Abstract
Water repellency was studied in a clayey soil contaminated with light (36.6°API), medium (27.4°API), and heavy (15.0°API) crude oils at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, and 8 %. Higher water drop penetration times (WDPTs) were observed in dry soil as the density and concentration of petroleum increased, resulting in logarithmic functions which could be modeled from API gravity and oil concentration (R 2 = 0.986). WDPTs varied from 2.1 to 8.7 s with light crude, 11.1 to 44.9 s for medium crude, and 39.4 to 134.5 s for heavy crude. Only heavy crude-contaminated soil, at >2 % resulted in significant hydrophobicity. Critical moisture content in these hydrophobic soils was insignificant at moisture contents >12.8 % at 2 % heavy crude and >14.6 % at 4 % heavy crude. Only at a concentration of 8 % heavy crude was the critical moisture content (>17.2 %) higher than that observed in the field during the dry season (14.8 %). Thus, only (clayey) soil contaminated with very high concentrations of heavy oil is likely to present hydrophobicity in this monsoon climate. This study shows that the development of models to describe soil water repellency may be useful to propose remediation criteria which reduce or avoid the risk of water repellency.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams RH (2011) Proceso de desorción alcalina—enmienda orgánica para la restauración de suelo contaminado por hidrocarburos y repelente al agua. Patent application no. MX/a/2011/007432, 12-JUL-2011, Instituto Méxicano de la Propiedad Industrial. http://siga.impi.gob.mx/#busquedas#operator=all#search=RANDYHOWARDADAMS#gaceta=2#resultados=25#skip=0#order=relevancia
Adams RH, Guzmán Osorio FJ, Zavala Cruz J (2008a) Water repellency in oil contaminated sandy and clayey soils. Int J Environ Sci Technol 5(4):445–454. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF03326040#page-1
Adams RH, Cruz JZ, Morales GF (2008b) Concentración residual de hidrocarburos en suelos del trópico II: afectación a la fertilidad y su recuperación. Interciencia 33(7):483–489. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/339/33933703.pdf
Alves AS, Pinho MA, Albergaria JT, Domingues V, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, De Marco P, Delerue-Matos C (2012) Sequential application of soil vapor extraction and bioremediation processes for the remediation of ethylbenzene-contaminated soils. Water Air Soil Pollut 223:2601–2609. http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11270-011-1051-y.pdf
Atlas RM (1981) Petroleum degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons: environmental perspective. Microbiol Rev 45(1):180–209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC281502/
Ávila ACR (2011) Efectos de los hidrocarburos del petróleo en la fertilidad y toxicidad del suelo arenosol. Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
Bagherzadeh-Namazi A, Shojaosadati A, Hashemi-Najafabadi S (2008) Biodegradation of used engine oil using mixed and isolated cultures. Int J Environ Res 2(4):431–440. http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?er08057
Barton L, Colmer TD (2011) Granular wetting agents ameliorate water repellency in turfgrass of contrasting soil organic matter content. Plant Soil 348(1):411–424. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11104-011-0765-3#page-1
Basumatary B, Bordoloi S, Sarma H P (2012) Crude oil-contaminated soil phytoremediation by using Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb) Hassk. Water Air Soil Pollut 223:3373–3383. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11270-012-1116-6#page-1
Bohn HL, McNeal BL, O’Connor GA (1993) Química del suelo. 1ra Ed Limusa Grupo Noriega Editores, México, DF, p 370. http://books.google.es/books?id=59FtAQAACAAJ&sitesec=buy&hl=es&source=gbs_atb
Clothier BE, Vogeler I, Magesan GN (2000) The breakdown of water repellency and solute transport through a hydrophobic soil. J Hydrol 231–232:255–264. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169400001992
Córdova AA (2010) Efecto de los hidrocarburos sobre las propiedades físicas y químicas de suelo y su atenuación mediante la adición de cachaza de caña. Tesis de Licenciatura en Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
Dekker LW, Ritsema CJ (1994) How water moves in a water repellent sandy soil, part 1: potential and actual water repellency. Water Resour Res 30:2507–2517. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/94WR00749/abstract
Dekker LW, Ritsema C J, Oostindie K (2004) Dry spots in golf courses: occurrence, amelioration and prevention. Acta Hortic 661:99–104. http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=661_11
Díaz RIJ, Ramírez SH, Gutiérrez RM, Favela TE (2003) Biodegradation of Maya crude oil fractions by bacterial strains and a defined mixed culture isolated from Cyperus laxus rhizosphere soil in a contaminated site. Can J Microbiol 49(12):755–761. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15162200
Edenborn HM, Zenone VE (2007) Rapid estimation of TPH reduction in oil-contaminated soils using the MED method. Publication no. DOE/NETL-IR-2007-142. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburg. http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/915479
Freundlich H (1926) Colloid and capillary chemistry. Methuen, London, pp 114–122. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jctb.5000454407/abstract
Goldberg S (2005) Equations and models describing adsorption processes in soil. In: Tabatabai MA, Sparks DL (eds) Chemical processes in soils. Soil Science Society of America, SSSA book series, no. 8, pp 489–517. http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/53102000/pdf_pubs/P1721.pdf
Gutiérrez CMC, Zavala CJ (2002) Rasgos hidromórficos de suelos tropicales contaminados con hidrocarburos. Terra Latinoamer 20(2):101–111. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/573/57320202.pdf
Guzmán OFJ, Adams RH (2014) Mitigation of water repellency in the treatment of contaminated muds using the chemical–biological stabilization process. Int J Environ Sci Technol. doi:10.1007/s13762-014-0606-z. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13762-014-0606-z#page-1
Isabell RF (1996) The Australian soil classification. CSIRO, Melbourne, 145 pp. http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/3529.htm
Jaramillo JDF (2005) Humedad crítica y repelencia al agua en Andisoles colombianos bajo cobertura de Pinus patula Schltdl y Cham. Rev Fac Nal Agr Medellín 58(2):2893–2906. http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame/rt/printerFriendly/24400/0
Jaramillo JDF (2006) Repelencia al agua en suelos: una síntesis. Rev Ac Colomb Cienc 30(115):215–232. http://www.accefyn.org.co/revista/Vol_30/115/115_215_232.pdf
King PM (1981) Comparison of methods for measuring severity of water repellence of sandy soils and assessment of some factors that affect its measurement. Aust J Soil Res 19:275–285. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/240505934_Comparison_of_methods_for_measuring_severity_of_water_repellence_of_sandy_soils_and_assessment_of_some_factors_that_affect_its_measurement
Leelamanie DAL, Karube J, Yoshida A (2008) Characterizing water repellency indices: contact angle and water drop penetration time of hydrophobized sand. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 54(2):179–187. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2007.00232.x/abstract
Letey J, Carrillo MLK, Pang XP (2000) Approaches to characterize the degree of water repellency. J Hydrol 231–232:61–65. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169400001839#
Li X, Feng Y, Sawatsky N (1997) Importance of soil–water relationships in assessing the endpoint of bioremediated soil I: plant growth. Plant Soil 192(2):219–226. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1004280626976#page-1
Litvina M, Todoruk T, Langford CH (2003) Composition and structure of agents responsible for development of water repellency in soils following oil contamination. Environ Sci Technol 37(13):2883–2888. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12875390
Lu M, Zhang Z, Sun S, Wei X, Wang Q, Su Y (2010) The use of goosegrass (Eleusine indica) to remediate soil contaminated with petroleum. Water Air Soil Pollut 209:181–189. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11270-009-0190-x#page-1
Moody DR, Schlossberg MJ (2010) Soil water repellency index prediction using the molarity of ethanol droplet test. Vadose Zone J 9(4):1046–1051. https://www.soils.org/publications/vzj/pdfs/9/4/1046
Morales-Bautista CM, Adams RH, Guzmán-Osorio F, Marín-García D (2013) Dilution-extrapolation hydrometer method for easy determination of API gravity of heavily weathered hydrocarbons in petroleum contaminated soil. Energy Environ Res 3(1):115–124. http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/eer/article/view/25021
Nawaz MF, Bourrié G, Trolard F (2012) Soil compaction impact and modelling, a review. Agron Sustain Dev 33(2):291–309. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%Fs13593-001-0071-8
Nieber J, Severson L, Grewe N (2011) Hydrologic characteristics of contaminated soils at the national crude oil spill fate and natural attenuation research site. In: Geological Society of America annual meeting, Minneapolis, MN, 9–12 October, paper 136-1. https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2011AM/finalprogram/abstract_193916.htm
Onwurah INE, Ogugua VN, Onyike NB, Ochonogor AE, Otitoju OF (2007) Crude oil spills in the environment, effects and some innovative clean-up biotechnologies. Int J Environ Res 1(4):307–320. http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=er07041
Palma LDJ, Triano AS (2007) Plan de uso sustentable de los suelos de Tabasco. Vol II, 2da Reimpresión, Fundación Produce Tabasco, Colegio de Posgraduados-ISPROTABA-FUPROTAB, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México, p 180. http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=5GCgYgEACAAJ&sitesec=buy&hl=es&source=gbs_atb
Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA (2007) Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11:1633–1644. http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf
Pires LS, Silva MLN, Curi N, Leite FP, Brito LD (2006) Water erosion in post-planting eucalyptus forests at center-east region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Pesquisa Agrop Brasil 41(4):687–695. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/pab/v41n4/29818.pdf
Porta J, López AM, Roquero C (1999) Edafología para la agricultura y el medio ambiente, 2ª Ed Mundi-Prensa Madrid. http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=GazqVtlTqLUC&sitesec=buy&hl=es&source=gbs_atb
Quyum, A (2000) Water migration through hydrophobic soils. Master of Science thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ65008.pdf
Regalado CM, Ritter A, Socorro AR, Pérez-Buenafuente A (2005) Parámetros para la caracterización óptima de la repelencia en la zona no saturada. In: Samper Calvete FJ, Paz González A (eds) Estudios de la zona no saturada del suelo, vol VII. Universidad de la Coruña, Coruña, Spain, pp 87–93. http://www.zonanosaturada.com/publics/ZNS05/area_1/15.pdf
Rillig CM (2005) A connection between fungal hydrophobins and soil water repellency? Pedobiologia 49:395–399. http://www.dbs.umt.edu/dbs/research_labs/rilliglab/Rillig%202005%20Pedobiologia.pdf
Roy JL, McGill WB (1998) Characterization of disaggregated nonwettable surface soils found at old crude oil spill sites. Can J Soil Sci 78(2):331–334. http://pubs.aic.ca/doi/pdf/10.4141/S97-039
Roy JL, McGill WB (2000) Investigation into mechanisms leading to the development, spread and persistence of soil water repellency following contamination by crude oil. Can J Soil Sci 80:595–606. http://aic.ca/doi/abs/10.4141/S99-091
Roy JL, McGill WB (2002) Assessing soil water repellency using the molarity of ethanol droplet test. Soil Sci 167(2):83–97. http://journals.lww.com/soilsci/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2002&issue=02000&article=00001&type=abstract
Schlossberg MJ, McNitt AS, Fidanza MA (2005) Development of water repellency in sand-based root zones. Int Turfgrass Soc Res J 10:1123–1130. https://getinfo.de/app/DEVELOPMENT-OF-WATER-REPELLENCY-IN-SAND-BASED-ROOT/id/BLCP%3ACN057411764
Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) (2002) Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000, que establece las especificaciones de fertilidad, salinidad y clasificación de suelos, estudio, muestreo y análisis. Diario Oficial de la Federación, México, DF. http://www.profepa.gob.mx/innovaportal/file/3335/1/nom-021-semarnat-2000.pdf
Shakesby RA, Doerr SH, Walsh RPD (2000) The erosional impact of soil hidrophobicity: current problems and future research directions. J Hydrol 231/232:178–191. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169400001931#
Sublette K, Key KC, Bovaird B (2010) Combating hydrophobicity in the revegetation of hydrocarbon-impacted soils. In: 17th annual international petroleum biofuels environmental conference, San Antonio, TX, August 30–September 2. http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2010/Abstracts_2010/Sublette_Combating_101.pdf
US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1997) Test methods for evaluating solid waste: physical/chemical methods. Publication no. EPA-530/SW-846. http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/testmethdos/sw846/online/index.htm
US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1999) Analytical methods—method 1664, revision A: n-hexane extractable material (HEM; oil and grease) and silica gel treated n-hexane extractable material (SGT-HEM; non-polar material) by extraction and gravimetry. Publication no. EPA-821-R-98-002. http://water.epa.gov/scitech/methods/cwa/oil/upload/2007_07_10_methods_method_ol_1664.pdf
Vogelmann ES, Riechert JM, Prevedello J, Consensa COB, Oliveira AÉ, Awe GO, Mataix-Solera J (2013) Threshold water content beyond which hydrophobic soils become hydrophilic: the role of soil texture and organic matter. Geoderma 209–2010:177–187. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001670611300219X
Volke ST, Velasco TJA (2002) Tecnologías de remediación para suelos contaminados. Instituto Nacional de Ecología, México DF. http://www.inecc.gob.mx/descargas/publicaciones/372.pdf
West RC, Psuty NP, Thom BG (1987) Las tierras bajas de Tabasco en el Sureste de México, Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México. http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=sMpoAAAAMAAJ&sitesec=buy&hl=es&source=gbs_vpt_buy
Zahed MA, Aziz HA, Isa MH, Mohajeri L (2010) Enhancement biodegradation of n-alkanes from crude oil contaminated seawater. Int J Environ Res 4(4):1735–6865. http://www.sid.ir/en/VEWSSID/J_pdf/108220100410.pdf
Acknowledgments
Financial support for this research was provided by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (National Council of Science and Technology, México) and the Government of Tabasco State, Grant No. Fomix 2009-04, TAB-2009-C18-121493.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Marín-García, D.C., Adams, R.H. & Hernández-Barajas, R. Effect of crude petroleum on water repellency in a clayey alluvial soil. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13, 55–64 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-015-0838-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-015-0838-6