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Simultaneous separation and preconcentration of ultra-trace of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) in water samples by air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction prior to determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

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Abstract

A simple, rapid and efficient method has been developed for the extraction, preconcentration and determination of copper, lead and zinc ions in water samples by air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). In the proposed method, much less volume of an organic solvent (in the order of some µL) was used as the extraction solvent in the absence of disperser solvent. Fine organic droplets were formed by sucking and injecting of the mixture of aqueous sample solution and extraction solvent with a syringe for several times in a conical test tube. After extraction, phase separation was achieved by centrifugation and the enriched analytes in the sedimented phase were determined by GFAAS. Several variables potentially affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. Calibration graphs were linear in the concentration range of 45.0–1100 ng L−1. Detection limits were in the range of 18.0–26.0 ng L−1. The accuracy of the developed procedure was checked by analyzing NRCC-SLRS4 Riverine water as a certified reference material. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to determine the selected heavy metals in tap, surface and river water samples.

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Abbreviations

AALLME:

Air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction

EF:

Enrichment factor

ER:

Extraction recovery

GFAAS:

Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

SDDTC:

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate

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Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank the Research Office at the University of Tabriz for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Saeed Mohammad Sorouraddin

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Correspondence to Saeed Mohammad Sorouraddin.

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Sorouraddin, S.M. Simultaneous separation and preconcentration of ultra-trace of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) in water samples by air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction prior to determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. J IRAN CHEM SOC 13, 2219–2227 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-016-0940-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-016-0940-9

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