Abstract
In the present study, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were synthesized through a facile and green approach encompassing chitosan in citric acid as a reducing and stabilizing agent, water as solvent, low reaction time, and temperature. The size and dispersity of the Au NPs were optimized by varying the method of addition of reagents. Addition of the reducing agent to a preheated metal precursor solution results in polydispersed nanoparticles whereas reversing the addition yields small and monodispersed nanoparticles. Au NPs of uniform shape and size with an average size range of 14.5 to 16 nm were obtained by controlling the nucleation and growth steps during the synthesis. The role of chitosan is found to be multifold as a mild reducing, chelating, and stabilizing agent. The as-prepared Au NPs are stable in the aqueous phase without any agglomeration, thus offering ample scope for catalytic and sensor applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Daniel MC, Astruc D (2004) Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology. Chem Rev 104(1):293–346
Shipway AN, Katz E, Willner I (2000) Nanoparticle arrays on surfaces for electronic, optical, and sensor applications. ChemPhysChem 1(1):18–52
Nguyen DT, Kim DJ, So MG, Kim KS (2010) Experimental measurements of gold nanoparticles nucleation and growth by citrate reduction of HAuCl4. Adv Powder Technol 21:111–118
Turkevich J, Stevenson PC, Hillier J (1951) A study of the nucleation and growth processes in the synthesis of colloidal gold. Discuss Faraday Soc 11:55–75
Frens G (1973) Controlled nucleation for the regulation of the particle size in monodisperse gold suspensions. Nat Phys Sci 241:20–22
Zhu T, Vasilev K, Kreiter M, Mittler S (2003) Surface modification of citrate-reduced colloidal gold nanoparticles with 2-mercaptosuccinic acid. Langmuir 19(22):9518–9525
Polte J, Ahner TT, Delissen F, Sokolov S, Emmerling F, Thnemann AF, Kraehnert R (2010) Mechanism of gold nanoparticle formation in the classical citrate synthesis method derived from coupled in situ XANES and SAXS evaluation. J Am ChemSoc 132(4):1296–1301
Sivaraman SK, Kumar S, Santhanam V (2011) Monodisperse sub-10 nm gold nanoparticles by reversing the order of addition in Turkevich method—the role of chloroauric acid. J Coll Interface Sci 361:543–547
Bastu’s NG, Comenge J, Puntes V (2011) Kinetically controlled seeded growth synthesis of citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles of up to 200 nm: size focusing versus Ostwald ripening. Langmuir 27(17):11098–11105
Zhou Y, Wang H, Lin W, Lin L, Gao Y, Yang F, Du M, Fang W, Huang J, Sun D, Li Q (2013) Quantitative nucleation and growth kinetics of gold nanoparticles via model-assisted dynamic spectroscopic approach. J Colloid Interface Sci 407:8–16
Esumi K, Takei N, Yoshimura T (2003) Antioxidant-potentiality of gold-chitosan nanocomposites. Colloids Surf., B 32(2):117–123
Hoppe CE, Lazzari M, Blanco IP, Quintela MAL (2006) One-step synthesis of gold and silver hydrosols using poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) as a reducing agent. Langmuir 22:7027–7034
Newman JDS, Blanchard GJ (2006) Formation of gold nanoparticles using amine reducing agents. Langmuir 22:5882–5887
Philip D (2008) Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of gold nanoparticles. Spectrochim Acta A 71:80–85
Perrault SD, Chan WCW (2009) Synthesis and surface modification of highly monodispersed, spherical gold nanoparticles of 50–200 nm. J Am ChemSoc 131:17042–17043
Kumari S, Singh RP (2012) Glycolic acid-g-chitosan-gold nanoflower nanocomposite scaffolds for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Int J Bio Macromolecules 50:878–883
Grabar KC, Freeman RG, Hommer MB, Natan MJ (1995) Preparation and characterization of Au colloid monolayers. Anal Chem 67:735–743
Teranishi T, Kiyokawa I, Miyake M (1998) Synthesis of monodisperse gold nanoparticles using linear polymers as protective agents. Adv Mater 10:596–599
Raveendran P, Fu J, Wallen SL (2003) Completely green synthesis and stabilization of metal nanoparticles. J Am ChemSoc 125:13940–13941
Huang H, Yang X (2004) Synthesis of chitosan-stabilized gold nanoparticles in the absence/presence of tripolyphosphate. Biomacromolecules 5(6):2340–2346
Jin Y, Li Z, Hu L, Shi X, Guan W, Du Y (2013) Synthesis of chitosan-stabilized gold nanoparticles by atmospheric plasma. Carbohydr Polym 91:152–156
Ayala G, Vercik LCO, Menezes TAV, Vercik A (2012) A simple and green method for synthesis of Ag and Au nanoparticles using biopolymers and sugars as reducing agent. Mater Res Soc 1386 DOI: 10.1557/opl.2012.645
Filippo E, Serra A, Buccolieri A, Manno D (2010) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with sucrose and maltose: morphological and structural characterization. J Non-Crystalline Solids 356:344–350
Lu Q, Gao F, Komarneni S (2006) Cellulose-directed growth of selenium nanobelts in solution. Chem Mater 18(1):159–163
Mayya KM, Jain N, Gole A, Langevin D, Sastrya M (2004) Time-dependent complexation of glucose-reduced gold nanoparticles with octadecylamine Langmuir monolayers. J Colloid Interface Sci 270:133–139
Prema P, Thangapandiyan S (2013) In-vitro antibacterial activity of gold nanoparticles capped with polysaccharide stabilizing agents. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 5:310–314
Qi ZM, Zhou HS, Matsuda N, Honma I, Shimada K, Takatsu A (2004) Characterization of gold nanoparticles synthesized using sucrose by seeding formation in the solid phase and seeding growth in aqueous solution. J Phy Chem B 108(22):7006–7011
Dutta PK, Dutta J, Tripathi VS (2004) Chitin and chitosan : chemistry, properties and applications. J Sci Ind Res 63:20–31
Ravi Kumar MNV (2000) A review of chitin and chitosan applications. Reactive & Functional Polymers 46:1–27
Alireza H, Niloofar H, Mohammadali G (2012) A new approach to gold nanoparticles synthesis using L-alanine and stabilizing them by chitosan. Quantum Matter 1:149–152
Fan C, Li W, Zhao S, Chen J, Li X (2008) Efficient one pot synthesis of chitosan-induced gold nanoparticles by microwave irradiation. Mater Lett 62:3518–3520
Potara M, Maniu D, Astilean S (2009) The synthesis of biocompatible and SERS active gold nanoparticles using chitosan. Nanotechnology 20:1–7
Shih CM, Shieh YT, Twu YK (2009) Preparation of gold nanopowders and nanoparticles using chitosan suspensions. Carbohydr Polym 78:309–315
Santos EB, Lima ECNLL, Oliveira CS, Sigoli FA, Mazali IO (2014) Fast detection of paracetamol on a gold nanoparticle–chitosan substrate by SERS. Anal Methods 6:3564–3568
Tiwaria AD, Mishra AK, Mishra SB, Arotiba OA, Mamba BB (2011) Green synthesis and stabilization of gold nanoparticles in chemically modified chitosan matrices. Inter J Bio Macromolecules 48:682–687
Vo KDN, Kowandy C, Dupont L, Coqueret X, Hien NQ (2014) Radiation synthesis of chitosan stabilized gold nanoparticles comparison between e− beam and γ irradiation. Rad Phy Chem 94:84–87
Wei D, Qian W (2008) Facile synthesis of Ag and Au nanoparticles utilizing chitosan as a mediator agent. Colloids Surf, B 62:136–142
Acknowledgements
This research work was supported under the Major Research Project (MRP) grant funded by University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India [F. No42-365/2013(SR)].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Esther, J., Sridevi, V. Synthesis and characterization of chitosan-stabilized gold nanoparticles through a facile and green approach. Gold Bull 50, 1–5 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13404-016-0189-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13404-016-0189-1