Skip to main content
Log in

Participation of Phytohormones in the Stomatal Regulation of Gas Exchange During Water Stress

  • Published:
Biologia Plantarum

Abstract

Almost all processes in the life of a plant are directly or indirectly affected by both stresses and phytohormones. Nevertheless, apart from abscisic acid, the role of phytohormones in plant response to water stress is far from being fully elucidated. This review tries to answer the question whether interactions between abscisic acid and some other phytohormones might be important in the regulation of stomatal opening during water stress and subsequent rehydration. Firstly, it describes the changes in the contents of individual endogenous phytohormones during water stress. Then, it deals with the effects of applied phytohormones on stomatal opening, and on transpiration and photosynthetic rates in different plants species. Finally, it focuses on the alleviation or stimulation of absicic acid-induced stomatal closure by application of other phytohormones.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abou-Mandour, A.A., Hartung, W.: Tissue culture of the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica.-Plant Cell Rep. 14: 657–661, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal, R.K., Gupta, S.C.: Plant growth substances as osmoregulants under salt stress in callus cultures of cowpea.-Indian J. Plant Physiol. 38: 325–327, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilar, M.L., Espadas, F.L., Coello, J., Maust, B.E., Trejo, C., Robert, M.L., Santamaria, J.M.: The role of abscisic acid in controlling leaf water loss, survival and growth of micropropagated Tagetes erecta plants when transferred directly to the field.-J. exp. Bot. 51: 1861–1866, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aharoni, N.: Relationship between leaf water status and endogenous ethylene in detached leaves.-Plant Physiol. 61: 658–662, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aharoni, N., Blumenfeld, A., Richmond, A.E.: Hormonal activity in detached lettuce leaves as affected by leaf water content.-Plant Physiol. 59: 1169–1173, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, G.J., Amtmann, A., Sanders, D.: Calcium-dependent and calcium-independent K+ mobilization channels in Vicia faba guard cell vacuoles.-J. exp. Bot. 49 (Spec. Issue): 305–318, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves, A.A.C., Setter, T.L.: Response of cassava to water deficit: leaf area growth and abscisic acid.-Crop Sci. 40: 131–137, 2000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf, M., Karim, F., Rasul, E.: Interactive effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and salt stress on growth, ion accumulation and photosynthetic capacity of two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance.-Plant Growth Regul. 36: 49–59, 2002.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assmann, S.M., Armstrong, F.: Hormonal regulation of ion transporters: the guard cell system.-In: Hooykaas, P.J.J., Hall, M.A., Libbenga, K.R. (ed.): Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones. Pp. 337–361. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assmann, S.M., Shimazaki, K.-I.: The multisensory guard cell. Stomatal responses to blue light and abscisic acid.-Plant Physiol. 119: 337–361, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assmann, S.M., Snyder, J.A., Lee, Y.-R.J.: ABA-deficient (abal) and ABA-insensitive (abi1–1, abi2–1) mutants of Arabidopsis have a wild-type stomatal response to humidity.-Plant Cell Environ. 23: 387–395, 2000.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atanassova, L.Y., Stoyanov, I.G., Pissarska, M.G.: Salt-induced responses of endogenous cytokinins in pea plants.-Biol. Plant. 42(Suppl.): S73, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Augé, R.M., Green, C.D., Stodola, A.J.W., Saxton, A.M., Olinick, J.B., Evans, R.M.: Correlations of stomatal conductance with hydraulic and chemical factors in several deciduous tree species in a natural habitat.-New Phytol. 145: 483–500, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badenoch-Jones, J., Parker, C.W., Letham, D.S., Singh, S.: Effect of cytokinins supplied via the xylem at multiplies of endogenous concentrations on transpiration and senescence in derooted seedlings of oat and wheat.-Plant Cell Environ. 19: 504–516, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bano, A., Dörfling, K., Bettin, D., Hahn, H.: Abscisic acid and cytokinins as possible root-to-shoot signals in xylem sap of rice plants in drying soil.-Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 20: 109–115, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barkla, B.J., Vera-Estrella, R., Maldonado-Gama, M., Pantoja, O.: Abscisic acid induction of vacuolar H+-ATPase activity in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum is developmentally regulated.-Plant Physiol. 120: 811–819, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauly, J.M., Sealy, I.M., Macdonald, H., Brearley, J., Dröge, S., Hillmer, S., Robinson, D.G., Venis, M.A., Blatt, M.R., Lazarus, C.M., Napier, R.M.: Overexpression of auxin-binding protein enhances the sensitivity of guard cells to auxin.-Plant Physiol. 124: 1229–1238, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beltrano, J., Ronco, M.G., Montaldi, E.R., Carbone, A.: Senescence of flag leaves and ears of wheat hastened by methyl jasmonate.-J. Plant Growth Regul. 17: 53–57, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishnoi, N.R., Krishnamoorthy, H.N.: Effect of waterlogging and gibberellic acid on leaf gas-exchange in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).-J. Plant Physiol. 139: 503–505, 1992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, P.G., Davies, W.J.: The effect of cytokinins and ABA on stomatal behaviour of maize and Commelina.-J. exp. Bot. 34: 1619–1626, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, P.G., Davies, W.J.: Age-related changes in stomatal response to cytokinins and abscisic acid.-Ann. Bot. 54: 121–125, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, P.G., Davies, W.J.: Root to shoot communication in maize plants of the effect of soil drying.-J. exp. Bot. 36: 39–48, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blatt, M.: Cellular signaling and volume control in stomatal movements in plants.-Annu. Rev. cell. dev. Biol. 16: 221–241, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blatt, M.R., Thiel, G.: K+ channels of stomatal guard cells: bimodal control of the K+ inward-rectifier evoked by auxin.-Plant J. 5: 55–68, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borel, C., Frey, A., Marion-Poll, A., Tardieu, F., Simonneau, T.: Does engineering abscisic acid biosynthesis in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia modify stomatal response to drought?-Plant Cell Environ. 24: 477–489, 2001.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borel, C., Simonneau, T., This, D., Tardieu, F.: Stomatal conductance and ABA concentration in the xylem sap of barley lines of contrasting genetic origins.-Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 24: 607–615, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borel, C., Audran, C., Frey, A., Marion-Poll, A., Tardieu, F., Simonneau, T.: N. plumbaginifolia zeaxanthin epoxidase trasgenic lines have unaltered baseline ABA accumulation in roots and xylem sap, but contrasting sensitivities of ABA acumulation to water deficit.-J. exp. Bot. 52 (Root Special Issue): 427–434, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brault, M., Maldiney, R.: Mechanisms of cytokinin action.-Plant Physiol.Biochem. 37: 403–412, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Čatský, J., Pospíšilová, J., Kamínek, M., Gaudinová, A., Pulkrábek, J., Zahradníček, J.: Seasonal changes in sugar beet photosynthesis as affected by exogenous cytokinin N 6-(m-hydroxybenzyl)adenosine.-Biol. Plant. 38: 511–518, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cellier, F., Conéjéro, G., Breitler, J.-C., Casse, F.: Molecular and physiological responses to water deficit in drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive lines of sunflower.-Plant Physiol. 116: 319–328, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Correia, M.J., Pereira, J.S.: The control of leaf conductance of white lupin by xylem ABA concentration decreases with the severity of water deficits.-J. exp. Bot. 46: 101–110, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Correia, M.J., Pereira, J.S., Chaves, M.M., Rodrigues, M.L., Pacheco, C.A.: ABA xylem concentrations determine maximum daily leaf conductance of field-grown Vitis vinifera L. plants.-Plant Cell Environ. 18: 511–521, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Correia, M.J., Rodrigues, M.L., Ferreira, M.I., Pereira, J.S.: Diurnal changes in the relationship between stomatal conductance and abscisic acid in the xylem sap of field grown peach trees.-J. exp. Bot. 48: 1727–1736, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Correia, M.J., Rodrigues, M.L., Osório, M.L., Chaves, M.M.: Effect of growth temperature on the response of lupin stomata to drought and abscisic acid.-Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 26: 549–559, 1999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cousson, A.: Pharmacological evidence for the implication of both cyclic GMP-dependent and-independent transduction pathways within auxin-induced stomatal opening in Commelina communis (L.).-Plant Sci. 161: 249–258, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cousson, A., Vavasseur, A.: Putative involvement of cytosolic Ca2+ and GTP-binding proteins in cyclic GMP-mediated induction of stomatal opening by auxin in Commelina communis L.-Planta 206: 308–314, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, A.K., Cairns, A.L.P., Bartels-Rahm, B.: Regulation of abscisic acid metabolism: towards a metabolic basis for abscisic acid-cytokinin antagonism.-J. exp. Bot. 50: 595–603, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, A.J., Krochko, J.E.: Formation and breakdown of ABA.-Trends Plant Sci. 4: 472–478, 1999.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daeter, W., Hartung, W.: Stress-dependent redistribution of abscisic acid (ABA) in Hordeum vulgare L. leaves: the role of epidermal ABA metabolism, tonoplast transport and the cuticle.-Plant Cell Environ. 18: 1367–1376, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, W.J.: Some effects of abscisic acid and water stress on stomata of Vicia faba L.-J. exp. Bot. 29: 175–182, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, W.J., Jeffcoat, B. (ed.): Importance of Root to Shoot Communication in the Responses to Environmental Stress.-British Society for Plant Growth Regulation, Bristol 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, W.J., Zhang, J.: Root signals and the regulation of growth and development of plants in drying soil.-Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant mol. Biol. 42: 55–76, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diettrich, B., Mertinat, H., Luckner, M.: Reduction of water loss during ex vitro acclimatization of micropropagated Digitalis lanata clone plants.-Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 188: 23–31, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, K.-J., Sauter, A., Wichert, K., Messdaghi, D., Hartung, W.: Extracellular β-glucosidase activity in barley involved in the hydrolysis of ABA glucose conjugate in leaves.-J. exp. Bot. 51: 937–944, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drüge, U., Schönbeck, F.: Effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection on transpiration, photosynthesis and growth of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) in relation to cytokinin levels.-J. Plant Physiol. 141: 40–48, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, J.R., Binzel, M.L.: NaCl reduces indole-3–acetic acid levels in the roots of tomato plants independent of stress-induced abscisic acid.-Plant Physiol. 112: 379–384, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunleavy, P.J., Ladley, P.D.: Stomatal responses of Vicia faba L. to indole acetic acid and abscisic acid.-J. exp. Bot. 46: 95–100, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eamus, D.: Further evidence in support of an interactive model in stomatal control.-J. exp. Bot. 37: 657–665, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eamus, D., Narayan, A.D.: The influence of prior water stress and abscisic acid foliar spraying on stomatal responses to CO2, IAA, ABA, and calcium in leaves of Solanum melongena.-J. exp. Bot. 40: 573–579, 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emery, R.J.N., Atkins, C.A.: Roots and cytokinins.-In: Waisel, Y., Eshel, A., Kafkafi, U. (ed.): Plant Roots. The Hidden Half. 3rd Ed. Pp. 417–434. Marcel Dekker, New York-Basel 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ephritikhine, G., Fellner, M., Vannini, C., Lapous, D., Barbier-Brygoo, H.: The sax1 dwarf mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana shows altered sensitivity of growth responses to abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellins and ethylene and is partially rescued by exogenous brassinosteroid.-Plant J. 18: 303–314, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estelle, M.: Auxin perception and signal transduction.-In: Hooykaas, P.J.J., Hall, M.A., Libbenga, K.R. (ed.): Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones. Pp. 411–421. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eun, S.O., Lee, Y.: Actin filaments of guard cells are reorganized in response to light and abscisic acid.-Plant Physiol. 115: 1491–1498, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fedina, I.S., Tsonev, T.D.: Effect of pretreatment with methyl jasmonate on the response of Pisum sativum to salt stress.-J. Plant Physiol. 151: 735–740, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franks, P.J., Farquhar, G.D.: The effect of exogenous abscisic acid on stomatal development, stomatal mechanics, and leaf gas exchange in Tradescantia virginiana.-Plant Physiol. 125: 935–942, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freundl, E., Steudle, E., Hartung, W.: Apoplastic transport of abscisic acid through roots in maize: effect of exodermis.-Planta 210: 222–231, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fusseder, A., Wartinger, A., Hartung, W., Schulze, E.-D., Heilmeier, H.: Cytokinins in the xylem sap of desert grown almond (Prunus dulcis) trees: Daily courses and their possible interactions with abscisic acid and leaf conductance.-New Phytol. 122: 45–52, 1992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galuszka, P., Frébort, I., Šebela, M., Sauer, P., Jacobsen, S., Peč, P.: Cytokinin oxidase or dehydrogenase? Mechanism of cytokinin degradation in cereals.-Eur. J. Biochem. 268: 450–461, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gehring, C.A., Irving, H.R., McConchie, R.M., Parish, R.W.: Jasmonates induce intracellular alkalinization and closure of Paphiopedilum guard cells.-Ann. Bot. 80: 485–489, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gehring, C.A., McConchie, R.M., Venis, M.A., Parish, R.W.: Auxin-binding-protein antibodies and peptides influence stomatal opening and alter cytoplasmic pH.-Planta 205: 581–586, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goicoechea, N., Antolín, M.C., Sánchez-Díaz, M.: Gas exchange is related to the hormonal balance in mycorrhizal or nitrogen-fixing alfalfa subjected to drought.-Physiol. Plant. 100: 989–997, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goicoechea, N., Doležal, K., Antolín, M.C., Strnad, M., Sánchez-Díaz, M.: Influence of mycorrhizae and Rhizobium on cytokin content in drought-stressed alfalfa.-J. exp. Bot. 46: 1543–1549, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Göring, H., Koshuchowa, S., Deckert, C.: Influence of gibberellic acid on stomatal movement.-Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 186: 367–374, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grabov, A., Blatt, M.R.: Co-ordination of signalling elements in guard cell ion channel control.-J. exp. Bot. 49: 351–360, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson, C.A., Taylor, G.E., Jr.: Ethylene directly inhibits foliar gas exchange in Glycine max.-Plant Physiol. 95: 337–339, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S., Gupta, N.K., Kumar, A.: Effect of abscisic acid (ABA) and kinetin (Kn) on water loss from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seedlings.-Ann. Biol. 15: 77–79, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare, P.D., Cress, W.A., Van Staden, J.: The involvement of cytokinins in plant responses to environmental stress.-Plant Growth Regul. 23: 79–103, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, M.J., Outlaw, W.H., Jr.: Rapid adjustment of guard-cell abscisic acid levels to current leaf-water status.-Plant Physiol. 95: 171–173, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartung, W., Radin, J.W.: Abscisic acid in the mesophyll apoplast and in the root xylem sap of water-stressed plants: the significance of pH gradients.-Curr. Topics Plant Biochem. Physiol. 8: 110–124, 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartung, W., Weiler, E.W., Radin, J.W.: Auxin and cytokinins in the apoplastic solution of dehydrated cotton leaves.-J. Plant Physiol. 140: 324–327, 1992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartung, W., Wilkinson, S., Davies, W.J.: Factors that regulate abscisic acid concentrations at the primary site of action at the guard cell.-J. exp. Bot. 49: 361–367, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckenberger, U., Schurr, U., Schulze, E.-D.: Stomatal response to abscisic acid fed into the xylem of intact Helianthus annuus (L.) plants.-J. exp. Bot. 47: 1405–1412, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedden, P.: Regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis.-In: Hooykaas, P.J.J., Hall, M.A., Libbenga, K.R. (ed.): Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones. Pp. 161–188. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herde, O., Peña-Cortés, H., Willmitzer, L., Fisahn, J.: Stomatal responses to jasmonic acid, linolenic acid and abscisic acid in wild-type and ABA-deficient tomato plants.-Plant Cell Environ. 20: 136,-141, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington, A.M.: Guard cell signalling.-Cell 107: 711–714, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirasawa, T., Wakabayashi, K., Touya, S., Ishihara, K.: Stomatal responses to water deficits and abscisic acid in leaves of sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) grown under different conditions.-Plant Cell Physiol. 36: 955–964, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hooley, R.: Progress towards the identification of cytokinin receptors.-In: Sopory, S.K., Oelmüller, R., Maheshwari, S.C. (ed.): Signal Transduction in Plants. Current Advances. Pp. 193–199. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York-Boston-Dordrecht-London-Moscow 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hose, E., Sauter, A., Hartung, W.: Abscisic acid in roots-biochemistry and physiology.-In: Waisel, Y., Eshel, A., Kafkafi, U. (ed.): Plant Roots. The Hidden Half. 3rd Ed. Pp. 435–448. Marcel Dekker, New York-Basel 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hose, E., Steudle, E., Hartung, W.: Abscisic acid and hydraulic conductivity of maize roots: a study'using cell-and root-pressure probes.-Planta 211: 874–882, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, R.F., Wang, X.C., Lou, C.H.: Cytoskeletal inhibitors suppress the stomatal opening of Vicia faba L. induced by fusicoccin and IAA.-Plant Sci. 156: 65–71, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubick, K.T., Taylor, J.S., Reid, D.M.: The effect of drought on levels of abscisic acid, cytokinins, gibberellins and ethylene in aeroponically-grown sunflower plants.-Plant Growth Regul. 4: 139–151, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ievinsh, G., Dreibante, G., Kruzmane, D.: Changes of l-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid oxidase activity in stressed Pinus sylvestris needles.-Biol. Plant. 44: 233–237, 2001.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Incoll, L.D., Jewer, P.C.: Cytokinins and stomata.-In: Zeiger, E., Farquhar, G.D., Cowan, I.R. (ed.): Stomatal Function. Pp. 281–292. Stanford University Press, Stanford 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Incoll, L.D., Ray, J.P., Jewer, P.C.: Do cytokinins act as root to shoot signals?-In: Davies, W.J., Jeffcoat, B. (ed.): Importance of Root to Shoot Communication in the Responses to Environmental Stress. Pp. 185–197. British Society for Plant Growth Regulation, Bristol 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itai, C.: Role of phytohormones in plant responses to stresses.-In: Lerner, H.R. (ed.): Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses. From Phytohormones to Genome Reorganization. Pp. 287–301. Marcel Dekker, New York-Basel 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iuchi, S., Kobayashi, M., Taji, T., Naramoto, M., Seki, M., Kato, T., Tabata, S., Kakubari, Y., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Shinozaki, K.: Regulation of drought tolerance by gene manipulation of 9–cis-epoxycarotenoid diogenase, a key enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.-Plant J. 27: 325–333, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, G.E., Irvine, J., Grace, J., Khalil, A.A.M.: Abscisic acid concentrations and fluxes in droughted conifer saplings.-Plant Cell Environ. 18: 13–22, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis, A.J., Davies, W.J.: Whole-plant ABA flux and the regulation of water loss in Cedrella odorata.-Plant Cell Environ. 20: 521–527, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeschke, W.D., Holobradá, M., Hartung, W.: Growth of Zea mays L. with their seminal roots only. Effects on plant development, xylem transport, mineral nutrition and the flow and distribution of abscisic acid (ABA) as a possible shoot to root signal.-J. exp. Bot. 48: 1229–1239, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jia, W., Zhang, J.: Comparison of exportation and metabolism of xylem-delivered ABA in maize leaves at different water status and xylem sap pH.-Plant Growth Regul. 21: 43–49, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jia, W., Zhang, J., Liang, J.: Initiation and regulation of water deficit-induced abscisic acid accumulation in maize leaves and roots: cellular volume and water relations.-J. exp. Bot. 52: 295–300, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jia, W., Zhang, J., Zhang, D.-P.: Metabolism of xylem-delivered ABA in relation to ABA flux and concentration in leaves of maize and Commelina communis.-J. exp. Bot. 47: 1085–1091, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, C.-J., Nakajima, N., Kondo, N.: Disruption of microtubules by abscisic acid in guard cells of Vicia faba L.-Plant Cell Physiol. 37: 697–701, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, H.G.: Stomatal control of photosynthesis and transpiration.-J. exp. Bot. 49 (Special Issue): 387–398, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamínek, M., Motyka, V., Vaňková, R.: Regulation of cytokinin content in plant cells.-Physiol. Plant. 101: 689–700, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, J.R., Schelzer, A.J., Eshita, S.M., Davis, K.R.: Ozone sensitivity in hybrid poplar is correlated with a lack of defense-gene activation.-Plant Physiol. 118: 1243–1252, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kudoyarova, G., Valcke, R., Teplova, I., Mustafina, A.: Cytokinin content and transpiration of transgenic tobacco plants containing heat-inducible ipt-gene as affected by high temperature.-Biol. Plant. 42(Suppl.): S75, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, D., Schuit, J., Kuiper, P.J.C.: Actual cytokinin concentrations in plant tissue as an indicator for salt resistance in cereals.-Plant Soil 123: 243–250, 1990.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, B., Pandey, D.M., Goswami, C.L., Jain, S.: Effect of growth regulators on photosynthesis, transpiration and related parameters in water stressed cotton.-Biol. Plant. 44: 475–478, 2001.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lambers, H., Stuart Chapin, F., Pons, T.J.: Plant Physiological Ecology.-Springer, New York 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazova, G.N., Kicheva, M.I., Popova, L.P.: The effect of abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate on carbonic anhydrase activity in pea.-Photosynthetica 36: 631–634, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lechowski, Z.: Stomatal response to exogenous cytokinin treatment of the hemiparasite Melampyrum arvense L. before and after attachment to the host.-Biol. Plant. 39: 13–21, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T.M., Lur, H.S., Lin, Y.H., Chu, C.: Physiological and biochemical changes related to methyl jasmonate-induced chilling tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings.-Plant Cell Environ. 19: 65–74, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemtiri-Chlieh, F., MacRobbie, E.A.C., Brearley, C.A.: Inositol hexakisphosphate is a physiological signal regulating the K+-inward rectifying conductance in guard cells.-Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 8687–8692, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leshem, Y.Y., Gottlieb, H.E., Bach, D.: Surface tension-related mechanical effects of methyl jasmonate on membrane phospholipid.-J. Plant Physiol. 144: 691–695, 1994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leung, J., Giraudat, J.: Abscisic acid signal transduction.-Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant mol. Biol. 49: 199–222, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leymarie, J., Lascève, G., Vavasseur, A.: Interaction of stomatal responses to ABA and CO2 in Arabidopsis thaliana.-Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 25: 785–791, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, J., Zhang, J.: The relations of stomatal closure and reopening to xylem ABA concentration and leaf water potential during soil drying and rewatering.-Plant Growth Regul. 29: 77–86, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, J., Zhang, J., Wong, M.H.: Stomatal conductance in relation to xylem sap abscisic acid concentrations in two tropical trees. Acacia confusa and Litsea glutinosa.-Plant Cell Environ. 19: 93–100, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, J., Zhang, J., Wong, M.H.: How do roots control xylem sap ABA concentration in response to soil drying?-Plant Cell Physiol. 38: 10–16, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, J., Zhang, J., Wong, M.H.: Can stomatal closure caused by xylem ABA explain the inhibition of leaf photosynthesis under soil drying?-Photosynth. Res. 51: 149–159, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, L., McDonald, A.J.S., Stadenberg, L, Davies, W.J.: Abscisic acid in leaves and roots of willow: significance for stomatal conductance.-Tree Physiol. 21: 759–764, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X., Zhang, S.Q., Lou, C.H., Yu, F.Y.: Effect of localized scorch on the transport and distribution of exogenous jasmonic acid in Vicia faba.-Acta bot. sin. 44: 164–167, 2002.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lohse, G., Hedrich, R.: Anions modify the response of guard-cell anion channels to auxin.-Planta 197: 546–552, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luan, S.: Signalling drought in guard cells.-Plant Cell Environ. 25: 229–237, 2002.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, H.: Auxin perception and signal transduction.-Physiol. Plant. 100: 423–430, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacRobbie, E.A.C.: Signalling in guard cells and regulation of ion channel activity.-J. exp. Bot. 48: 515–528, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, T.A., Atkinson, C.J.: Stomatal behaviour in water stressed plants.-In: Alscher, R.G., Cumming, J.R. (ed.): Stress Responses in Plants: Adaptation and Acclimation Mechanisms. Pp. 241–264. Willey-Liss, New York 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masia, A., Pitacco, A., Braggio, L., Giulivo, C.: Hormonal responses to partial drying of the root system of Helianthus annuus.-J. exp. Bot. 45: 69–76, 1994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meinzer, F.C., Grantz, D.A., Smit, B.: Root signals mediate coordination of stomatal and hydraulic conductance in growing sugarcane.-Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 18: 329–338, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merrit, F., Kemper, A., Tallman, G.: Inhibitors of ethylene synthesis inhibits auxin-induced stomatal opening in epidermis detached from leaves of Vicia faba L.-Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 223–230, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mok, D.W.S., Mok, M.C.: Cytokinin metabolism and action.-Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant mol. Biol. 52: 89–118, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mori, I.C., Muto, S.: Abscisic acid activates a 48–kilodalton protein kinase in guard cell protoplasts.-Plant Physiol. 113: 833–839, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morsucci, R., Curvetto, N., Delmastro, S.: Involvement of cytokinins and adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate in stomatal movement in Vicia faba.-Plant Physiol. Biochem. 29: 537–547, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morsucci, R., Curvetto, N., Delmastro, S.: High concentration of adenosine or kinetin riboside induces stomatal closure in Vicia faba, probably through inhibition of adenylate cyclase.-Plant Physiol. Biochem. 30: 383–388, 1992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mott, K.A., Buckley, T.N.: Stomatal heterogeneity.-J. exp. Bot. 49: 407–417, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munné-Bosch, S., Lopez-Carbonell, M., Alegre, L., Van Onckelen, H.A.: Effect of drought and high solar radiation on 1–aminocyclopropane-1–carboxylic acid and abscisic acid concentrations in Rosmarinus officinalis plants.-Physiol. Plant. 114: 380–386, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mustafina, A., Veselov, S., Valcke, R., Kudoyarova, G.: Contents of abscisic acid and cytokinins in shoots during dehydartion of wheat seedlings.-Biol. Plant. 40: 291–293, 1997/98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naqvi, S.S.M.: Plant hormones and stress phenomena.-In: Pessarakli, M. (ed.): Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. Pp. 383–400. Marcel Dekker, New York-Basel-Hong Kong 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naqvi, S.S.M.: Plant hormones and stress phenomena.-In: Pessarakli, M. (ed.): Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. Pp. 709–730. Marcel Dekker, New York-Basel 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naqvi, S.S.M.: Plant/crop hormones under stressful conditions.-In: Pessarakli, M. (ed.): Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology. Pp. 645–660. Marcel Dekker, New York-Basel-Hong Kong 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng, C.K.-Y., McAinsh, M.R., Gray, J.E., Hunt, L., Leckie, C.P., Mills, L., Hetherington, A.M.: Calcium-based signalling systems in guard cells.-New Phytol. 151: 109–120, 2001.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niinemets, Ü., Sõber, A., Kull, O., Hartung, W., Tenhunen, J.D.: Apparent controls on leaf conductance by soil water availability and via light-acclimation of foliage structural and physiological properties in a mixed deciduous, temperate forest.-Int. J. Plant Sci. 160: 707–721,, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olivella, C., Vendrell, M., Savé, R.: Abscisic acid and ethylene content in Gerbera jamesonii plants submitted to drought and rewatering.-Biol. Plant. 41: 613–616, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pei, Z.-M., Kuchitsu, K., Ward, J.M., Schwarz, M., Schroeder, J.I.: Differential abscisic acid regulation of guard cell slow anion channels in Arabidopsis wild-type and abi1 and abi2 mutants.-Plant Cell 9: 409–423, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pemadasa, M.A.: Differential abaxial and adaxial stomatal responses to indole-3–acetic acid in Commelina communis L.-New Phytol. 90: 209–219, 1982a.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pemadasa, M.A.: Effects of phenylacetic acid on abaxial and adaxial stomatal movements and its interaction with abscisic acid.-New Phytol. 92: 21–30, 1982b.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pharmawati, M., Billington, T., Gehring, C.A.: Stomatal guard cell responses to kinetin and natriuretic peptides are cGMP-dependent.-Cell. mol. Life Sci. 54: 272–276, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popova, L.P., Outlaw, W.H., Jr., Aghoram, K., Hite, D.R.C.: Abscisic acid-and intraleaf water-stress signal.-Physiol. Plant. 108: 376–381, 2000.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pospíšilová, J.: Hardening by abscisic acid of tobacco plantlets grown in vitro.-Biol. Plant. 38: 605–609, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pospíšilová, J., Čatský, J., Synková, H., Macháčková, I., Solárová, J.: Gas exchange and in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence in potato and tobacco plantlets in vitro as affected by various concentrations of 6–benzylaminopurine.-Photosynthetica 29: 1–12, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pospíšilová, J., Rulcová, J., Vomáčka, L.: Effect of benzyladenine and hydroxybenzyladenosine on gas exchange of bean and sugar beet leaves.-Biol. Plant. 44: 523–528, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pospíšilová, J., Šantrůček, J.: Stomatal patchiness.-Biol. Plant. 36: 481–510, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pospíšilová, J., Synková, H., Macháčková, I., Čatský, J.: Photosynthesis in transgenic tobacco plants.-In: Mathis, P. (ed.): Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere. Vol. V. Pp. 519–522. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pospíšilová, J., Synková, H., Macháčková, I., Čatský, J.: Photosynthesis in different types of transgenic tobacco plants with elevated cytokinin content.-Biol. Plant. 40: 81–89, 1997/98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pospíšilová, J., Synková, H., Rulcová, J.: Cytokinins and water stress.-Biol. Plant. 43: 321–328, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pospíšilová, J., Wilhelmová, N., Synková, H., Čatský, J., Krebs, D., Tichá, I., Hanáčková, B., Snopek, J.: Acclimation of tobacco plantlets to ex vitro conditions as affected by application of abscisic acid.-J. exp. Bot. 49: 863–869, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radin, J.W., Hendrix, D.L.: The apoplastic pool of abscisic acid in cotton leaves in relation to stomatal closure.-Planta 174: 180–186, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radin, J.W., Parker, L.L., Guinn, G.: Water relation of cotton plants under nitrogen deficiency. V. Environmental control of abscisic acid accumulation and stomatal sensitivity to abscisic acid.-Plant Physiol. 70. 1066–1070, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raghavendra, A.S., Bhaskar Reddy, K.: Action of proline on stomata differs from that of abscisic acid, G-substances, or methyl jasmonate.-Plant Physiol. 83: 732–734, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajasekaran, L.R., Blake, T.J.: New plant growth regulators protect photosynthesis and enhance growth under drought of jack pine seedlings.-J. Plant Growth Regul. 18: 175–181, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Říčánek, M., Vicherková, M.: Stomatal responses to ABA and IAA in isolated epidermal strips of Vicia faba L.-Biol. Plant. 34: 259–265, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rock, C.D.: Pathway to abscisic acid-regulated gene expression.-New Phytol. 148: 357–396, 2000.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roelfsema, M.R.G., Staal, M., Prins, H.B.A.: Blue-light-induced apoplastic acidification of Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells: inhibition by ABA is mediated through protein phosphatases.-Physiol. Plant. 103: 466–474, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romano, L.A., Jacob, T., Assmann, S.M.: Increases in cytosolic Ca2+ are not required for abscisic acid-inhibition of inward K+ currents in guard cells of Vicia faba L.-Planta 211: 209–217, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rood, S.B., Zanewich, K., Stefura, C., Mahoney, J.M.: Influence of water table decline on growth allocation and endogenous gibberellins in black cottonwood.-Tree Physiol. 20: 831–836, 2000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rulcová, J., Pospíšilová, J.: Effect of benzylaminopurine on rehydration of bean plants after water stress.-Biol. Plant. 44: 75–81, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rulcová, J.: [Effect of Cytokinins on Plant Recovery after Water Stress.]-Thesis. Faculty of Natural Sciences, Charles University, Prague 2000. [In Czech.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Salleo, S., Nardini, A., Pitt, F., Lo Gullo, M.A.: Xylem cavitation and hydraulic control of stomatal conductance in laurel (Laurus nobilis L.).-Plant Cell Environ. 23: 71–79, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santakumari, M., Fletcher, R.A.: Reversal of triazole-induced stomatal closure by gibberellic acid and cytokinins in Commelina benghalensis.-Physiol. Plant. 71: 95–99, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanz, L.C., Fernández-Maculet, J.C., Gómez, E., Vioque, B., Olías, J.M.: Effect of methyl jasmonate on ethylene biosynthesis and stomatal closure in olive leaves.-Phytochemistry 33: 285–289, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauter, A., Davies, W.J., Hartung, W.: The long-distance abscisic acid signal in the droughted plant: the fate of the hormone on its way from root to shoot.-J. exp. Bot. 52: 1991–1997, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauter, A., Dietz, K.-J., Hartung, W.: A possible stress physiological role of abscisic acid conjugates in root-to-shoot signalling.-Plant Cell Environ. 25: 223–228, 2002.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauter, A., Hartung, W.: Radial transport of abscisic acid conjugates in maize roots: its implication for long distance stress signals.-J. exp. Bot. 51: 925–935, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, J.I., Allen, G.J., Hugouvieux, V., Kwak, J.M., Waner, D.: Guard cell signal transduction.-Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant mol. Biol. 52: 627–658, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shashidhar, V.R., Prasad, T.G., Sudharshan, L.: Hormone signals from roots to shoots of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Moderate soil drying increases delivery of abscisic acid and depresses delivery of cytokinins in xylem sap.-Ann. Bot. 78: 151–155, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, P., Srivastava, N.K., Mishra, A., Sharma, S.: Influence of etherel and gibberellic acid on carbon metabolism, growth, and essential oil accumulation in spearmint (Mentha spicata).-Photosynthetica 36: 509–517, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slovin, J.P., Bandurski, R.S., Cohen, J.D.: Auxin.-In: Hooykaas, P.J.J., Hall, M.A., Libbenga, K.R. (ed.): Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones. Pp. 115–140. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snaith, P.J., Mansfield, T.A.: Control of the CO2 response of stomata by indol-3ylacetic acid and abscisic acid.-J. exp. Bot. 33: 360–365, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snaith, P.J., Mansfield, T.A.: Studies of the inhibition of stomatal opening by naphth-1–ylacetic acid and abscisic acid.-J. exp. Bot. 35: 1410–1418, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snaith, P.J., Mansfield, T.A.: Responses of stomata to IAA and fusicoccin at the opposite phases of an entrained rhythm.-J. exp. Bot. 36: 937–944, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Socias, X., Correia, M.J., Chaves, M., Medrano, H.: The role of abscisic acid and water relations in drought responses of subterranean clover.-J. exp. Bot. 48: 1281–1288, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoll, M., Loveys, B., Dry, P.: Hormonal changes induced by partial rootzone drying of irrigated grapevine.-J. exp. Bot. 51: 1627–1634, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Synková, H., Pospíšilová, J., Valcke, R.: Photosynthesis in transgenic pssu-ipt tobacco plants as affected by water stress.-In: Mathis, P. (ed.): Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere. Vol. IV. Pp. 561–564. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Synková, H., Van Loven, K., Pospíšilová, J., Valcke, R.: Photosynthesis of transgenic Pssu-ipt tobacco.-J. Plant Physiol. 155: 173–182, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Synková, H., Van Loven, K., Valcke, R.: Increased content of endogenous cytokinins does not delay degradation of photosynthetic apparatus in tobacco.-Photosynthetica 33: 595–608, 1997a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Synková, H., Wilhelmová, N., Šesták, Z., Pospíšilová, J.: Photosynthesis in transgenic plants with elevated cytokinin contents.-In: Pessarakli, M. (ed.): Handbook of Photosynthesis. Pp. 541–552. Marcel Dekker, New York-Basel-Hong Kong 1997b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talavera, C.R., Espadas, F.L., Aguilar, M.L., Maust, B.E., Oropeza, C.M., Santamaria, J.M.: The control of leaf water loss by coconut plants cultured in vitro depends on the type of membrane used for ventilation.-J. hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 76: 569–674, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tardieu, F., Davies, W.J.: Root-shoot communication and whole-plant regulation of water flux.-In: Smith, J.A.C., Griffiths, H.: Water Deficits. Plant Responses from Cell to Community. Pp. 147–162. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tardieu, F., Davies, W.J.: Integration of hydraulic and chemical signalling in the control of stomatal conductance and water status of droughted plants.-Plant Cell Environ. 16: 341–349, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teplova, I., Farkhutdinov, R., Mitrichenko, A., Kudoyarova, G.: Changes in zeatin and ABA content and water relations in wheat seedlings as influenced by elevated temperature.-Biol. Plant. 42(Suppl.): S78, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thimann, K.V.: Antagonisms and similarities between cytokinins, abscisic acid and auxin (mini review).-In: Kamínek, M., Mok, D.W.S., Zažimalová, E. (ed.): Physiology and Biochemistry of Cytokinins in Plants. Pp. 395–400. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D.S., Eamus, D.: The influence of predawn leaf water potential on stomatal responses to atmospheric water content at constant C i and on stem hydraulic conductance and foliar ABA concentrations.-J. exp. Bot. 50: 243–251, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J.C., McElwain, E.F., Bohnert, H.J.: Convergent induction of osmotic stress-response. Abscisic acid, cytokinin, and the effects of NaCl.-Plant Physiol. 100: 416–423, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J.C., Smigocki, A.C., Bohnert, H.J.: Light-induced expression of ipt from Agrobacterium tumefaciens results in cytokinin accumulation and osmotic stress symptoms in transgenic tobacco.-Plant mol. Biol. 27: 225–235, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, A.J., Jackson, A.C., Parker, R.A., Morpeth, D.R., Burbidge, D.R., Taylor, I.A.: Abscisic acis biosynthesis in tomato: egulation of zeaxanthin epoxidase and 9–cis-epoxycarotenoid diogenase mRNAs by light/dark cycles, water stress and abscisic acid.-Plant mol. Biol. 42: 833–845, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, D.S., Wilkinson, S., Bacon, M.A., Davies, W.J.: Multiple signals and mechanisms that regulate leaf growth and stomatal behaviour during water deficit.-Physiol. Plant. 100: 303–313, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trejo, C.L., Clephan, A.L., Davies, W.J.: How do stomata read abscisic acid signals?-Plant Physiol. 109: 803–811, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsonev, T.D., Lazova, G.N., Stoinova, Z.G., Popova, L.P.: A possible role for jasmonic acid in adaptation of barley seedlings to salinity stress.-J. Plant Growth Regul. 17: 153–159, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vomáčka, L., Pospíšilová, J.: Rehydration of sugar beet plants after water stress: effects of cytokinins.-Biol. Plant. 46: 57–62, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Letham, D.S., Cornish, E., Stevenson, K.R.: Studies of cytokinin action and metabolism using tobacco plants expressing either the ipt or the GUS gene controlled by a chalcone synthase promoter. I. Developmental features of the transgenic plants.-Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 24: 661–672, 1997a.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Letham, D.S., Cornish, E., Wei, K., Hocart, C.H., Michael, M., Stevenson, K.R.: Studies of cytokinin action and metabolism using tobacco plants expressing either the ipt or the GUS gene controlled by a chalcone synthase promoter. II. ipt and GUS gene expression, cytokinin levels and metabolism.-Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 24: 673–683, 1997b.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S.Y.: Methyl jasmonate reduces water stress in strawberry.-J. Plant Growth Regul. 18: 127–134, 1999.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, A.A.R., Larman, M.G., Montgomery, L.T., Taylor, J.E., Hetherington, A.M.: The role of calcium in ABA-induced gene expression and stomatal movements.-Plant J. 26: 351–362, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, D.: Regulation of stomatal conductance and transpiration in forest canopies.-Tree Physiol. 18: 633–644, 1998.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, S., Davies, W.J.: Xylem sap pH increase: a drought signal received at the apoplastic face of the guard cell that involves the suppression of saturable abscisic acid uptake by the epidermal symplast.-Plant Physiol. 113: 559–573, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, S., Davies, W.J.: ABA-based chemical signalling: the co-ordination of responses to stress in plants.-Plant Cell Environ. 25: 195–210, 2002.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, H.-L., Shida, A., Futatsuya, F., Kumura, A.: Effects of epibrassinolide and abscisic acid on sorghum plants growing under soil-water deficit. II. Physiological basis for drought resistance induced by exogenous epibrassinolide and abscisic acid.-Jap. J. Crop Sci. 63: 676–681, 1994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, N., Gupta, V., Yadav, V.K.: Role of benzyladenine and gibberellic acid in alleviating water-stress effect in gram (Cicer arietinum).-Indian J. agr. Sci. 67: 381–387, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, J.C., Zhang, J.H., Wang, Z.Q., Zhu, Q.S., Wang, W.: Hormonal changes in the grains of rice subjected to water stress during grain filling.-Plant Physiol. 127: 315–323, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokota, T.: Brassinosteroids.-In: Hooykaas, P.J.J., Hall, M.A., Libbenga, K.R. (ed.): Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones. Pp. 277–293. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, L., Xu, D.Q.: Stimulation effect of gibberellic acid short-term treatment on leaf photosynthesis related to the increase in Rubisco content in broad bean and soybean.-Photosynth. Res. 68: 39–47, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zažímalová, E., Kamínek, M., Březinová, A., Motyka, V.: Control of cytokinin biosynthesis and metabolism.-In: Hooykaas, P.J.J., Hall, M.A., Libbenga, K.R. (ed.): Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones. Pp. 141–160. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zdunek, E., Lips, S.H.: Transport and accumulation rates of abscisic acid and aldehyde oxidase activity in Pisum sativum L. in response to suboptimal growth conditions.-J. exp. Bot. 52: 1269–1276, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeevaart, J.A.D.: Abscisic acid metabolism and its regulation.-In: Hooykaas, P.J.J., Hall, M.A., Libbenga, K.R. (ed.): Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones. Pp. 189–207. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, D., He, F., Jia, W.: Cell biological mechanism for triggering of ABA accumulation under water stress in Vicia faba leaves.-Sci. China 44: 421–428, 2001a.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, D., Yang, H., Jia, W., Huang, C.: Protein phosphorylation is involved in the water stress-induced ABA accumulation in the roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd.-Chin. Sci. Bull. 46: 855–858, 2001b.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., Jia, W., Zhang, D.-P.: Effect of leaf water status and xylem pH on metabolism of xylem-transported abscisic acid.-Plant Growth Regul. 21: 51–58, 1997a.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., Jia, W., Zhang, D.-P.: Re-export and metabolism of xylem-delivered ABA in attached maize leaves under different transpirational fluxes and xylem ABA concentrations.-J. exp. Bot. 48: 1557–1564, 1997b.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Liang, J.: Exudation rate and hydraulic conductivity of maize roots are enhanced by soil drying and abscisic acid treatment.-New Phytol. 131: 329–336, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S.Q., Outlaw, W.H., Jr.: The guard-cell apoplast as a site of abscisic acid accumulation in Vicia faba L.-Plant Cell Environ. 24: 347–355, 2001a.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S.Q., Outlaw, W.H., Jr.: Abscisic acid introduced into the transpiration stream accumulates in the guard-cell apoplast and causes stomatal closure.-Plant Cell Environ. 24: 1045–1054, 2001b.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S.Q., Outlaw, W.H., Jr.: Gradual long-term water stress results in abscisic acid accumulation in the guard-cell symplast and guard-cell apoplast of intact Vicia faba L. plants.-J. Plant Growth Regul. 20: 300–307, 2001c.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S.Q., Outlaw, W.H., Jr., Aghoram, K.: Relationship between changes in the guard cell abscisic-acid content and other stress-related physiological parameters in intact plants.-J. exp. Bot. 52: 301–308, 2001c.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Yu, C.M., An, G.Y., Zhou, Y., Shangguan, Z.P., Gao, J.F., Song, C.P.: K+ channels inhibited by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signaling in Vicia guard cells.-Cell Res. 11: 195–202, 2001d.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Zhang, L., Dong, F., Gao, J., Galbraith, D.W., Song, C.-P.: Hydrogen peroxide is involved in abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba.-Plant Physiol. 126: 1438–1448, 2001e.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pospíšilová, J. Participation of Phytohormones in the Stomatal Regulation of Gas Exchange During Water Stress. Biologia Plantarum 46, 491–506 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024894923865

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024894923865

Navigation