Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Indwelling pleural catheters

  • Interventional Pulmonology (S Maceiras-Luis, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Pulmonology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs) are increasingly used in clinical practice. They are often accepted as a first-line treatment option for patients with malignant pleural effusion. IPCs are inserted as a day case and afford patients autonomous relief of symptoms in the outpatient setting. They also offer scope for ongoing study, monitoring and treatment of malignant pleural effusion, as well as a role in benign effusion management. This paper provides an overview of the rationale and principles of IPC use, describing practical aspects and outlining potential future developments destined to address current voids in knowledge.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance, •• Of major importance

  1. Sanchez-Armengol A, Rodriguez-Panadero F. Survival and talc pleurodesis in metastatic pleural carcinoma, revisited. Report of 125 cases. Chest. 1993;104(5):1482–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Pilling JE, Dusmet ME, Ladas G, Goldstraw P. Prognostic factors for survival after surgical palliation of malignant pleural effusion. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5(10):1544–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. van Galen KP, Visser HP, van der Ploeg T, Smorenburg CH. Prognostic factors in patients with breast cancer and malignant pleural effusion. Breast J. 2010;16(6):675–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Banerjee AK, Willetts I, Robertson JF, Blamey RW. Pleural effusion in breast cancer: a review of the Nottingham experience. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1994;20(1):33–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Tremblay A, Mason C, Michaud G. Use of tunnelled catheters for malignant pleural effusions in patients fit for pleurodesis. Eur Respir J. 2007;30(4):759–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ferlay J, Autier P, Boniol M, Heanue M, Colombet M, Boyle P. Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(3):581–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mishra E, Davies H, Lee Y. Malignant pleural disease in lung cancer. In: Spiro S, Janes S, editors. European Respiratory Monograph: Thoracic Malignancies: European Respiratory Society Journals Limited.; 2009. p. 318–35.

  8. West SD, Lee YC. Management of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Clin Chest Med. 2006;27(2):335–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Peto J, Decarli A, La Vecchia C, Levi F, Negri E. The European mesothelioma epidemic. Br J Cancer. 1999;79(3–4):666–72.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Marinaccio A, Montanaro F, Mastrantonio M, Uccelli R, Altavista P, Nesti M, et al. Predictions of mortality from pleural mesothelioma in Italy: a model based on asbestos consumption figures supports results from age-period-cohort models. Int J Cancer. 2005;115(1):142–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rodrîguez-Panadero F, Borderas Naranjo F, López Mejîas J. Pleural metastatic tumours and effusions. Frequency and pathogenic mechanisms in a post-mortem series. Eur Respir J. 1989;2(4):366–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2014.

  13. Statistics OfN. Cancer Statistics Registrations, England, 2012. Statistical Bulletin: Office for National Statistics [Internet]. 2014:[0–19pp.]

  14. Roberts ME, Neville E, Berrisford RG, Antunes G, Ali NJ, Group BPDG. Management of a malignant pleural effusion: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65 Suppl 2:ii32–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Davies HE, Mishra EK, Kahan BC, Wrightson JM, Stanton AE, Guhan A, et al. Effect of an indwelling pleural catheter vs chest tube and talc pleurodesis for relieving dyspnea in patients with malignant pleural effusion: the TIME2 randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;307(22):2383–9. This RCT demonstrated there is no significant difference between IPC use and talc pleurodesis at relieving dyspnoea in patients with a malignant pleural effusion. It directly assessed patient related outcome measures.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Dresler CM, Olak J, Herndon JE, Richards WG, Scalzetti E, Fleishman SB, et al. Phase III intergroup study of talc poudrage vs talc slurry sclerosis for malignant pleural effusion. Chest. 2005;127(3):909–15. In this phase III study of 501 patients no significant difference was seen in pleurodesis success between thoracocopic talc poudrage and tube administered talc slurry.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lee YC, Fysh ET. Indwelling pleural catheter: changing the paradigm of malignant effusion management. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6(4):655–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Suzuki K, Servais EL, Rizk NP, Solomon SB, Sima CS, Park BJ, et al. Palliation and pleurodesis in malignant pleural effusion: the role for tunneled pleural catheters. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6(4):762–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Anderson CB, Philpott GW, Ferguson TB. The treatment of malignant pleural effusions. Cancer. 1974;33(4):916–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Lee YC, Baumann MH, Maskell NA, Waterer GW, Eaton TE, Davies RJ, et al. Pleurodesis practice for malignant pleural effusions in five English-speaking countries: survey of pulmonologists. Chest. 2003;124(6):2229–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Shaw P, Agarwal R. Pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;1:CD002916.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Yim AP, Chan AT, Lee TW, Wan IY, Ho JK. Thoracoscopic talc insufflation versus talc slurry for symptomatic malignant pleural effusion. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;62(6):1655–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Terra RM, Junqueira JJ, Teixeira LR, Vargas FS, Pêgo-Fernandes PM, Jatene FB. Is full postpleurodesis lung expansion a determinant of a successful outcome after talc pleurodesis? Chest. 2009;136(2):361–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Putnam JB, Light RW, Rodriguez RM, Ponn R, Olak J, Pollak JS, et al. A randomized comparison of indwelling pleural catheter and doxycycline pleurodesis in the management of malignant pleural effusions. Cancer. 1999;86(10):1992–9.

  25. Davies HE, Lee YC, Davies RJ. Pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion: talc, toxicity and where next? Thorax. 2008;63(7):572–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ferrer J, Montes JF, Villarino MA, Light RW, García-Valero J. Influence of particle size on extrapleural talc dissemination after talc slurry pleurodesis. Chest. 2002;122(3):1018–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Werebe EC, Pazetti R, Milanez de Campos JR, Fernandez PP, Capelozzi VL, Jatene FB, et al. Systemic distribution of talc after intrapleural administration in rats. Chest. 1999;115(1):190–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Campos JR, Werebe EC, Vargas FS, Jatene FB, Light RW. Respiratory failure due to insufflated talc. Lancet. 1997;349(9047):251–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Janssen JP, Collier G, Astoul P, Tassi GF, Noppen M, Rodriguez-Panadero F, et al. Safety of pleurodesis with talc poudrage in malignant pleural effusion: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2007;369(9572):1535–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Arellano-Orden E, Romero-Falcon A, Juan JM, Ocaña Jurado M, Rodriguez-Panadero F, Montes-Worboys A. Small particle-size talc is associated with poor outcome and increased inflammation in thoracoscopic pleurodesis. Respiration. 2013;86(3):201–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Davies H, Lee Y. Pleurodesis. In: Lee RLaY, editor. Textbook of pleural diseases. 2nd Edition ed: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd; 2008. p. 569–83.

  32. Simoff MJ, Lally B, Slade MG, Goldberg WG, Lee P, Michaud GC, et al. Symptom management in patients with lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013;143(5 Suppl):e455S–97S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Qureshi RA, Collinson SL, Powell RJ, Froeschle PO, Berrisford RG. Management of malignant pleural effusion associated with trapped lung syndrome. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2008;16(2):120–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Dikensoy O, Light RW. Alternative widely available, inexpensive agents for pleurodesis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2005;11(4):340–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bhatnagar R, Reid ED, Corcoran JP, Bagenal JD, Pope S, Clive AO, et al. Indwelling pleural catheters for non-malignant effusions: a multicentre review of practice. Thorax. 2014;69(10):959–61. This is the largest review of IPC use for benign disease.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Davies HE, Rahman NM, Parker RJ, Davies RJ. Use of indwelling pleural catheters for chronic pleural infection. Chest. 2008;133(2):546–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. DePew ZS, Iqbal S, Mullon JJ, Nichols FC, Maldonado F. The role for tunneled indwelling pleural catheters in patients with persistent benign chylothorax. Am J Med Sci. 2013;346(5):349–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Jimenez CA, Mhatre AD, Martinez CH, Eapen GA, Onn A, Morice RC. Use of an indwelling pleural catheter for the management of recurrent chylothorax in patients with cancer. Chest. 2007;132(5):1584–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Srour N, Potechin R, Amjadi K. Use of indwelling pleural catheters for cardiogenic pleural effusions. Chest. 2013;144(5):1603–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Van Meter ME, McKee KY, Kohlwes RJ. Efficacy and safety of tunneled pleural catheters in adults with malignant pleural effusions: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(1):70–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Efthymiou CA, Masudi T, Thorpe JA, Papagiannopoulos K. Malignant pleural effusion in the presence of trapped lung. Five-year experience of PleurX tunnelled catheters. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009;9(6):961–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Pien GW, Gant MJ, Washam CL, Sterman DH. Use of an implantable pleural catheter for trapped lung syndrome in patients with malignant pleural effusion. Chest. 2001;119(6):1641–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hunt BM, Farivar AS, Vallières E, Louie BE, Aye RW, Flores EE, et al. Thoracoscopic talc versus tunneled pleural catheters for palliation of malignant pleural effusions. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;94(4):1053–7. discussion 7–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fysh ET, Waterer GW, Kendall PA, Bremmer PR, Dina S, Geelhoed E, et al. Indwelling pleural catheters reduce inpatient days over pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion. Chest. 2012;142(2):394–400. This prospective study compared IPC use and pleurodesis in a 'real-time' hospital setting.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Puri V, Pyrdeck TL, Crabtree TD, Kreisel D, Krupnick AS, Colditz GA, et al. Treatment of malignant pleural effusion: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;94(2):374–9. discussion 9–80.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Olden AM, Holloway R. Treatment of malignant pleural effusion: PleuRx catheter or talc pleurodesis? A cost-effectiveness analysis. J Palliat Med. 2010;13(1):59–65.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Penz ED, Mishra EK, Davies HE, Manns BJ, Miller RF, Rahman NM. Comparing cost of indwelling pleural catheter vs talc pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion. Chest. 2014;146(4):991–1000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Bertolaccini L, Viti A, Gorla A, Terzi A. Home-management of malignant pleural effusion with an indwelling pleural catheter: ten years experience. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2012;38(12):1161–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Chalhoub M, Harris K, Castellano M, Maroun R, Bourjeily G. The use of the PleurX catheter in the management of non-malignant pleural effusions. Chron Respir Dis. 2011;8(3):185–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mullon J, Maldonado F. Use of tunneled indwelling pleural catheters for palliation of nonmalignant pleural effusions. Chest. 2011;140(4):996A.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Trials.gov C. The BLAST trial—biomarker levels during indwelling pleural catheter sample testing. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02092155 2014 [cited 03/11/2014].

  52. Tremblay A, Michaud G. Single-center experience with 250 tunnelled pleural catheter insertions for malignant pleural effusion. Chest. 2006;129(2):362–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Sioris T, Sihvo E, Salo J, Räsänen J, Knuuttila A. Long-term indwelling pleural catheter (PleurX) for malignant pleural effusion unsuitable for talc pleurodesis. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2009;35(5):546–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ohm C, Park D, Vogen M, Bendick P, Welsh R, Pursel S, et al. Use of an indwelling pleural catheter compared with thorascopic talc pleurodesis in the management of malignant pleural effusions. Am Surg. 2003;69(3):198–202. discussion.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Warren WH, Kim AW, Liptay MJ. Identification of clinical factors predicting Pleurx catheter removal in patients treated for malignant pleural effusion. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;33(1):89–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Saffran L, Ost DE, Fein AM, Schiff MJ. Outpatient pleurodesis of malignant pleural effusions using a small-bore pigtail catheter. Chest. 2000;118(2):417–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Patz EF. Malignant pleural effusions: recent advances and ambulatory sclerotherapy. Chest. 1998;113(1 Suppl):74S–7S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Reddy C, Ernst A, Lamb C, Feller-Kopman D. Rapid pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusions: a pilot study. Chest. 2011;139(6):1419–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Maskell N. The efficacy of indwelling pleural catheter placement versus IPC placement PLUS sclerosant (talc) in patients with malignant pleural effusions managed exclusively as out-patients. http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN73255764 ISRCTN 2014 [cited 03/11/2014].

  60. Tremblay A, Dumitriu S, Stather DR, Maceachern P, Illanes O, Kelly MM. Use of a drug eluting pleural catheter for pleurodesis. Exp Lung Res. 2012;38(9–10):475–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Morel A, Mishra E, Medley L, Rahman NM, Wrightson J, Talbot D, et al. Chemotherapy should not be withheld from patients with an indwelling pleural catheter for malignant pleural effusion. Thorax. 2011;66(5):448–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Mekhaiel E, Kashyap R, Mullon JJ, Maldonado F. Infections associated with tunnelled indwelling pleural catheters in patients undergoing chemotherapy. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol. 2013;20(4):299–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. NCT00978939. Impact of aggressive versus standard drainage regimen using a long term indwelling pleural catheter (ASAP). http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00978939 2014 [cited 03/11/2014].

  64. NCT00761618. Intrapleural catheter daily versus three times a week drainage. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00761618 2014 [cited 03/11/2014].

  65. Fysh ET, Wrightson JM, Lee YC, Rahman NM. Fractured indwelling pleural catheters. Chest. 2012;141(4):1090–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Fysh ET, Tremblay A, Feller-Kopman D, Mishra EK, Slade M, Garske L, et al. Clinical outcomes of indwelling pleural catheter-related pleural infections: an international multicenter study. Chest. 2013.

  67. Wu SG, Hu FC, Chang YL, Lee YC, Yu CJ, Chang YC, et al. Frequent EGFR mutations in nonsmall cell lung cancer presenting with miliary intrapulmonary carcinomatosis. Eur Respir J. 2013;41(2):417–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Gow CH, Chang YL, Hsu YC, Tsai MF, Wu CT, Yu CJ, et al. Comparison of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations between primary and corresponding metastatic tumors in tyrosine kinase inhibitor-naive non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(4):696–702.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Koegelenberg CF, Diacon AH, Bolliger CT. Parapneumonic pleural effusion and empyema. Respiration. 2008;75(3):241–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Mandal AK, Thadepalli H, Chettipally U. Outcome of primary empyema thoracis: therapeutic and microbiologic aspects. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66(5):1782–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Lin YC, Chen HJ, Liu YH, Shih CM, Hsu WH, Tu CY. A 30-month experience of thoracic empyema in a tertiary hospital: emphasis on differing bacteriology and outcome between the medical intensive care unit (MICU) and medical ward. South Med J. 2008;101(5):484–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Chen KY, Hsueh PR, Liaw YS, Yang PC, Luh KT. A 10-year experience with bacteriology of acute thoracic empyema: emphasis on Klebsiella pneumoniae in patients with diabetes mellitus. Chest. 2000;117(6):1685–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Janes SM, Rahman NM, Davies RJ, Lee YC. Catheter-tract metastases associated with chronic indwelling pleural catheters. Chest. 2007;131(4):1232–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Lee YC, Light RW. Management of malignant pleural effusions. Respirology. 2004;9(2):148–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Thomas R, Budgeon CA, Kuok YJ, Read C, Fysh ET, Bydder S, et al. Catheter tract metastasis associated with indwelling pleural catheters. Chest. 2014;146(3):557–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Srour N, Amjadi K, Forster A, Aaron S. Management of malignant pleural effusions with indwelling pleural catheters or talc pleurodesis. Can Respir J. 2013;20(2):106–10.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Pollak JS, Burdge CM, Rosenblatt M, Houston JP, Hwu WJ, Murren J. Treatment of malignant pleural effusions with tunneled long-term drainage catheters. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001;12(2):201–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Stathopoulos GT, Moschos C, Loutrari H, Kollintza A, Psallidas I, Karabela S, et al. Zoledronic acid is effective against experimental malignant pleural effusion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(1):50–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Stathopoulos GT, Kalomenidis I. Malignant pleural effusion: tumor-host interactions unleashed. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(6):487–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Veltman JD, Lambers ME, van Nimwegen M, Hendriks RW, Hoogsteden HC, Hegmans JP, et al. Zoledronic acid impairs myeloid differentiation to tumour-associated macrophages in mesothelioma. Br J Cancer. 2010;103(5):629–41.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Wang T, Lv M, Shen S, Zhou S, Wang P, Chen Y, et al. Cell-free microRNA expression profiles in malignant effusion associated with patient survival in non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(8):e43268.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Han HS, Yun J, Lim SN, Han JH, Lee KH, Kim ST, et al. Downregulation of cell-free miR-198 as a diagnostic biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma-associated malignant pleural effusion. Int J Cancer. 2013;133(3):645–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Chen D, Sun Y, Yuan Y, Han Z, Zhang P, Zhang J, et al. miR-100 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition but suppresses tumorigenesis, migration and invasion. PLoS Genet. 2014;10(2):e1004177.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Sterman DH, Recio A, Carroll RG, Gillespie CT, Haas A, Vachani A, et al. A phase I clinical trial of single-dose intrapleural IFN-beta gene transfer for malignant pleural mesothelioma and metastatic pleural effusions: high rate of antitumor immune responses. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(15 Pt 1):4456–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Sterman DH, Recio A, Haas AR, Vachani A, Katz SI, Gillespie CT, et al. A phase I trial of repeated intrapleural adenoviral-mediated interferon-beta gene transfer for mesothelioma and metastatic pleural effusions. Mol Ther. 2010;18(4):852–60.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Sterman DH, Haas A, Moon E, Recio A, Schwed D, Vachani A, et al. A trial of intrapleural adenoviral-mediated Interferon-α2b gene transfer for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(12):1395–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

Conflict of Interest

Dr. William D. Jones and Dr. Helen E. Davies both have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK

    William D. Jones & Helen E. Davies

Authors
  1. William D. Jones
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Helen E. Davies
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Helen E. Davies.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Interventional Pulmonology

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jones, W.D., Davies, H.E. Indwelling pleural catheters. Curr Pulmonol Rep 4, 1–9 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13665-015-0104-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13665-015-0104-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation