Abstract
Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction (AD) is a particular condition that can be detected by means of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). ABPM is helpful to identify some specific characteristics of haemodynamic AD, including non-dipping/reverse-dipping pattern, orthostatic and post-prandial hypotension and elevated blood pressure variability. These characteristics may be misdiagnosed with traditional, clinic blood pressure measurements. AD is relatively common in the real world. By analysing about 1000 recordings in a Cardiology unit, AD was found in 6.8 % of the exams. Several diseases may be the underlying causes of AD. In our sample half of the subjects were diabetic (54.4 %), 17.7 % were patients with alpha-synucleinopathy (Parkinson disease or multiple system atrophy), and 27.9 % had other underlying causes of AD including chronic kidney disease, α-lytic drug assumption and AD from unknown causes. According to the different aetiology, different clinical characteristics can be found, in particular in diabetics these peculiar aspects are less pronounced compared to the other subgroups. These characteristics have been found to be predictors of cardiovascular events, organ damage, and mortality. For these reasons, early identification of these behaviours is important, in order to better define patient’s cardiovascular risk profile. As regard treatment of AD, several drugs have been tested, however none of this showed efficacy in all kinds of patients. Another open aspect is “safe” reference values for supine hypertension.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
O’Brien E, Parati G, Stergiou G, Asmar R, Beilin L, Bilo G, Clement D, de la Sierra A, de Leeuw P, Dolan E, Fagard R, Graves J, Head GA, Imai Y, Kario K, Lurbe E, Mallion JM, Mancia G, Mengden T, Myers M, Ogedegbe G, Ohkubo T, Omboni S, Palatini P, Redon J, Ruilope LM, Shennan A, Staessen JA, vanMontfrans G, Verdecchia P, Waeber B, Wang J, Zanchetti A, Zhang Y, European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. European Society of Hypertension position paper on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens. 2013;31:1731–68.
Iodice V, Low DA, Vichayanrat E, Mathias CJ. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in MSA and Parkinson’s disease: similarities and differences. J Neurol Sci. 2011;310:133–8.
Jain S, Goldstein DS. Cardiovascular dysautonomia in Parkinson disease: from pathophysiology to pathogenesis. Neurobiol Dis. 2012;46:572–80.
Chugh SN, Mittal P, Kumar S, Chugh K. QT dispersion in patients of diabetes mellitus without manifest cardiac dysautonomia. JIMSA. 2011;24:65–6.
Parati G, Bilo G. Should 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring be done in every patient with diabetes? Diabetes Care. 2009;32:S298–304.
Fogari R, Zoppi A, Malamani GD, Lazzari P, Destro M, Corradi L. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive and hypertensive type 2 diabetes: prevalence of impaired diurnal blood pressure patterns. Am J Hypertens. 1993;6:1–7.
Lurbe E, Redon J, Pascual JM, Tacons J, Alvarez V. The spectrum of circadian blood pressure changes in type I diabetic patients. J Hypertens. 2001;19(1421–1428):24.
Nakano S, Uchida K, Kigoshi T, Azukizawa S, Iwasaki R, Kaneko M, Morimoto S. Circadian rhythm of blood pressure in normotensive NIDDM subjects: its relationship to microvascular complications. Diabetes Care. 1991;14:707–11.
Lurbe E, Redon J, Kesani A, Pascual JM, Tacons J, Alvarez V, Batlle D. Increase in nocturnal blood pressure and progression to microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:797–805.
Sturrock ND, George E, Pound N, Stevenson J, Peck GM, Sowter H. Non-dipping circadian blood pressure and renal impairment are associated with increased mortality in diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2000;17:360–4.
Grassi G, Seravalle G, Quarti-Trevano F, Dell’Oro R, Bombelli M, Cuspidi C, Facchetti R, Bolla G, Mancia G. Adrenergic, metabolic, and reflex abnormalities in reverse and extreme dipper hypertensives. Hypertension. 2008;52:925–31.
Palatini P, Reboldi G, Beilin LJ, Casiglia E, Eguchi K, Imai Y, Kario K, Ohkubo T, Pierdomenico SD, Schwartz JE, Wing L, Verdecchia P. Added predictive value of night-time blood pressure variability for cardiovascular events and mortality. Hypertension. 2014;64:487–93.
The Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society, the American Academy of Neurology. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. Neurology. 1996;46:1470.
Angelousi A, Girerd N, Benetos A, Frimat L, Gautier S, Weryha G, Boivin JM. Association between orthostatic hypotension and cardiovascular risk, cerebrovascular risk, cognitive decline and falls as well as overall mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2014;32:1562–71.
Fagard RH, De Cort P. Orthostatic hypotension is a more robust predictor of cardiovascular events than nighttime reverse dipping in elderly. Hypertension. 2010;56:56–61.
Ricci F, De Caterina R, Fedorowski A. Orthostatic hypotension: epidemiology, prognosis, and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;18(66):848–60.
Hou Y, Scherlag BJ, Lin J, Zhang Y, Lu Z, Truong K, Patterson E, Lazzara R, Jackman WM, Po SS. Ganglionated plexi modulate extrinsic cardiac autonomic nerve input: effects on sinus rate, atrioventricular conduction, refractoriness, and inducibility of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:61–8.
Nakagawa H, Scherlag BJ, Patterson E, Ikeda A, Lockwood D, Jackman WM. Pathophysiologic basis of autonomic ganglionated plexus ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6(12 Suppl):S26–34.
Robertson D, Wade D, Robertson RM. Postprandial alterations in cardiovascular hemodynamics in autonomic dysfunctional states. Am J Cardiol. 1981;48:1048–52.
Jansen RW, Connelly CM, Kelley-Gagnon MM, Parker JA, Lipsitz LA. Postprandial hypotension in elderly patients with unexplained syncope. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:945–52.
Jansen RW, Hoefnagels WH. Hormonal mechanisms of postprandial hypotension. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39:1201–7.
Mathias CJ. Postprandial hypotension. Pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications in different disorders. Hypertension. 1991;18:694–704.
Mathias CJ, da Costa DF, Fosbraey P, Bannister R, Wood SM, Bloom SR, Christensen NJ. Cardiovascular, biochemical and hormonal changes during food-induced hypotension in chronic autonomic failure. J Neurol Sci. 1989;94:255–69.
Pilleri M, Levedianos G, Weis L, Gasparoli E, Facchini S, Biundo R, Formento-Dojot P, Antonini A. Heart rate circadian profile in the differential diagnosis between Parkinson disease and multiple system atrophy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:217–21.
Palatini P, Reboldi G, Beilin LJ, Eguchi K, Imai Y, Kario K, Ohkubo T, Pierdomenico SD, Saladini F, Schwartz JE, Wing L, Verdecchia P. Predictive value of night-time heart rate for cardiovascular events in hypertension. The ABP-International study. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:1490–5.
Magri CJ, Xuereb RG, Fava S. Non-dipping heart rate and microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiology. 2014;129:28–35.
Bai Y, Xiao H, Liu Z, Huang X, Tian X, Wang T, Zhe X. Increased night heart rate is associated with worse large artery elasticity in chronic kidney disease patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2013;45:1621–7.
Spyer MK. Autonomic failure, vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications; 1990. p. 63.
Podoleanu C, Maggi R, Brignole M, Croci F, Incze A, Solano A, Puggioni E, Carasca E. Lower limb and abdominal compression bandages prevent progressive orthostatic hypotension in elderly persons: a randomized single-blind controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1425–32.
Palatini P, Mos L, Del Torre M, Varotto L, Pessina AC. Intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring in the management of the patient with orthostatic hypotension. J Amb Monit. 1992;1:1–9.
Keating GM. Droxidopa: a review of its use in symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Drugs. 2015;75:197–206.
Izcovich A, González Malla C, Manzotti M, Catalano HN, Guyatt G. Midodrine for orthostatic hypotension and recurrent reflex syncope: a systematic review. Neurology. 2014;83:1170–7.
Maule S, Papotti G, Naso D, Magnino C, Testa E, Veglio F. Orthostatic hypotension: evaluation and treatment. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. 2007;7:63–70.
Qiao W, Li J, Li Y, Qian D, Chen L, Wei X, Jin J, Wang Y. Acarbose, the α-glucosidase inhibitor, attenuates the blood pressure and splanchnic blood flow responses to meal in elderly patients with postprandial hypotension concomitant with abnormal glucose metabolism. Blood Press Monit. 2016;21:38–42.
Lamarre-Cliche M, Cusson J. Octreotide for orthostatic hypotension. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;6:213–5.
Jansen RW, Lipsitz LA. Postprandial hypotension: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:286–95.
Fedorowski A. Aiming too high or too low? Searching for the appropriate therapeutic thresholds in hypertension is not over yet. Evid Based Med. 2015;20:27.
Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Smolensky MH, Portaluppi F, Fernández JR. Sleep-time ambulatory blood pressure as a novel therapeutic target for cardiovascular risk reduction. J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28:567–74.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Research involving human participants and /or animals
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of authors.
Informed consent
For this study informed consent is not required.
Additional information
This paper is part of my oral lecture at the XXXII National Meeting of the Italian Society of Hypertension, at the Symposium: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the clinical management of hypertension: open aspect.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saladini, F., Di Marco, A. & Palatini, P. Autonomic Dysfunction: How to Identify and When to Treat?. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 23, 237–243 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-016-0162-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-016-0162-3