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Genetic structures of Calophyllum inophyllum L., a tree employing sea-drift seed dispersal in the northern extreme of its distribution

  • Original Paper
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Abstract

• Context

Little is known about the potential of gene flow and resulting genetic structures of trees employing sea-drifting seed dispersal in island populations.

• Aims

Current genetic structure and the magnitude of historical gene flow were estimated in island populations of Calophyllum inophyllum L., a typical plant employing sea-drifting seed dispersal.

• Methods

Samples were collected from the northern extreme of the species’ distribution (Taiwan and the Sakishima, Daito, and Ogasawara Islands, Japan) and genotyped using 15 EST-SSR markers. Genetic differentiation (F ST and AMOVA), genetic structure (STRUCTRE analysis), and historical gene flow (assignment testing) were determined.

• Results

Frequent gene flow within and rare gene flow among island groups was determined using assignment testing. Clear genetic structures were also detected using the STRUCTURE analysis, which demonstrated differentiation between dominant clusters among geographically constructed island groups.

• Conclusions

The potential for gene flow via sea-drifting seed dispersal was high, and this was possible even among small islands. However, the extent and frequency of gene flow were not great enough to prevent genetic differentiation in a range of over a few hundred kilometers.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Drs. Tsai-Huei Chen, Cheng-Kuen Ho, Shu-Lin Deng, and members of the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute (Taipei, Taiwan) for their kind support during sampling in Taiwan. We would also like to thank Mr. Hamamoto and Mr. Osaka, Drs. Otani and Hiraoka, and Ms. Shibata and Ms. Kaminaga of the Forest Tree Breeding Center (Hitachi, Japan) for their help during sampling in Japan, their suggestions regarding data analysis, and their support of our experimental efforts, respectively. We also appreciate the efforts of Mr. J. Machua and S. Omondi in revising our manuscript. This study was conducted by collaboration between the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute and the Forest Tree Breeding Center. We are grateful to the directors of both of these institutions for providing supportive research environments. This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant no. 25871088 and by Taiwan COA grant no. 102AS-13.1.2-F1.G4.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 3809-1 Ishi, Hitachi City, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan

    So Hanaoka & Kazutaka Kato

  2. Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, No. 53, Nan-hai road, Taipei, 10066, Taiwan

    Ching-Te Chien & Shun-Ying Chen

  3. Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka, Higashi-ku, 812-8581, Japan

    Atsushi Watanabe

  4. Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1, Matsunosato, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan

    Suzuki Setsuko

Authors
  1. So Hanaoka
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  2. Ching-Te Chien
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  4. Atsushi Watanabe
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  5. Suzuki Setsuko
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Correspondence to So Hanaoka.

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Handling Editor: Bruno Fady

Contribution of the co-authors

Ching-Te Chien: Assistance of data analysis and writing paper.

Shun-Ying Chen: Designing and conducting ecological research and sampling.

Atsushi Watanabe: Designing the experiments and supervising the writing paper.

Suzuki Setsuko: Designing and conducting sampling, and support experiments.

Kazutaka Kato: Coordinating the research project.

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Fig. S1

Division map of minimum temperatures of the coldest month (WorldClim 2013, http://wn.com/worldclim) and distribution range of Calophyllum inophyllum. The area shown in red is the potential distribution area (minimum temperature of the coldest month is >12 °C; Friday and Okano 2006), and the area shown in dark green is the estimated distribution area from the literature (Lemmens 1994; Whistler 2009). (PDF 145 kb)

Fig. S2

Ln P(D) values and calculated ΔK values along with associated K values in the STRUCTURE analysis. (PDF 129 kb)

Fig. S3

Results of a STRUCTURE analysis with K=3, 5 and 6. (PDF 619 kb)

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Hanaoka, S., Chien, CT., Chen, SY. et al. Genetic structures of Calophyllum inophyllum L., a tree employing sea-drift seed dispersal in the northern extreme of its distribution. Annals of Forest Science 71, 575–584 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-014-0365-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-014-0365-5

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