Abstract
Particular attention has been given to three-dimensional scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. In this study, poly(l-lactic acid-co-ε-caprolactone) (P(LLA-CL) nanoyarn scaffold and poly(l-lactic acid-co-caprolactone)/silk fibroin (P(LLA-CL)/SF) nanoyarn scaffold were fabricated by a dynamic liquid support electrospinning system; and then the three-dimensional (3D) nanoyarn scaffolds were prepared by freeze-drying processes. The results indicated the average diameter of P(LLA-CL) and P(LLA-CL)/SF nanoyarns were 29.44 ± 3.47 μm and 11.59 ± 0.46 μm, respectively. The yarn in the nanoyarn scaffold was twisted by many nanofibers as evidenced by scanning electron microscope (SEM) result. These nanoyarn scaffolds were biomineralized by alternatively immersing the nanoyarn scaffolds into phosphoric acid and calcium ion solutions. After biomineralization, the existence of hydroxyapatite (HA) particles on the scaffolds was confirmed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. In vitro study of cell proliferation was found to be higher on P(LLA-CL)/SF scaffold as compared to P(LLA-CL) scaffold after culturing for 14 days. H&E staining results showed that cells not only attached to the surface of 3D scaffold but also infiltrated into the scaffold. This study indicated that the electrospun P(LLA-CL)/SF scaffold with nanostructure morphology could improve cell adhesion and proliferation and electrospun P(LLA-CL)/SF scaffold with biomineralization has a potential application for bone tissue engineering.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Helsen JA, Jürgen Breme H (1998) Metals as biomaterials. Wiley, New York
Teo W, Liao S, Chan C, Ramakrishna S (2011) Fabrication and characterization of hierarchically organized nanoparticle-reinforced nanofibrous composite scaffolds. Acta Biomater 7:193–202
Burg KJL, Porter S, Kellam JF (2000) Biomaterial developments for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 21:2347–2359
Rose FRAJ, Oreffo ROC (2002) Bone tissue engineering: hope vs hype. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 292:1–7
Thorvaldsson A, Stenhamre H, Gatenholm P, Walkenström P (2008) Electrospinning of highly porous scaffolds for cartilage regeneration. Biomacromolecules 9:1044–1049
Tzezana R, Zussman E, Levenberg S (2008) A layered ultra-porous scaffold for tissue engineering, created via a hydrospinning method. Tissue Eng Part C 14:281–288
Wu J, Liu S, He L, Wang H, He C, Fan C, Mo X (2012) Electrospun nanoyarn scaffold and its application in tissue engineering. Mater Lett 89:146–149
Sabir MI, Xu X, Li L (2009) A review on biodegradable polymeric materials for bone tissue engineering applications. J Mater Sci 44:5713–5724
Kim SI, Lim JI, Jung Y, Mun CH, Kim JH, Kim SH (2013) Preparation of enhanced hydrophobic poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) films surface and its blood compatibility. Appl Surf Sci 276:586–591
Xu Y, Wu J, Wang H, Li H, Di N, Song L, Li S, Li D, Xiang Y, Liu W, Mo X, Zhou Q (2013) Fabrication of electrospun poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone)/collagen nanoyarn network as a novel, three-dimensional, macroporous, aligned scaffold for tendon tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C 19:925–936
Vaquette C, Kahn C, Frochot C, Nouvel C, Six JL, De Isla N, Luo LH, Cooper-White J, Rahouadj R, Wang X (2010) Aligned poly (l-lactic-co-ε-caprolactone) electrospun microfibers and knitted structure: a novel composite scaffold for ligament tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 94:1270–1282
Fang Z, Fu W, Dong Z, Zhang X, Gao B, Guo D, He H, Wang Y (2011) Preparation and biocompatibility of electrospun poly (l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone)/fibrinogen blended nanofibrous scaffolds. Appl Surf Sci 257:4133–4138
Zheng L, Lu HQ, Fan HS, Zhang XD (2013) Reinforcement and chemical cross-linking in collagen-based scaffolds in cartilage tissue engineering: a comparative study. Iran Polym J 22:833–842
Fan H, Liu H, Toh SL, Goh JCH (2009) Anterior cruciate ligament regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells and silk scaffold in large animal model. Biomaterials 30:4967–4977
Liu H, Fan H, Wang Y, Toh SL, Goh JCH (2008) The interaction between a combined knitted silk scaffold and microporous silk sponge with human mesenchymal stem cells for ligament tissue engineering. Biomaterials 29:662–674
Meinel L, Hofmann S, Karageorgiou V, Kirker-Head C, McCool J, Gronowicz G, Zichner L, Langer R, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Kaplan DL (2005) The inflammatory responses to silk films in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 26:147–155
Horan RL, Antle K, Collette AL, Wang Y, Huang J, Moreau JE, Volloch V, Kaplan DL, Altman GH (2005) In vitro degradation of silk fibroin. Biomaterials 26:3385–3393
Zhang K, Wang H, Huang C, Su Y, Mo X, Ikada Y (2010) Fabrication of silk fibroin blended P(LLA-CL) nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 93:984–993
Muthumanickkam A, Subramanian S, Goweri M, Beaula WS, Ganesh V (2013) Comparative study on eri silk and mulberry silk fibroin scaffolds for biomedical applications. Iran Polym J 22:143–154
Kuo CK, Marturano JE, Tuan RS (2010) Novel strategies in tendon and ligament tissue engineering: advanced biomaterials and regeneration motifs. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Thecnol 2:20
Liu H, Fan H, Toh SL, Goh JC (2008) A comparison of rabbit mesenchymal stem cells and anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts responses on combined silk scaffolds. Biomaterials 29:1443–1453
Olszta MJ, Cheng X, Jee SS, Kumar R, Kim YY, Kaufman MJ, Douglas EP, Gower LB (2007) Bone structure and formation: a new perspective. Mat Sci Eng R 58:77–116
Rizzi SC, Heath D, Coombes A, Bock N, Textor M, Downes S (2001) Biodegradable polymer/hydroxyapatite composites: surface analysis and initial attachment of human osteoblasts. J Biomed Mater Res 55:475–486
Bradt JH, Mertig M, Teresiak A, Pompe W (1999) Biomimetic mineralization of collagen by combined fibril assembly and calcium phosphate formation. Chem Mater 11:2694–2701
Xu AW, Ma Y, Cölfen H (2007) Biomimetic mineralization. J Mater Chem 17:415–449
Calvert P, Rieke P (1996) Biomimetic mineralization in and on polymers. Chem Mater 8:1715–1727
Nazarov R, Jin HJ, Kaplan DL (2004) Porous 3-D scaffolds from regenerated silk fibroin. Biomacromolecules 5:718–726
Teo WE, Gopal R, Ramaseshan R, Fujihara K, Ramakrishna S (2007) A dynamic liquid support system for continuous electrospun yarn fabrication. Polymer 48:3400–3405
Yin A, Zhang K, McClure MJ, Huang C, Wu J, Fang J, Mo X, Bowlin GL, Al-Deyab SS, El-Newehy M (2013) Electrospinning collagen/chitosan/poly (l-lactic acid-co-ε-caprolactone) to form a vascular graft: mechanical and biological characterization. J Biomed Mater Res A 101:1292–1301
Vepari C, Kaplan DL (2007) Silk as a biomaterial. Prog Polym Sci 32:991–1007
Wang Y, Kim HJ, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Kaplan DL (2006) Stem cell-based tissue engineering with silk biomaterials. Biomaterials 27:6064–6082
Tanahashi M, Matsuda T (1997) Surface functional group dependence on apatite formation on self-assembled monolayers in a simulated body fluid. J Biomed Mater Res 34:305–315
Sato K, Kumagai Y, Tanaka J (2000) Apatite formation on organic monolayers in simulated body environment. J Biomed Mater Res 50:16–20
Zhang K, Qian Y, Wang H, Fan L, Huang C, Yin A, Mo X (2010) Genipin-crosslinked silk fibroin/hydroxybutyl chitosan nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue-engineering application. J Biomed Mater Res A 95:870–881
Chen X, Shao Z, Marinkovic NS, Miller LM, Zhou P, Chance MR (2001) Conformation transition kinetics of regenerated Bombyx mori silk fibroin membrane monitored by time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy. Biophys Chem 89:25–34
Zhou P, Li G, Shao Z, Pan X, Yu T (2001) Structure of Bombyx mori silk fibroin based on the DFT chemical shift calculation. J Phys Chem B 105:12469–12476
Min BM, Jeong L, Lee KY, Park WH (2006) Regenerated silk fibroin nanofibers: water vapor-induced structural changes and their effects on the behavior of normal human cells. Macromol Biosci 6:285–292
Takeuchi A, Ohtsuki C, Miyazaki T, Tanaka H, Yamazaki M, Tanihara M (2003) Deposition of bone-like apatite on silk fiber in a solution that mimics extracellular fluid. J Biomed Mater Res A 65:283–289
Kawashita M, Nakao M, Minoda M, Kim HM, Beppu T, Miyamoto T, Kokubo T, Nakamura T (2003) Apatite-forming ability of carboxyl group-containing polymer gels in a simulated body fluid. Biomaterials 24:2477–2484
Mavis B, Demirtaş TT, Gümüşderelioğlu M, Gündüz G, Çolak Ü (2009) Synthesis, characterization and osteoblastic activity of polycaprolactone nanofibers coated with biomimetic calcium phosphate. Acta Biomater 5:3098–3111
Ngiam M, Liao S, Patil AJ, Cheng Z, Chan CK, Ramakrishna S (2009) The fabrication of nano-hydroxyapatite on PLGA and PLGA/collagen nanofibrous composite scaffolds and their effects in osteoblastic behavior for bone tissue engineering. Bone 45:4–16
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Open Funding Project of the State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality Program (11nm0506200), National Nature Science Foundation of China (Project No. 31470941, 31271035), Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University research group project no. RGP-201.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sun, B., Li, J., Liu, W. et al. Fabrication and characterization of mineralized P(LLA-CL)/SF three-dimensional nanoyarn scaffolds. Iran Polym J 24, 29–40 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-014-0297-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-014-0297-9