Skip to main content
Log in

Corporate Ethics Initiatives As Social Control

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Efforts to institutionalize ethics in corporations have been discussed without first addressing the desirability of norm conformity or the possibility that the means used to elicit conformity will be coercive. This article presents a theoretical context, grounded in models of social control, within which ethics initiatives may be evaluated. Ethics initiatives are discussed in relation to variables that already exert control in the workplace, such as environmental controls, organizational controls, and personal controls.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ayres, Ian and John Braithwaite: 1992, Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate (Oxford University Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumhart, Raymond C.: 1961, ‘How Ethical Are Businessman?’, Harvard Business Review 39 (July–August), 6–19, 156–176.

  • Beets, S. D. and L. N. Killough: 1990, ‘The Effectiveness of a Complaint-based Ethics Enforcement System: Evidence from the Accounting Profession’, Journal of Business Ethics 9, 115–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berenbeim, Ronald E.: 1987, Corporate Ethics (Conference Board, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Berenbeim, Ronald E.: 1988, ‘An Oubreak of Ethics’, Across the Board 25(5), 15–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berenbeim, Ronald E.: 1991, Corporate Ethics Practices (Conference Board, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beville, S. L. and C. Nickerson: 1982, Improving the Quality of Youth Work: A Strategy for Delinquency Prevention (United States Department of Justice, Washington DC).

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, Donald: 1976, The Behavior of Law (Academic Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, J. H. and J. Block: 1979, ‘The Role of Ego Control and Ego-Resiliency in the Organization of Behavior’, in W. A. Collins (ed.), Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (Vol. 13) (Erlbaum, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, Steven N. and Earl A. Molander: 1977, ‘Is the Ethics of Business Changing?’, Harvard Business Review 55(1), 57–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bucy, Pamela H.: 1991, ‘Corporate Ethos: A Standard for Imposing Corporate Criminal Liability’, Minnesota Law Review 75, 1095–1128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, John M.: 1926, The Social Control of Business (McGraw-Hill, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson, Max B. E. and Michael C. Deck: 1992, ‘Applying the Stakeholder Management Model to the Analysis and Evaluation of Corporate Codes’, Paper presented at the International Association for Business and Society, June.

  • Cohen, Deborah V.: 1993, ‘Creating and Maintaining Ethical Work Climates: Anomie in the Workplace and Implications for Managing Change’, Business Ethics Quarterly 3(4), 343–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comte, Auguste: 1893, Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte (Chapman, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooley, C. H.: 1909, Social Organization (Scribner, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cressay, Donald R. and Charles A. Moore: 1983, ‘Managerial Values and Corporate Codes of Ethics’, California Management Review 25(4), 53–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalton, Dan, R., Michael B. Metzger and John W. Hill: 1994, ‘The “New” U.S. Sentencing Commission Guidelines: A Wake Up Call for Corporate America’, Academy of Management Executive 8(1), 7–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, N. J. and B. Anderson: 1983 Social Control: The Production of Deviance in the Modern State (Irvington, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • DeGeorge, Richad T.: 1990, Business Ethics (Macmillan Publishing Company, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • DeGeorge, Richard T.: 1993, Competing with Integrity in International Business (Oxford University Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Derry, Robbin: 1991, ‘Institutionalizing Ethical Motivation: Reflections on Goodpaster's Agenda’, in R. Edward Freeman (ed.), Business Ethics: The State of the Art (Oxford University Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, Thomas: 1989, The Ethics of International Business (Oxford University Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubinsky, A. J. and B. Loken: 1989, ‘Analyzing Ethical Desicion Making in Marketing’, Journal of Business Research 19(2), 83–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunfee, Thomas W.: 1987, ‘The Case for Professional Norms of Business Ethics’, American Business Law Journal 25(3), 385–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunfee, Thomas W.: 1991, ‘Beyond the Law: A Brief Ethical Analysis of Milken's Securities Violations’, Journal of Social Philosophy 22, 137–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim, Emile: 1895, The Division of Labor in Society (Free Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenhardt, Kathleen, M.: 1983, ‘Control: Organizational and Economic Approaches’, Management Science 31, 134–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ermann, M. D. and R. J. Lundman: 1978, ‘Deviant Acts by Complex Organizations: Deviance and Social Control at the Organizational Level of Analysis’, Sociological Quarterly 19, 55–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ethics Resource Center: 1990, Ethics Policies and Programs in American Business (Washington, DC).

  • Etzioni, Amitai: 1961, A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations: On Power, and Their Correlates (Macmillan, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Etzioni, Amitai: 1965, ‘Organizational Control Structure’, in J. G. March (ed.), Handbook or Organizations (Rand McNally, Chicago).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O. C. and K. G. Gresham: 1985, ‘A Contingency Framework for Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing’, Journal of Marketing 49(3), 87–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Follett, Mary Parker: 1973, Dynamic Administration; the Collected Papers of Mary Parker Follett (Pitman, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederick, William C.: 1991, ‘The Moral Authority of Transnational Corporate Codes’, Journal of Business Ethics 10(3), 165–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsche, D. J.: 1988, ‘An Examination of Marketing Ethics: Role of the Decision Maker, Consequences of Decision, Management Position, and Sex of Respondent’, Journal of Macromarketing 8(2), 29–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatewood, Robert D. and Archie B. Carroll: 1991, ‘Assessment of Ethical Performance of Organizational Members: A Conceptual Framework’, Academy of Management Review 16(4), 667–690.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelacak, M. S. and Heather R. Epstein: 1994, ‘Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations: A Commissioner's View’, Business Crimes Bulletin 1(4), 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gellerman, S.: 1989, ‘Managing Ethics from the Top Down’, Sloan Management Review, Winter, 73–79.

  • Gibbs, Jack P.: 1985, ‘Social Control’, in Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper (eds.), The Social Science Encyclopedia (Routledge, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, Jack, P.: 1972, Social Control (Warner, Andover, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, Daniel, R.: 1991, ‘Respect for Persons, Management Theory, and Business Ethics’, in R. Edward Freeman (ed.), Business Ethics: The State of the Art (Oxford University Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodpaster, Kenneth E.: 1991, ‘Ethical Imperatives and Corporate Leadership’, in R. Edward Freeman (ed.), Business Ethics: The State of the Art (Oxford University Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, Michael and Hirschi Travis: 1990, A General Theory of Crime (Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif).

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberger, David B. and Strasser, Stephen: 1986, ‘Development and Application of a Model of Personal Control in Organizations’, Academy of Management Review 11(1), 164–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, H. L. A.: 1961, The Concept of Law (Oxford University Press, Oxford).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, W. H. and H. P. Sims, Jr.: 1978, ‘Some Determinants of Unethical Decision Behavior: An Experiment’, Journal of Applied Psychology 63, 451–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschi, T.: 1969 The Causes of Delinquency (University of California Press, Berkeley, Calif).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollingshead, A. B.: 1941, ‘The Concept of Social Control’, American Sociological Review 6, 217–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, Allan V.: 1990, The Logic of Social Control (Plenum, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, Anne, L.: 1994, ‘The Role of Managerial Self-Efficacy in Corporate Compliance with the Law’, Law and Human Behavior 18(1), 71–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, Thomas, M.: 1991, ‘Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-Contingent Model’, Academy of Management Review 16(2), 366–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyodo News Service: 1992, ‘Doyukai Says Japan Should Show Initiative in 1992’, Tokyo, January 3.

  • Langlois, Catherine C. and Bodo B. Schlegelmilch: 1990, ‘Do Corporate Codes of Ethics Reflect National Character? Evidence from Europe and the United States’, Journal of International Business Studies, 519–539.

  • Laufer, William S.: 1992, ‘Culpability and the Sentencing of Corporations’, Nebraska Law Review 41, 1049–1094.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, William S.: 1994, ‘Corporate Bodies and Guilty Minds’, Emory Law Journal 79, 649–732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, William S., D. K. Skoog and James M. Day: 1982, ‘Personality and Criminality: A Review of the California Psychological Inventory’, Journal of Clinical Psychology 38, 562–573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, William S., J. A. Johnson and R. Hogan: 1981, ‘Ego Control and Criminal Behavior’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 41, 184–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, M. Cash: 1988, Strategic Intervention in Organizations: Resolving Ethical Dilemmas (Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, Michael, Dan R. Dalton and John W. Hill: 1993, ‘The Organization of Ethics and the Ethics of Organization: The Case for Expanded Organizational Ethics’, Business Ethics Quarterly 3(1), 28–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Modic, Stanley J.: 1987, ‘Corporate Ethics: From Commandments to Commitment’, Industry Week 235(6), 33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P.: 1955, ‘Implementing Business Ethics’, Journal of Business Ethics 7, 907–915.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P.: 1989, ‘Creating Ethical Corporate Structures’, Sloan Management Review, Winter, 81–87.

  • Murphy, P.: 1995, ‘Corporate Ethics Statements: Current Status and Future Prospects’, Journal of Business Ethics 14(9), 727–740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, Ilene H. and M. Swenson, Winthrop: 1993, ‘The Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Corporations: Their Development, Theoretical Underpinnings, and Some Thoughts About Their Future’, Washington University Law Quarterly 71, 205, 215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouchi, William G.: 1979, ‘A Conceptual Framework for the Design of Organizational Control Mechanisms’, Management Science 25, 833–848.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, Talcott: 1960, Structure and Process in Modern Society (Free Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pervin, Lawrence A.: 1987, ‘Person-Environment Congruence in the Light of the Person-Situation Controversy’, Journal of Vocational Behavior 31, 222–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pervin, Lawrence A.: 1989, ‘Persons, Situations, Interactions: The History of a Controversy and a Discussion of Theoretical Models’, Academy of Management Review 14(3), 350–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitt, H. and R. Groskaufmanis: 1990, ‘Minimizing Corporate Civil and Criminal Liability: A Second Look at Corporate Codes of Conduct’, Georgetown Law Journal 78, 1559–1589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner, Barry Z. and Warren H. Schmidt: 1987, ‘Ethics in American Companies: A Managerial Perspective’, Journal of Business Ethics 6(5), 383–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinney, Richard: 1974, Crime and Justice in Society (Little Brown, Boston).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakoff, Jed S.: 1994, ‘Avoiding Corporate Indictments Under New Sentencing Guidelines; Lessons from the First 26 Cases’, Business Crimes Bulletin 1(1), 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakoff, Jed S., Linda, R. Blumkin and Richard Sauber: 1993, Corporate Sentencing Guidelines: Compliance and Mitigation (Law Journal Seminars-Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reckless, Walter C., S. Dinitz and E. Murray: 1957, ‘The Self Component in Potential Delinquency and Potential Non-Delinquency’, American Sociological Review 22, 556–570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, Albert J.: 1951, ‘Delinquency as the Failure of Personal and Social Controls’, American Sociological Review 16, 206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, Diana C.: 1991, ‘Corporate Ethics Programs: The Impact of Firm Size’, in Brian Harvey, Henk J. L. Van Luijk and Guido Corbetta (eds.), Market Morality and Company Size (Kluwer Academic Publishers).

  • Roberston, Diana C. and Erin Anderson: 1993, ‘Control System and Task Environment Effects on Ethical Judgement: An Exploratory Study of Industrial Salespeople’, Organization Science 4(4), 617–644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, Diana C. and Bodo B. Schlegelmilch: 1993, ‘Corporate Institutionalization of Ethics in the United States and Great Britain’, Journal of Business Ethics 12(4), 301–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, E. A.: 1901, Social Control (Macmillan, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlegelmilch, Bodo B. and Jane E. Houston: 1989, ‘Corporate Codes of Ethics in Large UK Companies: An Empirical Investigation of Use, Content and Attitudes’, European Journal of Marketing 23(6), 7–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, Howard and Stanley Davis: 1981, ‘Matching Corporate Culture and Business Strategy’, Organizational Dynamics, Summer, 30–48.

  • Stead, W. Edward, Dan L. Worrell and Jean Stead: 1990, ‘An Integrative Model for Understanding and Managing Ethical Behavior in Business Organizations’, Journal of Business Ethics 9, 233–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, Betsy: 1994, ‘An Analysis of Corporate Codes Studies: “Where do we go from here?”’, Journal of Business Ethics 13, 63–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumner, William Graham: 1906, Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals (Dover, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Toby, J.: 1957, ‘Social Disorganization and Stake in Conformity: Complementary Factors in the Predatory Behavior of Hoodlums’, Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 48, 12–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevino, Linda Klebe: 1986, ‘Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-Situation Interactionist Model’, Academy of Management Review 11(3), 601–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevino, Linda Klebe: 1990, ‘A Cultural Perspective on Changing and Developing Organizational Ethics’, Research in Organizational Change and Development 4, 195–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevino, Linda K. and Stuart A. Youngblood: 1990, ‘Bad Apples in Bad Barrels: A Causal Analysis of Ethical Decision-making Behavior’, Journal of Applied Psychology 75, 378–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United States Sentencing Commission: 1991 Supplementary Report on Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations (U.S. Sentencing Commission, Washington).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walt, Steven D. and William S. Laufer: 1991, ‘Why Personhood Doesn't Matter: Corporate Criminal Liability and Sanctions’, American Journal of Criminal Law 18(3), 263–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walt, Steven D. and William S. Laufer: 1992, ‘Corporate Criminal Liability and the Comparative Mix of Sanctions’, in K. Schlegel and D. Weisburd (eds.), White Collar Crime Reconsidered (Northeastern University Press, Boston).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, James: 1993, ‘Institutionalizing Ethics into Business Organizations: A Model and Research Agenda’, Business Ethics Quarterly 3(4), 419–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, Gary R.: 1993, ‘Corporate Codes of Ethics: Purpose, Process and Content Issues’, 44–58.

  • Williamson, Oliver E.: 1991, ‘The Logic of Economic Organization’, in Oliver E. Williamson and Sidney G. Winter (eds.), The Nature of the Firm, New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Laufer, W.S., Robertson, D.C. Corporate Ethics Initiatives As Social Control. Journal of Business Ethics 16, 1029–1047 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017965820673

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017965820673

Keywords

Navigation