Abstract
Environmental problems a nd fossil fuel limitations have made the automobile manufactures use renewable energies and energy recovery systems; therefore, particular attention has been paid to hybrid vehicles and/or biofuel vehicles. In this paper, the main objective is to study the appropriate strategy for choosing a better alternative to fossil fuels. Here, one of the strategies is using some devices in order to reduce the waste energies and the other is providing the condition in order to reuse the energies. For this purpose, the regenerative braking system could be mentioned as an energy recovery mechanism which slows a vehicle down by converting its energy into another form, which can be either used immediately or stored until needed. In this work, the design of regenerative braking system in hybrid vehicles has been considered and conducting a few tests, based on ISO 6469 standards; recycled energy at different speeds has been investigated. Also comparison of brake distance of this vehicle in two conditions, with and without regenerative braking has been made. The results show that this system is suitable in high speeds, but in low speeds conventional braking system has better efficiency.
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Abbreviations
- APU:
-
Auxiliary power unit
- ABS:
-
Anti-lock braking system
- Rb:
-
Regenerative braking
- X :
-
Parameter vector
- X :
-
Parameter scaler
- F :
-
Force (N)
- C :
-
Pedal ratio (%)
- M :
-
Vehicle mass (kg)
- \( A \) :
-
Area (m2)
- Ρ :
-
Load (N)
- C D :
-
Aerodynamic drag coefficient (%)
- δ :
-
Rotational inertia factor (%)
- dV/dt :
-
Vehicle acceleration (m/s2)
- \( \varvec{e}_{\rm fL} \) :
-
Unit direction vector of the load received from the left flank of the pinion tooth
- K :
-
Motor constant
- ω :
-
Rotor speed (rad/s)
- P d :
-
The generated power using regenerative brake (kW)
- P :
-
Motor power (kW)
- β p, β r :
-
Angle in Fig. 3
- \( t_{\rm R} \) :
-
Reaction time (s)
- \( t_{\rm b} \) :
-
Braking time (s)
- \( \omega \) :
-
Pinion angular velocity
- \( u \) :
-
The rack movement velocity to the axial direction (m/s)
- \( r \) :
-
Pitch circle radius of the pinion (m)
- ∑:
-
Angle between axes on rack and pinion
- \( \beta \) :
-
Ratio P to P d (%)
- R :
-
Ratio \( X_{\text{R,regenarative}} \) to \( {\text{X}}_{{{\text{R}}, {\text{convetional}}}} \)(%)
- R a :
-
Resistance (Ω)
- \( \mu_{2 } \) :
-
Rack guide friction coefficient in rack axial direction. (%)
- t r :
-
Time interval for the vehicle using regenerative brake(s)
- \( V \) :
-
Vehicle speed (m/s)
- X :
-
Displacement (m)
- g :
-
Gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2)
- ρ a :
-
Air mass density (1.205 kg/m3)
- f r :
-
Tire rolling resistance coefficient (%)
- \( \mu_{1 } \) :
-
Tooth flank friction coefficient (%)
- \( \varvec{e}_{\rm {fR}} \) :
-
Unit direction vector of the load received from the right flank of the pinion tooth
- W :
-
Rack guide load (N)
- I a :
-
Armature current (A)
- E :
-
Induced voltage
- T :
-
Torque (N m)
- f :
-
Flux/pole
- V a :
-
Armature voltage
- Ρ :
-
Pedal pad
- B :
-
Braking
- b:
-
Booster
- \( \varvec{L} \) :
-
Left tooth flank
- M :
-
Master cylinder
- R:
-
Right tooth flank
- 0 :
-
Initial or first
- f :
-
Frontal of the vehicle
- rb :
-
External (out) force on rack or booster
- e:
-
Electric
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Technical Editor: Fernando Antonio Forcellini.
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Ghafouryan, M.M., Ataee, S. & Dastjerd, F.T. A novel method for the design of regenerative brake system in an urban automotive. J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 38, 945–953 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-014-0278-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-014-0278-0