Skip to main content
Log in

Le syndrome thoracique aigu : complication pulmonaire aiguë des patients adultes atteints d’un syndrome drépanocytaire majeur

Acute chest syndrome, an acute pulmonary complication of patients with sickle cell anemia

  • Mise au Point / Update
  • Published:
Réanimation

Résumé

Le syndrome thoracique aigu (STA) est une des complications majeures des syndromes drépanocytaires et reste la principale cause de mortalité chez l’adulte. Il peut survenir chez des patients auparavant peu ou non symptomatiques, notamment chez ceux porteurs d’un syndrome drépanocytaire composite. Trois grandes causes dominent les étiologies : les infections, l’obstruction vasculaire pulmonaire (par des emboles graisseux et/ou des thrombi fibrinocruoriques) et les hypoventilations alvéolaires secondaires à des suites chirurgicales ou des infarctus osseux. La symptomatologie associe fièvre, dyspnée et douleur thoracique. Elle survient souvent après quelques jours d’hospitalisation pour crise vaso-occlusive simple ou en postopératoire. L’imagerie retrouve des lésions alvéolaires condensantes des deux bases pulmonaires et la biologie une hémolyse associée à un syndrome inflammatoire. Il faut savoir rechercher deux facteurs de mauvais pronostic : un taux de plaquettes bas et surtout une insuffisance ventriculaire droite.

Le traitement repose sur un trépied : hydratation, oxygénation et analgésie associés à une antibiothérapie couvrant les bactéries encapsulées et atypiques. Dans les formes sévères, le seul traitement spécifique est la transfusion ou l’exsanguinotransfusion suivant le taux d’hémoglobine. Une transfusion préventive ou un échange transfusionnel peuvent être discutés chez des patients à risque, notamment lors de circonstances particulières (grossesse, intervention chirurgicale). Cette décision sera prise au cas par cas en fonction des antécédents transfusionnels. Dans le cadre de la prévention, une spirométrie incitative doit toujours être prescrite pour les patients drépanocytaires hospitalisés, notamment pour crise vaso-occlusive.

Abstract

Acute chest syndrome is the second most common reason for hospitalization and the leading cause for mortality in adult patients with sickle cell disease. This complication is not only observed in most severe patients, but can appear in previously non symptomatic patients. Three main mechanisms are involved: infection, vascular obstruction (by fat embolism and/or pulmonary artery thrombus), and alveolar hypoventilation secondary to surgery or to bone infarcts. The most frequent symptoms are fever, dyspnea, and thoracic pain. In half of patients, vaso-occlusive crisis can precede these symptoms. Basal alveolar consolidation is observed on lung imaging. Hemolysis and systemic inflammation are frequent biological findings. Two prognostic markers have been suggested in the litterature: thrombopenia and right ventricular dysfunction. Supportive treatments (oxygenation, rehydration, and analgesia) are usually prescribed with antibiotics. Transfusion and/or partial blood exchange depending on the haemoglobin level are used in the severe forms. Preventive transfusion should be discussed in specific conditions such as pregnancy and surgical procedure. Preventive incentive spirometry should also be implemented in hospitalized sickle cell patients, especially during vaso-occlusive crisis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Références

  1. Castro O, Brambilla DJ, Thorington B, et al (1994) The acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease: incidence and risk factors. The Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. Blood 84:643–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Vichinsky EP, Neumayr LD, Earles AN, et al (2000) Causes and outcomes of the acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease. National Acute Chest Syndrome Study Group. N Engl J Med 342:1855–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Mekontso Dessap A, Leon R, Habibi A, et al (2008) Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale during severe acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177:646–53

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cecchini J, Lionnet F, Djibré M, et al (2014) Outcomes of Adult Patients With Sickle Cell Disease Admitted to the ICU: A Case Series. Crit Care Med 42:1629–39

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Allareddy V, Roy A, Lee MK, et al (2014) Outcomes of acute chest syndrome in adult patients with sickle cell disease: predictors of mortality. PloS One 9:e94387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Jan S, Slap G, Smith-Whitley K, et al (2013) Association of hospital and provider types on sickle cell disease outcomes. Pediatrics 132:854–61

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Maitre B, Habibi A, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al (2000) Acute chest syndrome in adults with sickle cell disease. Chest 117:1386–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mekontso Dessap A, Contou D, Dandine-Roulland C, et al (2014) Environmental influences on daily emergency admissions in sickle-cell disease patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 93:e280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Godeau B, Schaeffer A, Bachir D, et al (1996) Bronchoalveolar lavage in adult sickle cell patients with acute chest syndrome: value for diagnostic assessment of fat embolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:1691–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lechapt E, Habibi A, Bachir D, et al (2003) Induced sputum versus bronchoalveolar lavage during acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168:1373–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Vichinsky E, Williams R, Das M, et al (1994) Pulmonary fat embolism: a distinct cause of severe acute chest syndrome in sickle cell anemia. Blood 83:3107–12

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Mekontso Dessap A, Deux JF, Abidi N, et al (2011) Pulmonary artery thrombosis during acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 184:1022–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Graham JK, Mosunjac M, Hanzlick RL, Mosunjac M (2007) Sickle cell lung disease and sudden death: a retrospective/prospective study of 21 autopsy cases and literature review. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 28:168–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Contou D, Mekontso Dessap A, Carteaux G, et al (2014) Golden Tracheal Secretions and Bronchoalveolar Fluid During Acute Chest Syndrome in Sickle Cell Disease. Respir Care [in press]

    Google Scholar 

  15. Mekontso Dessap A, Deux JF, Habibi A, et al (2014) Lung imaging during acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease: computed tomography patterns and diagnostic accuracy of bedside chest radiograph. Thorax 69:144–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Audard V, Homs S, Habibi A, et al (2010) Acute kidney injury in sickle patients with painful crisis or acute chest syndrome and its relation to pulmonary hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25:2524–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lionnet F, Arlet JB, Bartolucci P, et al (2009) [Guidelines for management of adult sickle cell disease]. Rev Med Int 30:S162–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Yawn BP, Buchanan GR, Afenyi-Annan AN, et al (2014) Management of sickle cell disease: summary of the 2014 evidencebased report by expert panel members. JAMA 312:1033–48

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bartolucci P, El Murr T, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al (2009) A randomized, controlled clinical trial of ketoprofen for sickle-cell disease vaso-occlusive crises in adults. Blood 114:3742–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Martí-Carvajal AJ, Conterno LO, Knight-Madden JM (2013) Antibiotics for treating acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD006110

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Turner JM, Kaplan JB, Cohen HW, Billett HH (2009) Exchange versus simple transfusion for acute chest syndrome in sickle cell anemia adults. Transfusion (Paris) 49:863–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Alhashimi D, Fedorowicz Z, Alhashimi F, Dastgiri S (2010) Blood transfusions for treating acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD007843

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Knight-Madden JM, Hambleton IR (2014) Inhaled bronchodilators for acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8:CD003733

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fartoukh M, Lefort Y, Habibi A, et al (2010) Early intermittent noninvasive ventilation for acute chest syndrome in adults with sickle cell disease: a pilot study. Intensive Care Med 36:1355–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Maitre B, Djibré M, Katsahian S, et al (2014) Inhaled Nitric Oxide In The Treatment Of Acute Chest Syndrome In Adult Sickle Cell Patients: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med Meeting Abstracts

    Google Scholar 

  26. Yawn BP, Buchanan GR, Afenyi-Annan AN, et al (2014) Management of sickle cell disease: summary of the 2014 evidencebased report by expert panel members. JAMA 312:1033–48

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bellet PS, Kalinyak KA, Shukla R, et al (1995) Incentive spirometry to prevent acute pulmonary complications in sickle cell diseases. N Engl J Med 333:699–703

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to B. Maitre.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Maitre, B., Habibi, A., Colin, C. et al. Le syndrome thoracique aigu : complication pulmonaire aiguë des patients adultes atteints d’un syndrome drépanocytaire majeur. Réanimation 24, 71–77 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-015-1033-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-015-1033-y

Mots clés

Keywords

Navigation