Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development of Metakaolin as a Pozzolanic Material from Local Natural Material, Soorh

  • Research Article - Civil Engineering
  • Published:
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This research aims to investigate and present the effect of extent of temperature and duration of heating on the pozzolanic properties and reactivity of the local available natural material, Soorh. The Soorh is activated by heating in a furnace chamber at temperatures 650, 700, 750 and \({800~^{\circ} {\rm C}}\) for 2, 3 and 6 h and at 900 and \({1000~^{\circ} {\rm C}}\) for 2-h duration. The energy- dispersive spectrometry and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are conducted to verify the presence of silica content and amorphous silica in developed metakaolin. The strength activity index (SAI) of developed metakaolin is determined with 20 % replacement of cement with metakaolin as per ASTM. The obtained results of SAI verdict that the optimal activation temperature is \({800~^{\circ} {\rm C}}\) with 2-h duration. The XRD analysis confirmed pozzolanic activity of developed metakaolin and validated the results of SAI. Moreover, it is observed that the activated metakaolin has an appreciable influence on the increase in compressive strength of the mortars.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Owaid H.M., Roszilah B.H., Taha M.R.: Review of sustainable supplementary cementitious materials as an alternative to all-Portland cement mortar and concrete. Aust. J.Basic Appl. Sci. 6(9), 287–303 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Tironi A., Trezza M.A., Scian A.N., Irassar E.F.: Assessment of pozzolanic activity of different calcined clays. Cem. Concr. Compos. 37, 319–327 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Fabbri B., Gualtieri S., Leonardi C.: Modifications induced by the thermal treatment of kaolin and determination of reactivity of metakaolin. Appl. Clay Sci. 73, 2–10 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Samet B., Mnif T., Chaabouni M.: Use of kaolinitic clay as a pozzolanic material for cements: formulation of blended cement. Cemr. Concr. Compos. 29, 741–749 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Moodi F., Ramezanianpour A.A., Safavizadeh A.S.: Evaluation of the optimal process of thermal activation of kaolin. Sci. Iran. Trans. Civil Eng. 18(4), 906–912 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Taylor-Lange S.C., Riding K.A., Juenger M.C.G.: Increasing the reactivity of metakaolin-cement blends using zinc oxide. Cem. Concr. Compos. 34, 835–847 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Nabajyoti S., Shigeru K., Toshinori K.: Thermo gravimetric investigation on the chloride binding behavior of MK-lime paste. Thermochim. acta 444, 16–25 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ramezanianpour A.A., Bahrami J.H.: Influence of metakaolin as supplementary cementing material on strength and durability of concretes. Constr. Build. Mater. 30, 470–479 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Morsy M.S.: Effect of temperature on hydration kinetics and stability of hydration phases of metakaolin–lime sludge–silica fume system. Ceram. Silik. 49(4), 237–241 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Tie-song L., De-chang J., Pei-gang H., Mei-rong W.: Thermal–mechanical properties of short carbon fiber reinforced geopolymer matrix composites subjected to thermal load. J. Cent. South Univ. Technol. 16, 0881–886 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Vu D.D., Stroeven P., Bui V.B.: Strength and durability aspects of calcined kaolin blended Portland cement mortar and concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 23, 471–478 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Xin-tao Z., Da-gen S., Ming-feng Z.: Preparation and characterization of metakaolin–phosphate cement. J. Vhongging Univ. (English Ed) 7(1), 28–34 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Liew Y.M., Kamarudin H., Mustafa A.M., Luqman M., Khairul N.I., Ruzaidi C.M.: Processing and characterization of calcined kaolin cement powder. Constr. Build. Mater. 30, 794–802 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Ambroise J., Maximilien S., Pera J.: Properties of metakaolin blended cements. Adv. Cem. Based Mater. 1, 161–168 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Peigang H., Dechang J., Meirong W., Zhou Y.: Improvement of high temperature mechanical properties of heat treated Cf/geopolymer composites by Sol–SiO2 impregnation. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 30, 3053–3061 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Jin W., Xiu-ling W., Jun-xia W., Chang-zhen L., Yuan-ming L., zun-ke H.: Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of alkali-activated slag–fly ash–metakaolin cementitious materials. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 155, 186–191 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Jun Z.Y., Sheng L., Chao W.Y., Log X.D.: Micro structural and strength evolutions of geopolymer composite reinforced by resin exposed to elevated temperature. J. Non Cryst. Solids 358, 620–624 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhang Y.S., Sun W., Li Z.J.: Hydration process of potassium polysialate (K-PSDS) geopolymer cement. Adv. Cem. Res. 17(1), 23–28 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Janotka I., Puertas F., Palacios M., Kuliffayová M., Varga C.: Metakaolin sand- blended-cement pastes: rheology, hydration process and mechanical properties. Constr. Build. Mater. 24(5), 791–802 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. ASTM (American Society for Testing and materials): C311: Standard test methods for sampling and testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for use as a mineral admixture in Portland cement concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, USA (2001)

  21. ASTM (American Society for Testing and materials): C305: Standard Practices for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, USA (2001)

  22. ASTM (American Society for Testing and materials): C109/109M: Standard test methods for compressive strength of Hydraulic Cement mortars. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, USA (2001)

  23. Rashid A.M.: Metakaolin as cementitious material: history, scours, production and composition—a comprehensive overview. Constr. Build. Mater. 41, 303–318 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. ASTM (American Society for Testing and materials): C618: Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, USA (2001)

  25. Ambroise, J.; Martin-Calle, S.; Pera, J.: Pozzolanic behavior of thermally activated kaolin. Fly ash, silica fume, slag and natural pozzolans in concrete. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on May-1, SP-132, pp. 731–748. Istanbul, Turkey (1992)

  26. Sabir B.B., Wild S., Bai J.: Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 23(6), 441–454 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan

    Abdullah Saand

  2. Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Pakistan

    Manthar Ali Keerio & Daddan Khan Bangwar

  3. Centre for Pure and Applied Geology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan

    Muhammad Kashif Samo

Authors
  1. Abdullah Saand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Manthar Ali Keerio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Daddan Khan Bangwar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Muhammad Kashif Samo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abdullah Saand.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Saand, A., Keerio, M.A., Bangwar, D.K. et al. Development of Metakaolin as a Pozzolanic Material from Local Natural Material, Soorh. Arab J Sci Eng 41, 4937–4944 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-016-2216-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-016-2216-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation