection Science, 4,3 and 4, pp. 193–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A., and Thornton, C. (in press), ‘Trading Spaces: Computation, Representation and the Limits of Uninformed Learning’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

  • Dennett, D.C. (1991), ‘Mother Nature Versus the Walking Encyclopedia: A Western Drama’, in W. Ramsey, S. Stich and D. Rumelhart (eds.), Philosophy and Connectionist theory, Hillsdale: Erlbaum pp 21–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derthick, M. (1990), ‘Mundane Reasoning by Settling on a Plausible Model’. Artificial Intelligence, 46 pp., 107–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreyfus, H.L. (1965), Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence, The RAND corporation paper P-3244.

  • Dreyfus, H.L., and Dreyfus, S.E. (1986), Mind Over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer, New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreyfus, H.L., and Dreyfus, S.E. (1987), How to Stop Worrying about the Frame Problem even though it is Computationally Insoluable, in Z. W. Pylyshyn (Ed.), The Robot's Dilemma: the Frame Problem in Artificial Intelligence Norwood: Ablex (pp. 95–112)

    Google Scholar 

  • Elman, J.L. (1991), ‘Distributed Representations, Simple Recurrent Networks, and Grammatical Structure, Machine Learning’, 7, pp. 195–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elman, J.L. (1993), ‘Learning and Development in Neural Networks: the Importance of Starting Small’, Cognition, 48, pp.71–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, J.A. (1989), ‘Neural Representation of Conceptual Knowledge’, in L. Nadel, L.A. Cooper, P. Culicover, and R. M. Harnish (eds.), Neural Connections, Mental Computation Cambridge: MIT Press (pp. 68–103).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fetzer, J.H. (1991), ‘The Frame Problem: Artificial Intelligence Meets David Hume’, in K.M. Ford and P.J. Hayes (eds.), Reasoning Agents in a Dynamical World: the Frame Problem London: JAI Press (pp. 55–69).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fodor, J.A. (1975), The language of thought, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fodor, J.A. (1987), Psychosemantics: the Problem of Meaning in the Philosophy of Mind, Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fodor, J.A., and McLaughlin, B. (1990), ‘Connectionism and the Problem of Systematicity: Why Smolensky's Solution does not work’, Cognition, 35, 183–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fodor, J.A., and Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1988), ‘Connectionism and cognitive architecture’, Cognition, 28, 3–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadley, R.F. (1994a), ‘Systematicity in Connectionist Language Learning’, Mind and Language, 9(3), pp.247–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadley, R.F. (1994b), ‘Systematicity revisited: reply to Christiansen, Chater, Niklasson and van Gelder’, Mind and Language, 9(4), pp.431–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadley, R.F. (1995), ‘The ‘Explicit-implicit’ Distinction’, Minds and Machines, 5, pp.219–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haselager, W.F.G. (1997), Cognitive Science and Folk Psychology: The Right Frame of Mind, London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haugeland, J. (1987), ‘An overview of the Frame Problem’, in Z. W. Pylyshyn (Ed.), The Robot's Dilemma: the frame problem in artificial intelligence pp. 77–94, Norwood: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haugeland, J. (1991), ‘Representational genera’, in W. Ramsey, S.P. Stich, and D.E. Rumelhart (eds.), Philosophy and Connectionist Theory pp. 61–89, Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, P.J. (1991), Commentary on ‘The Frame Problem: Artificial Intelligence Meets David Hume’, in K.M. Ford and P.J. Hayes (eds.), Reasoning Agents in a Dynamic World: the Frame Problem pp. 71–76, London: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinton, G.E. (1990), ‘Preface to The Special Issue on Connectionist Symbol Processing’, Artificial Intelligence, 46, 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holyoak, K.J. (1991), Symbolic Connectionism: Toward Third-generation Theories of Expertise’, in K.A. Ericsson and J. Smith (eds.), Toward a General Theory of Expertise: Prospects and Limits Cambridge: Cambridge University Press pp. 30–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horgan, T., and Tienson, J. (1996), Connectionism and the Philosophy of Psychology, Cambridge: MIT-Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hummel, J.E., and Holyoak, K.J. (1993), Distributing Structures Over Time, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16(3), p.464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janlert, L.E. (1987), ‘Modelling change — the frame problem’, in Z.W. Pylyshyn (ed.), The Robot's Dilemma: the Frame Problem in Artificial Intelligence, Norwood: Ablex, pp. 1–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorna, R.J., and Haselager, W.F.G. (1994), ‘Associationism: Not the Cliff Over Which to Push Connectionism’, The Journal of Intelligent Systems, 4(3–4), pp.297–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirsh, D. (1990), ‘When is Information Explicitly Represented’, in P. Hanson (ed.), Information, Language, and Cognition, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, pp. 340–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, J., and Hayes, P.J. (1969), ‘Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence’, in B. Meltzer and D. Michie (eds.), Machine Intelligence, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press pp.463–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, P. (1993), ‘Introduction’, Philosophical Studies, 71, pp.113–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyering, T.C. (1993), ‘Neuraal Vernuft en Gedachteloze Kennis: Het Moderne Pleidooi Voor een Niet-propositioneel Kennismodel’, Algemeen Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte, 85, pp.24–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miikkulainen, R. and Dyer, M.G. (1991), ‘Natural Language Processing with Modular PDP networks and Distributed Lexicon’. Cognitive Science, 15, pp. 343–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niklasson, L.F., and Van Gelder, T. (1994), ‘On being systematically connectionist’, Mind and Language, 9(3), pp.288–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, S.E. (1978), ‘Fundamental Aspects of Cognitive Representation’, in E. Rosch and B.B. Lloyd (eds.), Cognition and Categorisation, Hillsdale: Erlbaum, pp.259–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, J.B. (1990), ‘Recursive Distributed Representations’, Artificial Intelligence, 46, 77–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pylyshyn, Z.W. (ed.), (1987), The Robot's Dilemma, Norwood: ABLEX Publishing Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanahan, M. (1997), Solving the Frame Problem: A Mathematical Investigation of the Common Sense Law of Inertia, Cambridge: MIT-Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shastri, L. and Ajjanagadde, V. (1993) ‘From Simple Associations to Systematic Reasoning: A Connectionist Representation of Rules, Variables and Dynamic Bindings Using Temporal Synchrony’. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16(3), 417–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smolensky, P. (1991), ‘The Constituent Structure of Connectionist Mental States: A Reply to Fodor and Pylyshyn’, in T. Horgan and J. Tienson (eds.), Connectionism and the Philosophy of Mind, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 281–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, R. (1994), ‘Connectionist Models of Commonsense Reasoning’. In D.S. Levine and M.I. Aparicio (eds.), Neural Networks for Knowledge Representation and Inference, Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 241–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thagard, P. (1992), Conceptual Revolutions, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Gelder, T. (1990), ‘Compositionality: A Connectionist Variation on a Classical Theme’, Cognitive Science, 14, pp.355–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Gelder, T. (1991a), ‘Classical Questions, Radical Answers: Connectionism and the Structure of Mental Representation’, in T. Horgan and J. Tienson (eds.), Connectionism and the Philosophy of Mind, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 355–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Gelder, T. (1991b), ‘What is the in “PDP”? A Survey of the Concept of Distribution’, In W. Ramsey, S.P. Stich, and D. E. Rumelhart (eds.), Philosophy and Connectionist Theory, Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 33–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Gelder, T. (1992), Defining ‘distributed representation’, Connection Science, 4(3and4), 175–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilks, Y. (1990), ‘Some comments on Smolensky’, in D. Patridge and Y. Wilks (eds.), The foundations of Al, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 327–336.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Haselager, W., van Rappard, J. Connectionism, Systematicity, and the Frame Problem. Minds and Machines 8, 161–179 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008281603611

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008281603611

Navigation