References
Abrams, L. (1917) Flora of Los Angeles and Vicinity. Stanford Bookstore.
Akbari, H., Davis, S., Dorsano, S., Huang, J., and Winnett, S. (1992) Cooling Our Communities: A Guidebook on Tree Planting and Light-Colored Surfacing. U.S. EPA Office of Policy Analysis, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, ISBN 0-16-036034-X, p. 18, Washington, D.C.
Allen, R. L. (1984) Natural vegetation of Orange County, California. In The Natural Sciences of Orange County (B. Butler, J. Gant and C. J. Stadum, eds), pp. 1–10. Newport Beach, Natural History Foundation of Orange County.
Botkin, B. A. (1978) A Treasury of Western Folklore. Crown Publishers, New York.
Botkin, D. B. and Keller, E. A. (1995) Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Boughey, A. S. (1968) A checklist of Orange County flowering plants. Museum of Systematic Biology, University of California, Irvine, California.
Butti, K. and Perlin, J. (1980) The Golden Thread: 2500 Years of Solar Architecture and Technology. Cheshire Press, New York.
California Department of Fish and Game. (1988) Annual Report on the Status of California's State Listed Threatened and Endangered Plants and Animals.
California Department of Fish and Game. (1995) URL http://www.dfg.ca.gov/nhd/animals.html.
Faber, P. M., Keller, E., Sands, A., and Massey, B. W. (1989) The ecology of riparian habitat of the Southern California coastal region: a community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report 85.
Francis, M. (1987) Some different meanings attached to a city park and community gardens. Landscape J. 6, 101–12.
Grove, N. (1990) Greenways: paths to the Future. National Geographic. pp. 77–99.
Hendee, J. C., Stanking, G. H. and Lucas, R. C. (1990) Wilderness Management.
Howard, E. (1946) Garden Cities of To-morrow by Ebenezer Howard (F. J. Osborn, ed), Faber and Faber, London.
Huang, J., Ritschard, R., Sampson, N. and Taha, H. (1992) The Benefits of Urban Trees, pp. 27–42 in Akbari, H., S. Davis, S. Dorsano, J. Huang, and S. Winnett. Cooling Our Cities: A Guidebook on Tree Planting and Light-Colored Surfacing. U.S. EPA Office of Policy Analysis, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, ISBN 0-16-036034-X, Washington D.C.
Jaeger, E. D. and Smith, A. C. (1966) Introduction to the Natural History of Southern California. 104 pp. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
Lenz, L. W. and Dourley, J. (1981) California Native Trees and Shrubs for Garden and Environmental Use in Southern California and Adjacent Areas. 232 pp. Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California.
Nash, R. F. (1991–1992) Island civilization: a vision for planet earth in the year 2992. Wild Earth Winter. pp. 2–4.
Olmsted, F. L. (1866) Report upon a projected improvement of the estate of the college of California, at Berkeley, near Oakland. The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted. 5, 554–566.
Olmsted, F. L. (1868) Letter to William Dorsheimer. October 1, 1868. First annual report of the Buffalo Park Commissioners, January, 1871. p. 26. Warren, Johnson & Co., Printers, Buffalo, New York.
Olmsted, F. L. (1874) Letter to William Hammond Hall, 1874, in “Extracts from Letters Found of Record in the Files of the Board of Park Commissioners.” In The development of Golden Gate Park and particularly the management and thinning of its forest trees San Francisco. 1886. pp. 31–32.
Raven, P. H., Thompson, H. J. and Prigge, B. A. (1986) Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains, California. Southern California Botanists Special Publication No. 2.
Rowntree, R. A., Sanders, R. A. and Stevens, J. C. (1982) Evaluating urban forest structure for modifying micro-climate: the Dayton climate project. In Proceedings of the Second National Urban Forestry Conference, pp. 136–42. American Forestry Association, Washington, D.C.
Shmida, A. (1981) Mediterranean vegetation in California and Israel: similarities and differences. Isr.J.Bot. 30, 105–23.
Skinner, M. and Pavlik, B. (1994) Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of California. California Native Plant Society Press, Sacramento, California.
World Bank. (1984) World development report. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Botkin, D.B., Beveridge, C.E. Cities as environments. Urban Ecosystems 1, 3–19 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014354923367
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014354923367