Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Determinazione dei farmaci anticoagulanti orali diretti in regime di urgenza

Determination of direct oral anticoagulant drugs in emergency

  • Articolo originale
  • Published:
La Rivista Italiana della Medicina di Laboratorio - Italian Journal of Laboratory Medicine

Riassunto

Premesse

Da oltre un anno, anche in Italia sono in uso i nuovi anticoagulanti orali diretti: dabigatran, diretto antagonista della trombina, e rivaroxaban, inibitore diretto del fattore Xa.

Il vantaggio di questi nuovi farmaci, a parità di efficacia e sicurezza rispetto agli anticoagulanti antagonisti della vitamina K, è dovuto alla loro somministrazione a dose fissa, al minor numero di interazioni con i farmaci e nessuna con il cibo, ma soprattutto non richiedono monitoraggio di laboratorio, se si esclude la periodica valutazione della funzione renale. Hanno una breve emivita, con inizio e termine d’azione rapidi. D’altro canto, potenziali svantaggi riguardanti l’uso di questi farmaci sono rappresentati dalla mancanza di antidoti in caso di sovradosaggio o emorragie e dalla difficoltà di controllare l’aderenza del paziente. Da un punto di vista laboratoristico lo svantaggio è dato dalla difficoltà di monitorare il loro effetto con gli attuali test, perché i test standard non risultano adeguati a fornire un’accurata risposta, per la loro scarsa o eccessiva sensibilità. Ogni Laboratorio dovrà pertanto organizzarsi per poter determinare, in presenza di eventi emorragici maggiori e/o per eseguire interventi chirurgici in urgenza, il livello di anticoagulazione del sangue del paziente. Il miglior modo per rispondere al quesito clinico sarà dare il valore del farmaco presente in quel momento nel plasma del paziente. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è la messa a punto del dosaggio di questi farmaci nel coagulometro disponibile nel nostro Laboratorio, in modo da poter fornire in futuro, anche in regime di urgenza, una risposta veloce al clinico.

Metodi

I metodi per il dosaggio dei nuovi anticoagulanti orali diretti sono stati applicati sullo strumento BCS XP (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Deutschland). Il kit utilizzato per la determinazione quantitativa di dabigatran è il BC Thrombin (Siemens Healthcare), reagente usato per valutare il tempo di trombina nel plasma umano citrato. Il metodo è stato opportunamente modificato in modo da fornire un tempo di trombina definito diluito. Il kit utilizzato per la determinazione quantitativa di rivaroxaban è Berichrom Heparin (Siemens Healthcare) specifico per il dosaggio cromogenico del fattore Xa. È stato possibile costruire le adeguate curve di taratura grazie ai plasma calibratori e verificate con i plasma controllo, entrambi forniti dalla Hyphen BioMed (Neuville-sur-Oise, France).

Risultati

I metodi utilizzati sono attendibili e riproducibili in un range compreso tra 24 e 497 ng/ml. Al di sotto dei 24 ng/ml non sarà possibile dare un valore esatto e per valori superiori a 497 ng/ml, se richiesto, sarà necessario diluire il campione. I coefficienti di variazione percentuale intra-day e inter-day sono tutti al di sotto del 10% e la curve di taratura presentano un \(r^{2} = 0{,}96\).

Conclusioni

Il nostro studio dimostra che i metodi scelti e applicati sul coagulometro BCS XP in uso nel nostro Laboratorio sono eseguibili con procedura completamente automatizzata, in regime di urgenza, in un tempo di circa 30 minuti. L’incremento dell’uso di questi farmaci nella pratica clinica aiuterà i medici a valutare come la quantità plasmatica del farmaco possa essere collegata con la capacità anticoagulante del paziente.

Summary

Background

For over a year, even in Italy, are in use the new oral anticoagulants direct: dabigatran, a direct thrombin antagonist, and rivaroxaban, direct inhibitor of factor Xa. The advantage of these new drugs, with the same efficacy and safety compared to anticoagulants vitamin K antagonists, is due to their fixed-dose administration, the fewer drug interactions and no with the food, but most do not require monitoring of laboratory, if we exclude the periodic assessment of renal function. They have a short half-life, beginning and end of action fast. On the other hand, potential drawbacks regarding the use of these drugs are represented by the lack of antidotes in case of overdose or bleeding and the difficulty of controlling patient adherence. From a laboratory point of view the disadvantage is given by the difficulty of monitoring their effect with the current test, because the standard tests are not sufficient to provide an accurate answer, because of their poor or excessive sensitivity. Each Laboratory must therefore be organized in order to determine, in the presence of major bleeding events and/or to perform emergency surgery, the level of anticoagulation patient’s blood. The best way to answer the clinical question will therefore give the value of the drug present in that moment in the patient plasma. The purpose of this work is the development of the dosage of these drugs in the coagulometer available in our laboratory, in order to provide in the future, even in the regime of urgency, a quick response to the clinician.

Methods

The methods for the assay of new oral anticoagulants direct were applied on the instrument BCS XP (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Deutschland). The kit used for the quantitative determination of dabigatran is the BC Thrombin (Siemens Healthcare), the reagent used to assess the thrombin time in citrated human plasma. The method was suitably modified to provide a thrombin time defined diluted. The kit used for the quantitative determination of rivaroxaban is Berichrom Heparin (Siemens Healthcare) chromogenic assay specific for factor Xa. It was possible to build the appropriate calibration curves thanks to plasma calibrators and verificate with control plasma supplied by Hyphen BioMed (Neuville-sur-Oise, France).

Results

The methods used are reliable and reproducible in a range between 24 and 497 ng/ml. Below 24 ng/ml will not be possible to give an exact value and values greater than 497 ng/ml, if required, will be necessary to dilute the sample. The coefficients of variation percentage intra-day and inter-day are all below 10% and the calibration curves have an \(r^{2} = 0.96\).

Conclusions

Our study shows that the methods selected and applied on coagulometer BCS XP in use in our laboratory are performed with the automatic procedure, in regime of urgency, in a time of about 30 minutes. The increase in the use of these drugs in clinical practice will help doctors to assess how the amount of the drug in plasma can be linked with the ability of the patient anticoagulant.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Bibliografia

  1. Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Ahnfelt L et al. (2004) Dose escalating safety study of a new oral direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate, in patients undergoing total hip replacement: BISTRO I. J Thromb Haemost 2:1573–1580

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Agnelli G, Gallus A, Goldhaber SZ et al. (2007) ODIXa-DVT study investigators. Treatment of proximal deep-vein thrombosis with the oral direct factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939): the ODIXa-DVT (Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibitor BAY 59-7939 in patients with acute symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis) study. Circulation 116:180–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Mueck W, Becka M, Kubitza D et al. (2007) Population model of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban—an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor—in healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 45:335–344

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Blech S, Ebner T, Ludwig-Schwellinger E et al. (2008) The metabolism and disposition of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran, in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 36:386–399

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kazmi RS, Lwaleed BA (2011) New anticoagulants: how to deal with treatment failure and bleeding complications. Br J Clin Pharmacol 72:593–603

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Samama MM, Guinet C, Le Flem L et al. (2013) Measurement of dabigatran and rivaroxaban in primary prevention of venous thromboembolism in 106 patients, who have undergone major orthopedic surgery: an observational study. J Thromb Thrombolysis 35:140–146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Buller HR et al. (2005) A new oral direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate, compared with enoxaparin for prevention of thromboembolic events following total hip or knee replacement: the BISTRO II randomized trial. J Thromb Haemost 3:103–111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Wolowacz SE, Roskell NS, Plumb JM et al. (2009) Efficacy and safety of dabigatran etexilate for the prevention of venous thromboembolism following total hip or knee arthroplasty. A meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost 101:77–85

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Loffredo L, Perri L, Del Ben M et al. (2014) New oral anticoagulants for the treatment of acute venous tromboembolism: are they safer than vitamin K antagonist? A meta-analysis of the interventional trials. Intern Emerg Med. doi:10.1007/s11739-014-1171-7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Prins MH, Bamber L, Cano SJ et al. (2015) Patient-reported treatment satisfaction with oral rivaroxaban versus standard therapy in the treatment of pulmonary embolism; results from the Einstein PE trial. Thromb Res 135:281–288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ansari JG, Garcha GS, Lakkis N (2014) Oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 12:34–41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. da Silva RM (2014) Novel oral anticoagulants in non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 12:3–8

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Sardar P, Chatterjee S, Lavie CJ et al. (2015) Risk of major bleeding in different indications for new oral anticoagulants: insights from a meta-analysis of approved dosages from 50 randomized trials. Int J Cardiol 179:279–287

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Dzeshka MS, Lip GY (2015) Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: where are we now? Trends Cardiovasc Med 25:315–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lasek-Bal A, Urbanek T, Gierek D (2014, in press) Analysis of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulant drugs in the secondary stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation—single center experience based on 311 patients. Int Angiol

  16. Rojas-Hernandez CM, Garcia DA (2013) The novel oral anticoagulants. Semin Thromb Hemost 39:117–126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Testa S, Paoletti O, Zimmermann A et al. (2012) The role of anticoagulation clinics in the era of new oral anticoagulants. Thrombosis 2012:835356

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Prisco D, Cenci C, Silvestri E et al. (2014) Pharmacological prevention of venous thromboembolism in orthopaedic surgery. Clin Case Miner Bone Metab 11:192–195

    Google Scholar 

  19. Messori A, Fadda V, Maratea D et al. (2015) Testing the therapeutic equivalence of novel oral anticoagulants for thromboprophylaxis in orthopedic surgery and for prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 53:211–219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Prandoni P, Temraz S, Taher A (2014) Direct oral anticoagulants in teh prevention of venous thromboembolism: evidence from major clinical trials. Seminar Hematol 51:121–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kinov P, Tanchev PP, Ellis M et al. (2014) Antithrombotic prophylaxis in major orthopaedic surgery: an hystorical overview and update of current recommendations. Int Orthop 38:169–175

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Brown TS, Huo MH (2013) New anticoagulants for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 42:424–429

    Google Scholar 

  23. Quinlan DJ, Eriksson BI (2013) Novel anticoagulants fro thromboprophylaxis after orthopedic surgery. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 26:171–182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Galanis T, Merli GJ (2013) New oral anticoagulants: prevention of VTE in phase III studies in total joint replacement surgery and the hospitalized medically ill patients. J Thromb Thrombolysis 36:141–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Russel RD, Hotchkiss WR, Knigt JR et al. (2013) The efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after total hip and total knee arthroplasty. Thrombosis 2013:762310

    Google Scholar 

  26. Baumann Kreuziger LM, Morton CT, DRies DJ (2012) New anticoagulants: a concise review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 73:983–992

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Toth PP (2012) Practical management of anticoagulants in family medicine after orthopedic surgery. Postgrad Med 124:206–214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sanford M, Plosker GL (2008) Dabigatran etexilate. Drugs 68:1699–1709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Stangier J (2008) Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate. Clin Pharmacokinet 47:285–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kreytz R (2012) Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic basics of rivaroxaban. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 26:27–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kubitza D, Perzbon E, Berkowitz SD (2013) The discovery of rivaroxaban: translating preclinical assessments into clinical practise. Front Pharmacol 4:145

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Baglin T, Keeling D, Kitchen S (2012) Effects on routine coagulation screens and assessment of anticoagulant intensity in patients taking oral dabigatran or rivaroxaban: Guidance from the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haemotol 159:427–429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Lippi G, Favaloro EJ (2015) Recent guidelines and recommendations for laboratory assessment of the direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs): is there consensus? Clin Chem Lab Med 53:185–197

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Gosselin RC, Dwyre DM, Dager WE (2013) Measuring dabigatran concentrations using a chromogenic ecarin clotting time assay. Ann Pharmacother 47:1635–1640

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Tripodi A (2012) Laboratory tests and the new oral anticoagulants. Thromb Res 130(Suppl 1):S95–S97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Stangier J, Feuring M (2012) Using the HEMOCLOT direct thrombin inhibitor assay to determine plasma concentrations of dabigatran. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 23:138–143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lindhoff-Last E, Ansell J, Spiro T et al. (2013) Laboratory testing of rivaroxaban in routine clinical practice: when, how, and which assays. Ann Med 45:423–429

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Samama MM, Amiral J, Guinet C et al. (2010) An optimised, rapid chromogenic assay, specific for measuring direct factor xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban) in plasma. Thromb Haemost 104:1078–1079

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Samama MM, Contant G, Spiro TE et al. (2012) Evaluation of the anti-factor Xa chromogenic assay for the measurement of rivaroxaban plasma concentrations using calibrators and controls. Thromb Haemost 107:379–387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lucia Terzuoli.

Ethics declarations

Conflitti di interesse

Nessuno.

Studi condotti su esseri umani e animali

Tutte le procedure descritte nello studio e che hanno coinvolto esseri umani sono state attuate in conformità alle norme etiche stabilite dalla dichiarazione di Helsinki del 1964 e successive modifiche.

Consenso informato

Il consenso informato è stato ottenuto da tutti i pazienti inclusi nello studio.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Terzuoli, L., Silvietti, A., Scapellato, C. et al. Determinazione dei farmaci anticoagulanti orali diretti in regime di urgenza. Riv Ital Med Lab 11, 157–164 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13631-015-0091-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13631-015-0091-5

Parole chiave

Keywords

Navigation