Abstract
Ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) 21 to 60 yr old were used to assess the relative importance of environmental stressors (O3, drought) versus an enhancer (N deposition) on foliar retention, components of aboveground growth, and whole tree biomass allocation. Sites were chosen across a well-described gradient in ozone exposure (40 to 80 ppb per h, 24 h basis, 6 month growing season) and nitrogen deposition (5 to 40 kg ha-1 yr-1) in the San Bernardino Mountains east of Los Angeles, California. A high level of chlorotic mottle indicated high O3 injury at sites closest to the pollution source, despite potential for the mitigating effects of N deposition. At the least polluted site, foliar biomass was evenly distributed across three of the five needle-age classes retained. At the most polluted site, 95% of the foliar biomass was found in the current year's growth. High N deposition and O3 exposure combined to shift biomass allocation in pine to that of a deciduous tree with one overwintering needle age class. Based on whole tree harvests, root biomass was lowest at sites with the highest pollution exposure, confirming previous chamber exposure and field studies. Aboveground growth responses in the high-pollution sites were opposite to those expected for O3 injury. Needle and lateral branch elongation growth, and measures of wood production increased with increasing proximity to the pollution source. An enhancement of these growth attributes suggested that N deposition dominated the ponderosa pine response despite high O3 exposure.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barbour, M. G.: 1988, Pgs. 131–164, In: North American Terrestrial Vegetation, eds, Barbour, M. G., Billings, W. D. Cambridge University Press, NY.
Beyers, J. L., Riechers, G. H. and Temple, P. J.: 1992, New Phyt. 122, 81–90.
Bytnerowicz, A. and Fenn, M. E.: 1996, Env. Poll. 92, 127–146.
Bytnerowicz, A. and Grulke, N. E.: 1992, Pages 183–233, In The Response of Western Forests to Air Pollution, eds. Olson, R., Binkley, D., Bohm, M. Springer-Verlag, NY, USA.
Chandler, J. W. and Dale, J.E.: 1990, Tree Phys. 6, 41–56.
Chapin F. S., III, Schulze, E.-D. and Mooney, H. A.: 1990, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21, 423–47.
Darrall, N. M.: 1989, Plant, Cell, Env. 12, 1–30.
Fenn, M. E. and Kiefer, J.W.: 1999, Env. Poll., (in press).
Fenn, M. E. and Poth, M. A.: 1999, Ecol. Stud. 134, 288–316.
Fenn, M. E., Poth, M. A. and Johnson, D. W.: 1996, For. Ecol. Manage. 82, 211–230.
Fife, D. N. and Nambiar, E. K. S.: 1997, For. Ecol. Manage. 93, 137–152.
Gholz, H. L. and Cropper, W. P.: 1991, Can. J. For. Res. 21, 1742–1747.
Gholz, H. L., Vogel, S. A., Cropper, W. P., Jr., McKelvey, K., Owel, K. C., Teskey, R. O. and Curran, P. J.: 1991, Ecol. Monogr. 61, 33–51.
Gower, S. T., Haynes B. E., Fassnacht, K. S., Running, S. W. and Hunt, E. R., Jr.: 1993, Can. J. For. Res. 23, 1704–1711.
Grulke, N. E.: 1998, Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 91st Annual Meeting Proc., TA-37.05.
Grulke, N. E.: 1999, Ecol. Stud. 134, 126–163.
Grulke, N. E., Andersen, C.P., Fenn, M.E. and Miller, P.R.: 1998, Envir. Poll. 103, 63–73.
Grulke, N. E. and Lee, E.H.: 1997, Can. J. For. Res. 17, 1658–1668.
Haynes, B. E. and Gower, S.T.: 1995, Tree Phys.: 15, 317–325.
Hermann, R. K. and Petersen, R.G.: 1969, For. Sci. 15, 226–237.
Jonasson, S.: 1989, Oikos 56, 121–131.
Kiefer, J. W. and Fenn, M.E.: 1997, For. Ecol. Manage. 94, 47–59.
Matyssek, R., Reich, P., Oren, R. and Winner, W.: 1994: In Ecophysiology of Coniferous Forests, eds. Smith, W. K., Hinckley, T. M. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.
McBride, J. R. and Miller, P. R.: 1987, Pages 217–228, In Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Forests, Wetlands, and Agricultural Ecosystems, eds. Hutchinson, T.C., K.M. Meema, K.M. Springer-Verlag, NY, USA.
McBride, J. R., Semion, V.P. and Miller, P.R.: 1975, Calif. Agric. 8, 9.
Miller, P. R., Longbotham, G.J. and Longbotham, C.R.: 1983, Plant Disease 67, 1113–1115.
Miller, P. R., McBride, J.R., Schilling, S.L. and Gomez, A.P.: 1989, Pages 309–323, In: Effects of Air Pollution on Western Forests, eds Olson, R.K., Lefohn, A.S., Transactions, Air Waste Manage. Assoc. Symposium, Anaheim, CA.
Miller, P. R., Parmeter, J. R., Taylor, O. C. and Cardiff, E. A.: 1963, Phytopath. 53, 1073–1076.
Miller, P. R., Stolte, K. W., Duriscoe, E. and Pronos, J. (tech coor): 1996, Monitoring ozone air pollution effects on western pine forests. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, GTR-155, Albany, CA, USA.
Oren, R. and Schulze, E.-D.: 1989, Ecol. Stud. 77, 425–443.
Peterson, D. L., Arbaugh, M. J. and Robinson, L.J.: 1991, The Holocene 1, 50–61.
Powers, R. F.: 1983, Pages 388–397, In: IUFRO Symposium on Forest Site and Continuous Productivity, eds Ballard, R., Gessel, S.P. USDA FS Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-163.
Raison, R. J., Myers, B. J. and Benson, M. L.: 1992, Forest. Ecol. Manage. 52, 139–158.
Reich, P. B.: 1987, Tree Phys. 3, 63–91.
Reich, P. B., Koike, T., Gower, S. T. and Schoettle, A. W.: 1995, Pgs. 225–254, In: Ecophysiology of Coniferous Forests, Smith, W.K., Hinckley, T.M., Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
San Bernardino County Water Resources Division, http://www.co.san-bernardino.ca.us/pwg/waterresources.
Tingey, D. T., Johnson, M. G., Phillips, D. L., Johnson, D. W. and Ball, J. T.: 1996, Tree Phys. 16, 905–914.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grulke, N., Balduman, L. Deciduous Conifers: High N Deposition and O3 Exposure Effects on Growth and Biomass Allocation in Ponderosa Pine. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 116, 235–248 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005227520012
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005227520012