Skip to main content
Log in

Riley encased methodology: principles and processes of mangrove habitat creation and restoration

Mangroves and Salt Marshes

Abstract

Riley encased methodology (REM) was developed for the purpose of establishing mangroves along high‐energy shorelines, revetments, and bulkheads where natural recruitment no longer occurs and where conventional planting methods are ineffective. The principles of REM include the processes of individual seedling isolation within tubular encasements and adaptation of the juvenile plant to the external environment of the restoration site. The success of REM results from specifications for encasement preparation, propagule or seedling selection, and positioning of both encasements and seedlings according to elevation and tidal regimes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Barnett, R. M. and Crewz, D. 1990. An introduction to planting and maintaining selected common coastal plants in Florida pp. 1–108. In: SGR-97. The Florida Sea Grant College Program. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cusson, M. and Bourget, E. 1997. Influence of topographic heterogeneity and spatial scales on the structure of the neighboring intertidal endobenthic macrofaunal community. Marine Ecology Progress Series 150: 181–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, C. 1998. Rationales and practices of mangrove afforestation. Marine Freshwater Resources 49: 353–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goforth, H.W. and Thomas, J.R. 1980. Planting of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle-L.) for stabilization of marl shorelines in the Florida Keys. pp. 207–230. In: Cole, D.P. (ed.), Proceedings of the 6th Annual Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation. Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannan, J. 1975. Aspects of red mangrove reforestation in Florida. pp. 112–121. In: R.R. Lewis (ed.), Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference on restoration of coastal vegetation in Florida. Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemminga, M.A., Slim, F.J., Kazungu, J., Ganssen, G.M., Nieuwenhuize, J. and Kruyt, N.M. 1994. Carbon outwelling from a mangrove forest with adjacent seagrass beds and coral reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 106: 291–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kogo, M., Kamimura, D. and Miyagi, T. 1987. Research for rehabilitation/ reforestation of mangroves in Truk islands. pp. 419–439. In: UNDP/UNESCO Regional Mangrove Project RAA/79/002 Mangroves of Asia and the Pacific: Status and Management.

  • Laegdsgaard, P. and Johnson, C.R. 1995. Mangrove habitats as nurseries: unique assemblages of juvenile fish in subtropical mangroves in eastern Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 126: 67–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, R.R. 1990. Creation and restoration of coastal plain wetlands in Florida. pp. 73–101. In: Kusler, J.A. and Kentula, M.E. (eds), Wetland Creation and Restoration, The Status of the Science. Island Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J. and Beal, J.L. 1995. Effects of mangrove marsh management on fish and decapod communities. Bulletin of Marine Science 57(1): 193–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazda, Y., Magi, M., Kogo, M. and Hong, P.N. 1997. Mangroves as a coastal protection from waves in the Tong King delta, Vietnam. Mangroves and Salt Marshes 1: 127–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service. 1987. Tidal Bench Marks, Sebastian Inlet, Indian River, Latitude 27°51.6′N, Longitude 80°26.9°W. NOAA Chart 11476.

  • Odum, W.E. and Heald, E.J. 1975. The detritus-based food web of an estuarine mangrove community. pp 265–286. In: Cronin, L.E. (ed.), Estuarine Research. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, R.W., Jr. 1995. A red mangrove replenishment methodology. pp. 132–161. In: Webb, F.J. and Cannizzaro, P.J. (eds), Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference on Ecosystems and Creation. Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, Florida.

  • Robertson, A.I. and Alongi, D.M. 1992. Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, A.I. and Duke, N.C. 1987. Mangroves as nursery sites: comparisons of the abundance and species composition of fish and crustaceans in mangroves and other nearshore habitats in tropical Australia. Marine Biology 96: 193–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoffin, T.P. 1970. The trapping and binding of subtidal carbonate sediments by marine vegetation in Bimini Lagoon, Bahamas. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 40(1): 249–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.C. 1982, Shore erosion control demonstrations in Florida. pp. 87–89. In: Stovall, R.H. (ed.), Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation. Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, Florida.

  • Smith, S.M. and Snedaker, S.C. 1995. Developmental responses of established red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L., seedlings to relative levels of photosynthetically active and ultraviolet radiation. Florida Scientists 58(1): 55–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevely, J. and Rabinowitz, L. 1982. Mangroves – A Guide for Planting and Maintenance. Florida Cooperative Extension, Marine Advisory Bulletin.

  • Teas, H.J. 1977. Ecology and restoration of mangrove shorelines in Florida. Environmental Conservation 4(1): 51–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teas, H.J., Jurgens, W. and Kimball, M.C. 1975. Plantings of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) in Charlotte and St. Lucie Counties, Florida. pp. 132–161. In: Lewis, R.R. (ed.), Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference on Restoration of Coastal Vegetation in Florida. Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, Florida. Tampa Audubon Society and Florida Audubon Society, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thayer, G.W., Colby, D.R. and Hettler, W.F. 1987. Utilization of the red mangrove prop root habitat by fishes in South Florida. Marine Ecology Progress Series 35: 25–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, P.B. 1986. The Botany of Mangroves. Harvard University Petersham, Massachusetts. Harvard Forest.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolanski, E., Mazda, Y. and Ridd, P. 1992. Mangrove hydrodynamics. pp. 43–62. In: Robertson, A.I. and Alongi, D.M. (eds), Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodroffe, C.D.B., Ward, P.J. and Hanley, J.R. 1988. Production of mangrove litter in a macrotidal embayment, Darwin Harbour, N.T., Australia. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 26: 581–598.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Riley, R.W., Kent, C.P.S. Riley encased methodology: principles and processes of mangrove habitat creation and restoration. Mangroves and Salt Marshes 3, 207–213 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009963124225

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009963124225

Navigation