Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Neurotoxocariasis: a systematic literature review

  • Review
  • Published:
Infection Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Toxocariasis is a widespread zoonosis, which may result in central nervous system injury.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature review in MEDLINE, SciELO, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar up to April 2015 using a combination of the following search terms: “neurotoxocariasis” or “neurotoxocarosis”, “toxocariasis” or “toxocarosis” and “cerebral” or “neurologic”.

Results

One hundred cases of neurotoxocariasis were identified in literature. The majority of patients were male (58 %), with a median age of 42 years. The predominant clinical pictures were myelitis (60 %), encephalitis (47 %) and/or meningitis (29 %). Fever was inconstant (23 %). The suspected mode of transmission, mentioned in only 49 % of cases, was mainly contact with dogs and/or cats (67 %) and ingestion of contaminated food (31 %). Diagnostic imaging examinations found hypodense lesions in cerebral scanner sequences and hyperintense lesions in cerebral MRI T2-weighted sequences in 65 and 57 % of encephalitis cases respectively, and in 92 % of myelitis cases in medullary MRI T2-weighted sequences. The detection of antibodies against Toxocara spp. was almost constant in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 99 and 93 %, respectively. The two most commonly used drugs were corticosteroids (72 %) and/or albendazole (68 %) for a period of at least 3 weeks, which often needed to be repeated. Despite a low mortality rate (6 %), complete remission was observed in only 40 % of cases.

Conclusions

Neurotoxocariasis, a completely preventable zoonosis, could lead to severe sequelae failing prompt diagnosis. A compatible clinical picture, presence of risk factors, blood eosinophilia and high titers of antibodies against Toxocara spp. in CSF should alert physicians.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Gueglio B, de Gentile L, Nguyen JM, Achard J, Chabasse D, Marjolet M. Epidemiologic approach to human toxocariasis in western France. Parasitol Res. 1994;80:531–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kim Y-H, Huh S. Prevalence of Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina and Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Chuncheon, Korea (2004). Korean J Parasitol. 2005;43:65–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Rubel D, Zunino G, Santillán G, Wisnivesky C. Epidemiology of Toxocara canis in the dog population from two areas of different socioeconomic status, Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina. Vet Parasitol. 2003;115:275–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Gholami I, Daryani A, Sharif M, Amouei A, Mobedi I. Seroepidemiological survey of helminthic parasites of stray dogs in Sari City, Northern Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 2011;14:133–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Takeuchi-Storm N, Mejer H, Al-Sabi MNS, Olsen CS, Thamsborg SM, Enemark HL. Gastrointestinal parasites of cats in Denmark assessed by necropsy and concentration McMaster technique. Vet Parasitol. 2015;214:327–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cantó GJ, Guerrero RI, Olvera-Ramírez AM, Milián F, Mosqueda J, Aguilar-Tipacamú G. Prevalence of fleas and gastrointestinal parasites in free-roaming cats in central Mexico. PLoS One. 2013;8:e60744.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Fisher M. Toxocara cati: an underestimated zoonotic agent. Trends Parasitol. 2003;19:167–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Magnaval JF, Glickman LT, Dorchies P, Morassin B. Highlights of human toxocariasis. Korean J Parasitol. 2001;39:1–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Hoffmeister B, Glaeser S, Flick H, Pornschlegel S, Suttorp N, Bergmann F. Cerebral toxocariasis after consumption of raw duck liver. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76:600–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Moiyadi A, Mahadevan A, Anandh B, Shivashankar RS, Chickabasavaiah YT, Shankar SK. Visceral larva migrans presenting as multiple intracranial and intraspinal abscesses. Neuropathology. 2007;27:371–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Fukae J, Kawanabe T, Akao N, Kado M, Tokoro M, Yokoyama K, et al. Longitudinal myelitis caused by visceral larva migrans associated with Toxocara cati infection: case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012;114:1091–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Jabbour RA, Kanj SS, Sawaya RA, Awar GN, Hourani MH, Atweh SF. Toxocara canis myelitis: clinical features, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and treatment outcome in 17 patients. Med (Baltim). 2011;90:337–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Xinou E, Lefkopoulos A, Gelagoti M, Drevelegas A, Diakou A, Milonas I, et al. CT and MR imaging findings in cerebral toxocaral disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:714–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Rugiero E, Cabrera ME, Ducach G, Noemi I, Viovy A. Systemic toxocariasis in the adult patient. Rev Med Chil. 1995;123:612–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lee IH, Kim ST, Oh DK, Kim H-J, Kim KH, Jeon P, et al. MRI findings of spinal visceral larva migrans of Toxocara canis. Eur J Radiol. 2010;75:236–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Noh Y, Hong S-T, Yun JY, Park H-K, Oh J-H, Kim YE, et al. Meningitis by Toxocara canis after ingestion of raw ostrich liver. J Korean Med Sci. 2012;27:1105–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Finsterer J, Auer H. Neurotoxocarosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2007;49:279–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hill IR, Denham DA, Scholtz CL. Toxocara canis larvae in the brain of a British child. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1985;79:351–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bouchard O, Bosseray A, Leclercq P, Micoud M. Meningoencephalitis caused by Toxocara canis. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 1998;149:391–2.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kazek B, Jamroz E, Mandera M, Bierzyńska-Macyszyn G, Kluczewska E, Marszał E. The cerebral form of toxocarosis in a seven-year-old patient. Folia Neuropathol. 2006;44:72–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Poulsen CS, Skov S, Yoshida A, Skallerup P, Maruyama H, Thamsborg SM, et al. Differential serodiagnostics of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati—is it possible? Parasite Immunol. 2015;37:204–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bächli H, Minet JC, Gratzl O. Cerebral toxocariasis: a possible cause of epileptic seizure in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2004;20:468–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Quattrocchi G, Nicoletti A, Marin B, Bruno E, Druet-Cabanac M, Preux P-M. Toxocariasis and epilepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1775.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Macpherson CNL. The epidemiology and public health importance of toxocariasis: a zoonosis of global importance. Int J Parasitol. 2013;43:999–1008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Pelloux H, Faure O. Toxocariasis in adults. Rev Med Interne. 2004;25:201–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Brain L, Allan B. Encephalitis due to infection with Toxocara canis. Report of a suspected case. Lancet. 1964;1:1355–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cianferoni A, Schneider L, Schantz PM, Brown D, Fox LM. Visceral larva migrans associated with earthworm ingestion: clinical evolution in an adolescent patient. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e336–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Deshayes S, Galateau-Sallé F, de La Blanchardière A. Hepatic abnormality. Rev Med Interne. 2015;36:363–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Radman N, Guardis M, Schamun A, Testi A, Archelli S, Fonrouge R, et al. Toxocarosis neurológica: descripción de un caso clínico. Rev Chil Neuropsiquiatr. 2000;38:196–2000.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Woodhall DM, Eberhard ML, Parise ME. Neglected parasitic infections in the United States: toxocariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90:810–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Jagannath PM, Venkataramana NK, Rao SAV, Naik AL, Shivakumar SK, Saktepar A, et al. Recurrent cerebral larva migrans: a case report and review of literature. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2009;4:36–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Eberhardt O, Bialek R, Nägele T, Dichgans J. Eosinophilic meningomyelitis in toxocariasis: case report and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005;107:432–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Graeff-Teixeira C, da Silva ACA, Yoshimura K. Update on eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and its clinical relevance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22:322–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Wang C, Huang CY, Chan PH, Preston P, Chau PY. Transverse myelitis associated with larva migrans: finding of larva in cerebrospinal fluid. Lancet. 1983;1:423.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Beautyman W, Woolf AL. An ascaris larva in the brain in association with acute anterior poliomyelitis. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1951;63:635–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Nelson J, Frost JL, Schochet SS. Unsuspected cerebral Toxocara infection in a fire victim. Clin Neuropathol. 1990;9:106–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Dent JH, Nichols RL, Beaver PC, Carrera GM, Staggers RJ. Visceral larva migrans: with a case report. Am J Pathol. 1956;32:777–803.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Moore MT. Human Toxocara canis encephalitis with lead encephalopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1962;21:201–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Mikhael NZ, Montpetit VJ, Orizaga M, Rowsell HC, Richard MT. Toxocara canis infestation with encephalitis. Can J Neurol Sci. 1974;1:114–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Schochet SS. Human Toxocara canis encephalopathy in a case of visceral larva migrans. Neurology. 1967;17:227–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Villano M, Cerillo A, Narciso N, Vizioli L, Del Basso De Caro M. A rare case of Toxocara canis arachnoidea. J Neurosurg Sci. 1992;36:67–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. van Thiel P. Comments on a case of Toxocara infection in the Netherlands. Trop Geogr Med. 1960;12:67–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Scheid R, Tina Jentzsch R, Schroeter ML. Cognitive dysfunction, urinary retention, and a lesion in the thalamus—beware of possible toxocariasis of the central nervous system. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008;110:1054–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Choi J-H, Cho J-W, Lee J-H, Lee SW, Kim H-J, Choi K-D. Obstructive hydrocephalus due to CNS toxocariasis. J Neurol Sci. 2013;329:59–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Vidal JE, Sztajnbok J, Seguro AC. Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Toxocara canis: case report and review of the literature. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;69:341–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Bachtiar A, Auer H, Finsterer J. Bell’s palsy and facial pain associated with toxocara infection. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2012;29:551–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Salem G, Schantz P. Toxocaral visceral larva migrans after ingestion of raw lamb liver. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;15:743–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Moshé SL, Perucca E, Ryvlin P, Tomson T. Epilepsy: new advances. Lancet. 2015;385:884–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Beautyman W, Beaver PC, Buckley JJ, Woolf AL. Review of a case previously reported as showing an ascarid larva in the brain. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1966;91:271–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Rüttinger P, Hadidi H. MRI in cerebral toxocaral disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1991;54:361–2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Sick C, Hennerici MG. Expect the unexpected: a case of isolated eosinophilic meningitis in toxocariasis. Case Rep Neurol. 2014;6:259–63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Singer OC, Conrad F, Jahnke K, Hattingen E, Auer H, Steinmetz H. Severe meningoencephalomyelitis due to CNS-Toxocarosis. J Neurol. 2011;258:696–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Sommer C, Ringelstein EB, Biniek R, Glöckner WM. Adult Toxocara canis encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1994;57:229–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Strupp M, Pfister HW, Eichenlaub S, Arbusow V. Meningomyelitis in a case of toxocariasis with markedly isolated CSF eosinophilia and an MRI-documented thoracic cord lesion. J Neurol. 1999;246:741–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Gould IM, Newell S, Green SH, George RH. Toxocariasis and eosinophilic meningitis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1985;291:1239–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Finsterer J, Kallab V, Auer H. Neurotoxocariasis associated with lower motor neuron disease. Report of one case. Rev Med Chil. 2010;138:483–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Russegger L, Schmutzhard E. Spinal toxocaral abscess. Lancet. 1989;2:398.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Helbok R, Brenneis C, Engelhardt K, Beer R, Lackner P, Brössner G, et al. A rare case of Toxocara canis cerebral vasculitis. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14:e49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Goffette S, Jeanjean AP, Duprez TP, Bigaignon G, Sindic CJ. Eosinophilic pleocytosis and myelitis related to Toxocara canis infection. Eur J Neurol. 2000;7:703–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Helsen G, Vandecasteele SJ, Vanopdenbosch LJ. Toxocariasis presenting as encephalomyelitis. Case Rep Med. 2011;2011:503913.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Duprez TP, Bigaignon G, Delgrange E, Desfontaines P, Hermans M, Vervoort T, et al. MRI of cervical cord lesions and their resolution in Toxocara canis myelopathy. Neuroradiology. 1996;38:792–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Marx C, Lin J, Masruha MR, Rodrigues MG, da Rocha AJ, Vilanova LCP, et al. Toxocariasis of the CNS simulating acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurology. 2007;69:806–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Lin J, Arita JH, Da Rocha AJ, Masruha MR, Vilanova LCP. Enlarging the spectrum of inflammatory/post-infectious acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a further case associated with neurotoxocariasis. J Neuroparasitol. 2010;1:107–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Moreira-Silva SF, Rodrigues MG, Pimenta JL, Gomes CP, Freire LH, Pereira FEL. Toxocariasis of the central nervous system: with report of two cases. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2004;37:169–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Salvador S, Ribeiro R, Winckler MI, Ohlweiler L, Riesgo R. Pediatric neurotoxocariasis with concomitant cerebral, cerebellar, and peripheral nervous system involvement: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2010;86:531–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Barra LA, Santos W, Chieffi PP, Bedaque EA, Salles PS, Capitão CG, et al. Larva migrans visceral: forma mista de apresentação em adulto-aspectos clínicos e laboratoriais. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1996;29:373–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Viovy A, Jofré L, Noemi I, Erazo R, Cerva J. Granuloma cerebral por Toxocara: comunicacion de un caso clinico. Rev Chil Infectol. 1999;15:312–6.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Ardiles A, Chanqueo L, Reyes V, Araya L. Toxocariasis in an adult manifested as hypereosinophilic syndrome with predominant neurological involvement. Clinical case. Rev Med Chil. 2001;129:780–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Cusguen PQ, Alvarez AMG. Meningoencefalitis por neurotoxocarosis. Acta Neurol Colomb. 2013;29:109–11.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Park CW, Choe WJ, Chun YI. Eosinophilic myelitis in the cervical cord mimicking intramedullary cord tumor. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2012;52:410–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Kumar J, Kimm J. MR in Toxocara canis myelopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15:1918–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Zachariah SB, Zachariah B, Varghese R. Neuroimaging studies of cerebral “visceral larva migrans” syndrome. J Neuroimaging. 1994;4:39–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Lassmann B, Tsigrelis C, Virk A. 33-year-old woman with marked eosinophilia. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:103–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Tobin EH, Zhang J, Maton B. Meningoencephalitis and visceral larva migrans in a woman with intense exposure to cats. Infect Dis Clin Prac. 2011;19:221–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Fortenberry JD, Kenney RD, Younger J. Visceral larva migrans producing static encephalopathy in an infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991;10:403–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Keller M, Pavia AT, Byington CL. Possible intrafamilial transmission of Toxocara causing eosinophilic meningitis in an infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:849–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Sellal F, Picard F, Mutschler V, Marescaux C, Collard M, Magnaval JF. Myelitis caused by Toxocara canis (larva migrans). Rev Neurol (Paris). 1992;148:53–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Dousset V, Sibon I, Menegon P. Case no 6. Cerebral vasculitis due to Toxocara canis (or catis) origin. J Radiol. 2003;84:89–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Dauriac-Le Masson V, Chochon F, Demeret S, Pierrot-Deseilligny C. Toxocara canis meningomyelitis. J Neurol. 2005;252:1267–8.

  80. Lompo L-D, Kamdem F-K, Revenco E, Allibert R, Medeiros E, Vuillier F, et al. Toxocara canis cerebral vasculitis revealed by iterative strokes. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2012;168:533–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Robinson A, Tannier C, Magnaval JF. Toxocara canis meningoradiculitis. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2002;158:351–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Maiga Y, Wiertlewski S, Desal H, Marjolet M, Damier P. Presentation of cerebral toxocariasis with mental confusion in an adult: case report and review of the literature. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2007;100:101–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Drault JN, Mehdaoui H, Charet E, Smadja D, Chesneau P, Tixier F, et al. Décompensation respiratoire aiguë au cours d’une myélite due à toxocara canis à propos d’un cas. Réanimation Urgences. 1998;7:589–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Caldera F, Burlone ME, Genchi C, Pirisi M, Bartoli E. Toxocara encephalitis presenting with autonomous nervous system involvement. Infection. 2013;41:691–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Komiyama A, Hasegawa O, Nakamura S, Ohno S, Kondo K. Optic neuritis in cerebral toxocariasis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1995;59:197–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Umehara F, Ookatsu H, Hayashi D, Uchida A, Douchi Y, Kawabata H, et al. MRI studies of spinal visceral larva migrans syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 2006;249:7–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Mimoso MG, Pereira MC, Estevão MH, Barroso AA, Mota HC. Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Toxocara canis. Eur J Pediatr. 1993;152:783–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Kinčeková J, Bánovčin P, Fedor M, Dubinský P Jr, Poláček H, Pavlinova J, et al. A case of complicated cerebral toxocariasis in a 4-year old child. Helminthologia. 2008;45:169–72.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Zander E, Vizioli L. Cervical arachnoiditis due to Toxocara canis—report of one case. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1977;38:145.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Fellrath J-M, Magnaval J-F. Toxocariasis after slug ingestion characterized by severe neurologic, ocular, and pulmonary involvement. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014;1:ofu063.

  91. Krcméry V, Gould I, Sobota K, Spánik S. Two cases of disseminated toxocariasis in compromised hosts successfully treated with mebendazole. Chemotherapy. 1992;38:367–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Mrissa R, Battikh R, Ben Abdelhafidh N, Jemli B, Azzouz O, Zaouali J, et al. Toxocara canis encephalitis: case report. Rev Med Interne. 2005;26:829–32.

  93. Oktar N, Barcin E, Kazandi AC, Korkmaz M. Cerebral Toxocara mimicking a malignant glioma. Norol Bil D. 2002;19:2.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Gorgulu A, Albayrak BS, Gorgulu E, Tural O. Postoperative cerebral abscess formation caused by Toxocara canis in a meningioma cavity. J Neurooncol. 2006;77:325–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Riahi A, Messelmani M, Bedoui I, Derbali H, Mansour M, Zaouali J, et al. Acute encephalomyelitis revealing a neurotoxocariasis. Eur J Neurol. 2014;21:431.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Sipahi OR, Kivrak EE, Korkmaz M, Tasbakan M, Pullukcu H, Arda B, et al. Case report: a rarely seen cause of brain abscess—neurotoxocariasis. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;21:163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Tarta-Arsene OM, Magureanu SA. Mirror movements, symptoms of cerebral toxocarosis. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13:218.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Magun R, Silva J. Severe necrotizing myelopathy from toxacariasis (P5. 119). Neurology. 2015;84(P5):119.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Gilquin V, Pénisson-Besnier I, De Gentile L, Alquier P, Dubas F, Chabasse D. Toxocarose cérébrale: un cas original de survie parasitaire. Rev Med Interne. 2000;21:598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Hé S, Roux X, Reffet A, Guilhon J, Terrier F. Un cas de méningo-myélite à Toxocara canis. Rev Med Interne. 2009;30:S434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Beal C, Milesi A-M, Glace B, Moisset X, Vitello N, Clavelou P, et al. Une atteinte cérébrale de la toxocarose. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2015;171:A137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Blot M, Court S, Dargent A, Bielefeld P, Bidot S, Muller G, et al. Uvéite granulomateuse et méningite lymphocytaire révélant une infection à Toxocara canis. Rev Med Interne. 2010;31:S469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Jabbour R, Atweh LA, Atweh S. Migration of Toxocara canis into the spinal cord in poorly treated patients (P6. 327). Neurology. 2015;84(P6):327.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Hamidou MA, Fradet G, Kadi A-M, Robin A, Moreau A, Magnaval J-F. Systemic vasculitis with lymphocytic temporal arteritis and Toxocara canis infection. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1521–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. de Boysson H. Martin Silva N, Comoz F, Boutemy J, Bienvenu B. Vasculitis secondary to anti-C1q antibodies induced by Toxocariasis. Infection. 2015;43:755–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Oujamaa L, Sibon I, Vital A, Ménégon P. Cerebral vasculitis secondary to Toxocara canis and Fasciola hepatica co-infestation. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2003;159:447–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, CHU de Caen, Caen, 14000, France

    S. Deshayes

  2. Department of Microbiology, CHU de Caen, Caen, 14000, France

    J. Bonhomme

  3. Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU de Caen, Caen, 14000, France

    Arnaud de La Blanchardière

Authors
  1. S. Deshayes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Bonhomme
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Arnaud de La Blanchardière
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arnaud de La Blanchardière.

Ethics declarations

Financial support

No benefit in any form have been or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this manuscript.

Conflict of interest

None of the authors have any conflicts.

Ethical approval

Because this study was only a review, it did not require ethical approval.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Deshayes, S., Bonhomme, J. & de La Blanchardière, A. Neurotoxocariasis: a systematic literature review. Infection 44, 565–574 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-016-0889-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-016-0889-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation