Abstract
I review new evidence on origins and adaptive radiation of Malagasy lemurs, a remarkably diverse group containing 13% of living primate species. The number of recognized lemur species has increased significantly, partly due to research revealing specific subdivisions within known populations but mainly because of discovery of new populations through fieldwork. Some species feared to be extinct have also been rediscovered. Specific numbers have increased particularly in small-bodied, cryptic genera for which continued research will surely reveal even more species.
Adaptative radiation of lemurs has been essentially confined to Madagascar. The high density of lemur species on that island, associated with very small geographical ranges, has major implications both for their evolutionary divergence and for conservation. Reconstructions of phylogenetic relationships among primates have been considerably enhanced by DNA sequence data. Sufficient data are now available from both nuclear and mitochondrial sequences to examine relationships among and within the major groups of living primates. Most studies have confirmed that lemurs constitute a monophyletic sister-group of the lorisiform clade and all exclude a specific relationship between cheirogaleids and lorisiforms repeatedly inferred from morphological evidence. However, some analyses indicate that the aye-aye may have branched away before the divergence between other lemurs and lorisiforms. DNA sequence analyses have also yielded a broad consensus for relationships between Eulemur, Hapalemur, Lemur and Varecia: Varecia branched away first, while Lemur is more closely related to Hapalemur than to Eulemur.
As debate about phylogenetic relationships among lemurs and other primates seems to have been settled in favor of lemur monophyly (possibly excluding the aye-aye), only a single invasion of Madagascar is required; but it must still be explained how ancestral lemurs could have migrated there at an appropriate time. Separation between Madagascar and Africa was apparently complete by about 120 Ma, too far in the past for direct overland migration. A recent hypothesis suggested that uplifted land in the Mozambique Channel assisted colonization of Madagascar 26-45 Ma, seemingly agreeing with an estimated date of about 40 Ma for divergence of lemurs from other primates. However, mounting evidence suggests that divergence occurred significantly earlier. Because the earliest known fossil representatives of several modern orders of placental mammals (including primates) are dated no earlier than the early Tertiary, it is widely accepted that their divergence took place after the Cretaceous/Tertiary mass extinction. Yet the known fossil record can only yield minimum divergence times; if sampling is poor and/or biased there may be a considerable discrepancy between minimum and actual dates. There is, for example, virtually no known fossil record for lemurs in Madagascar and the earliest known representatives are subfossil lemurs, so in this case a direct reading of the fossil record would indicate that the lemurs first originated just a few thousand years ago! Examination of underestimation of times of origin because of poor sampling in the fossil record has confirmed previous suggestions that primates originated considerably earlier than generally believed. Several recent phylogenetic reconstructions based on DNA sequence data and using calibration dates derived from groups other than primates provide independent support for this inference. Overall, it now seems that primates originated at around 90 Ma rather than the 55 Ma indicated by direct reading of the known fossil record. Hence, colonization of Madagascar by lemurs would have taken place at about 80 Ma, double the date usually accepted, and should be interpreted in terms of contemporary continental relationships.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Adkins, R. M., and Honeycutt, R. L. (1994). Evolution of the primate cytochrome cooxidase subunit II gene. J. Mol. Evol. 38: 215–231.
Alroy, J. (1998). Cope's rule and the dynamics of body mass evolution in North American fossil mammals. Science 280: 731–733.
Andrews, P. J. (1988). A phylogenetic analysis of the Primates. In Benton, M. J. (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Vol. 2, Mammals, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 143–175.
Arnason, U., Gullberg, A., and Janke, A. (1998). Molecular timing of primate divergences as estimated by two nonprimate calibration points. J. Mol. Evol. 47: 718–727.
Arnason, U., Gullberg, A., Janke, A., and Xu, X.-f. (1996). Pattern and timing of evolutionary divergences between hominoids based on analyses of complete mtDNAs. J. Mol. Evol. 43: 650–661.
Ausilio, E., and Raveloanrinoro, G. (1998). Les lémuriens de la région de Bemaraha: Forêts de Tsimembo, de l'Antsingy et de la région de Tsiandro. Lemur News 3: 4–7.
Beck, R. A., Burbank, D. W., Sercombe, W. J., Riley, G. W., Barndt, J. V., Berry, J. R., Afzal, J., Khan, A. M., Jurgen, H., Metje, J., Chemma, A., Shafique, N. A., Lawrence, R. D., and Khan, M. A. (1995). Stratigraphic evidence for an early collision between northwest India and Asia. Nature, Lond. 373: 55–58.
Beck, R. A., Sinha, A., Burbank, D. W., Sercombe, W. J., and Khan, A. M. (1998). Climatic, oceanographic, and isotopic consequences of the Paleocene India-Asia collision. In Aubry, M.-P., Lucas, S. G., and Berggren, W. A. (eds.), Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Climatic and Biotic Events in the Marine and Terrestrial Records, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 103–117.
Benton, M. J. (1990). Phylogeny of the major tetrapod groups: morphological data and divergence dates. J. Mol. Evol. 30: 409–424.
Bonner, T. I., Heinemann, R., and Todaro, G. J. (1980). Evolution of DNA sequences has been retarded in Malagasy primates. Nature, Lond. 286: 420–423.
Cartmill, M. (1975). Strepsirhine basicranial structures and the affinities of the Cheirogaleidae. In Luckett, W. P., and Szalay, F. S. (eds.) Phylogeny of the Primates, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 313–354.
Charles-Dominique, P., and Martin, R. D. (1970). Evolution of lorises and lemurs. Nature, Lond. 227: 257–260.
Crovella, S., Montagnon, D., and Rumpler, Y. (1995). Highly repeated DNA sequences and systematics of Malagasy primates. Hum. Evol. 10: 35–44.
Crovella, S., and Rumpler, Y. (1992). Confirmation of the specific status of Hapalemur aureus (Primates, Strepsirhini) by restriction genomic DNA banding patterns. Hum. Evol. 7: 63–67.
Curtis, D. J., Zaramody, A., and Rabetsimialona, O. D. (1995). Sighting of the western gentle lemur Hapalemur griseus occidentalis in north-west Madagascar. Oryx 29: 215–217.
Del Pero, M., Crovella, S., Cervella, P., Ardito, G., and Rumpler, Y. (1995). Phylogenetic relationships among Malagasy lemurs as revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis. Primates 36: 431–440.
Dene, H. T., Goodman, M., and Prychodko, W. (1976). Immunodiffusion evidence on the phylogeny of the primates. In Goodman, M., Tashian, R. E., and Tashian, J. H. (eds.), Molecular Anthropology, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 171–195.
Dutrillaux, B. (1979). Chromosomal evolution in primates: Tentative phylogeny from Microcebus murinus (prosimian) to man. Hum. Genet. 48: 251–314.
Dutrillaux, B. (1988). Chromosome evolution in primates. Folia Primatol. 50: 134–135.
Easteal, S., Collett, C., and Betty, D. (1995). The Mammalian Molecular Clock, R. G. Landes, Austin, Texas.
Fleagle, J. G. (1999). Primate Adaptation and Evolution, New York: Academic Press.
Ganzhorn, J. U., Langrand, O., Wright, P. C., O'Connor, S., Rakotosamimanana, B., Feistner, A. T. C., and Rumpler, Y. (1996/7). The state of lemur conservation in Madagascar. Prim. Conserv. 17: 70–86.
Gingerich, P. D. (1975). Dentition of Adapis parisiensis and the evolution of lemuriform primates. In Tattersall, I., and Sussman, R. W. (eds.) Lemur Biology, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 65–80.
Gingerich, P. D., and Uhen, M. D. (1994). Time of origin of primates. J. Hum.Evol. 27: 443–445.
Godfrey, L. R., Ganzhorn, J., Jungers, W. L., Simons, E. L., Burney, D. A., and Rakotosamimanana, B. (1998). Primate communities of Madagascar: past and present. Abstract 218, XVII Congress of the International Primatological Society, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo (Madagascar).
Goodman, S. M., and Langrand, O. (1996). A high mountain population of the ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta in the Adringitra Massif, Madagascar. Oryx 30: 259–268.
Groves, C. P. (1989) A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Groves, C. P. (1974). Taxonomy and phylogeny of prosimians. In Martin, R. D., Doyle, G. A., and Walker, A. C. (eds.), Prosimian Biology, Duckworth, London, pp. 449–473.
Groves, C. P. (2000). The genus Cheirogaleus: unrecognized biodiversity in dwarf lemurs. Int. J. Primatol 21: 943–962.
Groves, C. P., and Eaglen, R. H. (1988). Systematics of the Lemuridae (Primates, Strepsirhini). J. Hum. Evol. 17: 513–538.
Groves, C. P., and Tattersall, I. (1991). Geographical variation in the fork-marked lemur, Phaner furcifer (Primates, Cheirogaleidae). Folia Primatol. 56: 39–49.
Groves, C. P., and Trueman, J. W. H. (1995). Lemurid systematics revisted. J. Hum. Evol. 28: 427–437.
Hawkins, A. F. A., Durbin, J. C., and Reid, D. B. (1998). The primates of the Baly Bay area, north-western Madagascar. Folia Primatol. 69: 337–345.
Hedges, S. B., Parker, P. H., Sibley, C. G., and Kumar, S. (1996). Continental breakup and the ordinal diversification of birds and mammals. Nature, Lond. 381: 226–229.
Ishak, B., Warter, S., Dutrillaux, B., and Rumpler, Y. (1992). Chromosomal rearrangements and speciation of sportive lemurs (Lepilemur species). Folia Primatol. 58: 121–130.
Jenkins, P. D. (1987). Catalogue of Primates in the British Museum (Natural History) and Elsewhere in the British Isles. Part IV: Suborder Strepsirrhini, including the Subfossil Madagascar Lemurs and Family Tarsiidae, British Museum (Natural History), London.
Jolly, A., Albignac, R., and Petter, J.-J. (1984). The lemurs. In Jolly, A., Oberle, P., and Albignac, R. (eds.) Madagascar, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 183–203.
Kay, R. F., Ross, C., and Williams, B. A. (1997). Anthropoid origins. Science 275: 797–804.
Koop, B. F., Tagle, D. A., Goodman, M., and Slightom, J. (1989). A molecular view of primate phylogeny and important systematic and evolutionary questions. Mol. Biol. Evol. 6: 580–612.
Krause, D. W., Hartman, J. H., Wells, N. A., Buckley, G. A., Lockwood, C. A., Wall, C. E., Wunderlich, R. E., Rabarison, J. A., and Randriamiaramanana, L. L. (1994). Late Cretaceous mammals. Nature, Lond. 368: 298.
Krause, D. W., and Maas, M. C. (1990). The biogeographic origins of late Paleocene-early Eocene mammalian immigrants to the Western Interior of North America. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 243: 71–105.
Kumar, S., and Hedges, S. B. (1998). A molecular timescale for vertebrate evolution. Nature, Lond. 392: 917–920.
Lawlor, T. E. (1986). Comparative biogeography of mammals on islands. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 28: 99–125.
Leipoldt, M., Schlitz, J. U., Ganzhorn, J. U., and Tomiuk, J. (1996). Genetic analysis of Lepilemur mustelinus ruficaudatus population using RAPD markers. In Lourenço, W. R. (ed.) Biogéographie de Madagascar, Editions ORSTOM, Paris, pp. 267–274.
MacPhee, R. D. E. (1994). Morphology, adaptations and relationships of Plesiorycteropus and a diagnosis of a new order of eutherian mammals. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 220: 1–214.
Marshall, C. R., Tavaré, S., Will, O., Martin, R. D., and Soligo, C. (1998). Taking into account the temporal ranges of unobserved species: Reconciliation of fossil and molecular clock estimates of primate origins? Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Prog. 1998 30: A-326.
Martin, R. D. (1972). Adaptive radiation and behaviour of the Malagasy lemurs. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 264: 295–352.
Martin, R. D. (1986). Primates: A definition. In Wood, B. A., Martin, L. B., and Andrews, P. (eds.) Major Topics in Primate and Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1–31.
Martin, R. D. (1990). Primate Origins and Evolution: A Phylogenetic Reconstruction, Chapman Hall/Princeton University Press, London/New Jersey.
Martin, R. D. (1993). Primate origins: Plugging the gaps. Nature, Lond. 363: 223–234.
Martin, R. D. (1995). Prosimians: From obscurity to extinction? In Alterman, L., Doyle, G. A., and Izard, M. K. (eds.) Creatures of the Dark: The Nocturnal Prosimians, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 535–563.
McCall, R. A. (1997). Implications of recent geological investigations of the Mozambique Channel for the mammalian colonization of Madagascar. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 264: 663–665.
Meier, B., and Albignac, R. (1991). Rediscovery of Allocebus trichotis Günther 1875 (Primates) in Northeast Madagascar. Folia Primatol. 56: 57–63.
Meier, B., Albignac, R., Peyriéras, A., Rumpler, Y., and Wright, P. C. (1987). A new species of Hapalemur (Primates) from South East Madagascar. Folia Primatol. 48: 211–215.
Meier, B., and Rumpler, Y. (1987). Preliminary survey of Hapalemur simus and of a new species of Hapalemur in eastern Betsileo, Madagascar. Prim. Conserv. 8: 40–43.
Meyers, D. (1996). Update on the endangered sifaka of the north. Lemur News 1996 (2): 13–14.
Meyers, D. M., and Ratsirarson, J. (1989). Distribution and conservation of two endangered sifakas in northern Madagascar. Prim. Conserv. 10: 81–86.
Mittermeier, R. A., Tattersall, I., Konstant, W. R., Meyers, D. M., and Mast, R. B. (1994). Lemurs of Madagascar, Conservation International, Washington.
Mutschler, T., and Feistner, A. T. C. (1995). Conservation status and distribution of the Alaotran gentle lemur Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis. Oryx 29: 267–274.
Mutschler, T., and Feistner, A. T. C. (1998). New information on the distribution and conservation status of the Alaotran gentle lemur, Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis. Folia Primatol. 69 (suppl.): 400–401.
Mutschler, T., Feistner, A. T. C., and Nievergelt, C. M. (1998). Preliminary field data on group size, diet and activity in the Alaotran gentle lemur Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis. Folia Primatol. 69: 325–330.
Mutschler, T., and Thalmann, U. (1994). Sighting ofAvahi (woolly lemur) in Western Madagascar. Prim. Conserv. 11: 15–17.
Pastorini, J., and Forstner, M. R. J. (1998). Phylogenetic study of the family Lemuridae based on DNA sequences. Abstract 233, XVII Congress of the International Primatological Society, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo (Madagascar).
Patriat, P., and Segoufin, J. (1988). Reconstruction of the Central Indian Ocean. Tectonophysics 155: 211–234.
Petter, J.-J. (1962). Recherches sur l'écologie et l'éthologie des lémuriens malgaches. Mém. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Sér. A (Zool.) 27: 1–146.
Petter, J.-J., Albignac, R., and Rumpler, Y. (1977). Mammifères lémuriens (Primates prosimiens). Faune de Madagascar 44: 1–513.
Porter, C. A., Sampaio, I., Schneider, H., Schneider, M. P. C., Czelusniak, J., and Goodman, M. (1995). Evidence on primate phylogeny from ∈-globin gene sequences and flanking regions. J. Mol. Evol. 40: 30–55.
Purvis, A. (1995). A composite estimate of primate phylogeny. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 348: 405–421.
Rabinowitz, P. D., Coffin, M. F., and Falvey, D. (1983). The separation of Madagascar and Africa. Science 220: 67–69.
Rage, J.-C. (1996). Le peuplement animal de Madagascar: une composante venue de Laurasie est-elle envisageable? In Lourenço, W. R. (ed.) Biogéographie de Madagascar, Editions ORSTOM, Paris, pp. 27–35.
Rage, J.-C., and Jaeger, J.-J. (1995). The sinking Indian raft: a reponse to Thewissen and McKenna. Syst. Biol. 44: 260–264.
Rakotoarison, N. (1998). Recent discoveries of the hairy-eared dwarf lemur (Allocebus trichotis). Lemur News 3: 21.
Rakotoarison, N., Zimmermann, H., and Zimmermann, E. (1997). First discovery of the hairy-eared dwarf lemur (Allocebus trichotis) in a highland rain forest of eastern Madagascar. Folia Primatol. 68: 86–94.
Rasoloarison, R. M., Goodman, S. M., and Ganzhorn, J. U. 2000. Taxonomic revision of mouse lemurs (Microcebus) in the western portions of Madagascar. Int. J. Primatol. 21: 963–1019.
Raxworthy, C. J., and Nussbaum, R.A. (1996). Patterns of endemism for terrestrial vertebrates in eastern Madagascar. In Lourenço, W. R. (ed.) Biogéographie de Madagascar, Editions ORSTOM, Paris, pp. 369–383.
Razafindraibe, H., Montagnon, D., and Rumpler, Y. (1998). Systematics and phylogeny of Indriidae (Primates, Prosimian) as inferred from highly repeated DNA and mitochondrial DNA. Abstract 236, XVII Congress of the International Primatological Society, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo (Madagascar).
Richard, A. F., and Dewar, R. E. (1991). Lemur ecology. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22: 145–175.
Rowe, N. (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates, Pogonias Press, East Hampton, New York.
Rumpler, Y., Warter, S., Hauwy, M., Meier, B., Peyriéras, A., Albignac, R., Petter, J.-J., and Dutrillaux, B. (1995). Cytogenetic study of Allocebus trichotis, a Malagasy prosimian. Am. J. Primatol. 36: 239–244.
Rumpler, Y., Warter, S., Rabarivola, C., Petter, J.-J., and Dutrillaux, B. (1990). Chromosomal evolution in Malagasy lemurs: XII. Chromosomal banding study of Avahi laniger occidentalis (Syn.: Lichanotus laniger occidentalis) and cytogenetic data in favour of its classification in a species apart-Avahi occidentalis. Am. J. Primatol. 21: 307–316.
Schmid, J., and Kappeler, P. M. (1994). Sympatric mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in Western Madagascar. Folia Primatol. 63: 162–170.
Schütz, H., and Goodman, S. (1998). Photographic evidence of Allocebus trichotis in the Réserve Spéciale d'Anjanaharibe-Sud. Lemur News 3: 21–22.
Schwartz, J. H. (1996). Pseudopotto martini: A new genus and species of extant lorisiform primate. Anthropol. Pap. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 78: 1–14.
Schwartz, J. H., Shoshani, J., Tattersall, I., Simons, E. L., and Gunnell, G. F. (1998). LORISIDAE Gray, 1821 and GALAGIDAE Gray, 1825 (Mammalia, Primates): Proposed conservation as the correct original spellings. Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 55: 165–168.
Schwartz, J. H., and Tattersall, I. (1985). Evolutionary relationships of living lemurs and lorises (Mammalia, Primates) and their potential affinities with European Eocene Adapidae. Anthropol. Pap. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 60: 1–100.
Schwartz, J. H., Tattersall, I., and Eldredge, N. (1978). Phylogeny and classification of the primates revisited. Yb. Phys. Anthropol. 21: 95–133.
Simons, E. L. (1988). A new species of Propithecus (Primates) from Northeast Madagascar. Folia Primatol. 50: 143–151.
Simons, E. L., Godfrey, L. R., Jungers, W. L., Chatrath, P. S., and Rakotosamimanana, B. (1992). A new giant subfossil lemur, Babakotia, and the evolution of sloth lemurs. Folia Primatol. 58: 177–232.
Simons, E. L., and Rumpler, Y. (1988). Eulemur: New generic name for species of Lemur other than Lemur catta. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 307: 547–551.
Springer, M. S., Cleven, G. C., Madsen, O., de Jong, W. W., Waddell, V. G., Amrine, H. M., and Stanhope, M. J. (1997). Endemic African mammals shake the phylogenetic tree. Nature, Lond. 388: 61–64.
Sterling, E. J. (1998). Preliminary report on a survey for Daubentonia madagascariensis and other primate species in the west of Madagascar. Lemur News 3: 7–8.
Sterling, E. J., and Rakotoarison, N. (1998). Rapid assessment of richness and density of primate species on the Masoala Peninsula, eastern Madagascar. Folia Primatol. 69 (Suppl. 1): 109–116.
Storey, M. (1995). Timing of hot spot-related volcanism and the breakup of Madagascar and India. Science 267: 852–855.
Szalay, F. S., and Delson, E. (1979). Evolutionary History of the Primates, Academic Press, New York.
Szalay, F. S., and Katz, C. C. (1973). Phylogeny of lemurs, galagos and lorises. Folia Primatol. 19: 88–103.
Tattersall, I. (1982). The Primates of Madagascar, Columbia University Press, New York.
Tattersall, I. (1993). Speciation and morphological differentiation in the genus Lemur. In Kimbel, W. H., and Martin, L. B. (eds.) Species, Species Concepts, and Primate Evolution, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 163–176.
Tattersall, I. (1988). A note on nomenclature in Lemuridae. Phys. Anthropol. Newsl. 7: 14.
Tattersall, I., and Koopman, K. (1989). A further note on nomenclature in Lemuridae. J. Hum. Evol. 18: 499–500.
Tattersall, I., and Schwartz, J. H. (1974). Craniodental morphology and the systematics of the Malagasy lemurs (Primates, Prosimii). Anthropol. Pap. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 52: 139–192.
Tattersall, I., and Schwartz, J. H. (1991). Phylogeny and nomenclature in the ''Lemur-group'' of Malagasy strepsirhine primates. Anthropol. Pap. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 69: 1–18.
Thalmann, U., and Geissmann, T. (2000). Distribution and variation in the western woolly lemur (Avahi occidentalis) with a description of a new species (A. unicolor). Int. J. Primatol. 21: 915–941.
Thalmann, U., Müller, A. E., Kerloc'h, P., and Zaramody, A. (1999). A visit to the Strict Nature Reserve Tsingy de Namoroka (NW Madagascar). Lemur News 4: 16–19.
Thalmann, U., and Rakotoarison, N. (1994). Distribution of lemurs in central western Madagascar, with a regional distribution hypothesis. Folia Primatol. 63: 156–161.
Wolfheim, J. H. (1983). Primates of the World: Distribution, Abundance, and Conservation, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
Yoder, A. D. (1994). Relative position of the Cheirogaleidae in strepsirhine phylogeny: A comparison of morphological and molecular methods and results. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 94: 25–46.
Yoder, A. D. (1996a). Pilot study to determine the status of Allocebus trichotis in Madagascar. Lemur News 2: 14–15.
Yoder, A. D. (1996b). Strepsirrhine phylogeny: Congruence of results from a mitochondrial and a nuclear gene. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 22: 250.
Yoder, A. D. (1996c). The use of phylogeny for reconstructing lemuriform biogeography. In Lourenço, W. R. (ed.) Biogéographie de Madagascar, Editions ORSTOM, Paris, pp. 245–258.
Yoder, A. D. (1997). Back to the future: A synthesis of strepsirrhine systematics. Evol. Anthropol. 6: 11–22.
Yoder, A. D., Cartmill, M., Ruvolo, M., Smith, K., and Vilgalys, R. (1996). Ancient single origin for Malagasy primates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 5122–5126.
Yoder, A. D., Rakotoarisoa, S. V., and Goodman, S. (1998). Genetic analysis of Lemur catta from the Andringitra Massif of Madagascar. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., Suppl. 26: 237.
Zimmermann, E., Cepok, S., Rakotoarison, N., Zietemann, V., and Radespiel, U. (1998). Sympatric mouse lemurs in north-west Madagascar: A new rufous mouse lemur species (Microcebus ravelobensis). Folia Primatol. 69: 106–114.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Martin, R.D. Origins, Diversity and Relationships of Lemurs. International Journal of Primatology 21, 1021–1049 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005563113546
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005563113546