Abstract
Online handwriting is basically formed by a combination of horizontal and vertical trajectories. We employed decision fusion of semi-continuous hidden Markov model (HMM), classifiers, designed for x, y and (x, y) signals separately, to increase the recognition rate of online Farsi subwords. Because of large lexicon and few training samples for some classes, an embedded method was used to train HMM models of subwords. The result of segmentation of (x, y) signal was exploited to segment x and y signals to letters or sub-letters in the training phase. Different decision fusions of the three classifiers were investigated. The best result was achieved by applying the product rule to combine y and (x, y) classifiers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Halavati R., Shouraki S.B.: Recognition of Persian online handwriting using elastic fuzzy pattern recognition. Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell. 21(12), 491–513 (2007)
Dehghan, M.; Faez, K.; Ahmadi, M.; Shridhar, M.: Handwritten Farsi (Arabic) word recognition: a holistic approach using discrete HMM. Pattern Recognit. 34, 1057–1065 (2001)
Alirezaee, S.; Aghaeinia, H.; Faez, K.; Ahmadi, M.: Off-line recognition of handwritten middle age Persian characters using moment. Pattern Recognit. Image Anal. 16(4), 622–631 (2006)
Khosravi, H.; Kabir, E.: A blackboard approach towards integrated Farsi OCR system. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 12(1), 21–32 (2009). doi:10.1007/s10032-009-0079-7
Lorigo, L.M.; Govindaraju, V.: Offline Arabic handwriting recognition: a survey. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 28(5), 712–724 (2006)
Mahmoud, S.A.; Awaida, S.M.: Recognition of off-line handwritten Arabic (Indian) numerals using multi-Scale features and support vector machines vs. hidden Markov models. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 34(2B), 429–444 (2009)
Plamondon, R.; Srihari, N.: On-line and off-line handwriting recognition: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22(1), 63–84 (2000)
Jaeger, S.; Liu, C.L.; Nakagawa, M.: The state of the art in Japanese online handwriting recognition compared to techniques in western handwriting recognition. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 6(2), 75–88 (2003)
Liu, C.L.; Jaeger, S.; Nakagawa, M.: Online recognition of chinese characters: the state-of-the-art. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 26(2), 198–213 (2004)
Namboodiri, A.M.; Jain, A.K.: Online handwritten script recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 26(1), 124–130 (2004)
Abed, H.E.; Kherallah, M.; Margner, V.; Alimi, A.M.: On-line Arabic handwriting recognition competition, ADAB database and participating systems. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 14, 15–23 (2011). doi:10.1007/s10032-010-0124-6
Sternby, J.; Morwingb, J.; Anderssonb, J.; Fribergb, C.: (2009) On-line Arabic handwriting recognition with templates. Pattern Recognit. 42(12), 3278–3286. doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2008.12.017
Baghshah, M.S.; Shouraki, S.B.; Kasaei, S.: A novel fuzzy approach to recognition of online Persian handwriting. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA’05), Poland (2005), pp. 268–273
Ghods, V.; Kabir, E.: Feature extraction for online Farsi characters. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR), Kolkata, India (2010), pp. 477–482
Mozaffari, S.; Faez, K.; Margner, V.; El-Abed, H.: Lexicon reduction using dots for off-line Farsi/Arabic handwritten word recognition. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 29, 724–734 (2008)
Ghods, V.; Kabir, E.: Lexicon reduction using delayed strokes for the recognition of online Farsi subwords. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology (ICCET), Malaysia, pp. 125–129. ASME Press, New York (2011)
Razavi, S.M.; Kabir, E.: A simple method for online Farsi subword recognition. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2, 63–72 (2006) (in Farsi)
Liwicki, M.; Bunke, H.: Feature selection for HMM and BLSTM based handwriting recognition of whiteboard notes. Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell. 23(5), 907–923 (2009). doi:10.1142/S0218001409007417
Bunke, H.: Recognition of cursive roman handwriting-past, present and future. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (2003), pp. 448–461
Steinherz, T.; Rivlin, E.; Intrator, N.: Off-line cursive script word recognition—a survey. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 2, 90–110 (1999)
Gilloux, M.: Hidden Markov models in handwriting recognition. Springer, Berlin (1994)
The HTK book: vol. 3.3, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Cambridge (2005)
Kuncheva, L.I.: Combining pattern classifiers: methods and algorithms. Wiley (2004)
Ruta, D.; Gabrys, B.: An overview of classifier fusion methods. Comput. Inf. Syst. J. 7, 1–10 (2000)
Al-Hajj-Mohamad, R.; Likforman-Sulem, L.; Mokbel, C.: Combining slanted-frame classifiers for improved HMM-based Arabic handwriting recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 31(7), 1165–1177 (2009)
Bianne-Bernard, A.; Menasri, F.; Al-Hajj-Mohamad, R.; Mokbel, C.; Kermorvant, C.; Likforman-Sulem, L.: Dynamic and contextual information in HMM modeling for handwritten word recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 33(10), 2066–2080 (2011)
Ibrahim, M.T.; Khan, M.A.; Alimgeer, K.S.; Khan, M.K.; Taj, I.A.; Guan, L.: Velocity and pressure-based partitions of horizontal and vertical trajectories for on-line signature verification. Pattern Recognit. 43, 2817–2832 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2010.02.011
Rabiner, L.R.: A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition. Proc. IEEE 77, 257–285 (1989)
Jaeger, S.; Manke, S.; Reichert, J.; Waibel, A.: Online handwriting recognition: the NPen++ recognizer. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 3, 169–180 (2001)
Liwicki, M.; Bunke, H.: HMM-based on-line recognition of handwritten whiteboard notes. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (2006), pp. 595–599
Alkoot, F.M.; Kittler, J.: Modified product fusion. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 23, 957–965 (2002)
Khosravi H., Kabir E.: Introducing a very large dataset of handwritten Farsi digits and a study on their varieties. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 28(10), 1133–1141 (2007)
Mozaffari, S.; Abed, H.E.; Margner, V.; Faez, K.; Amirshahi, A.; IfN/Farsi-Database: A database of Farsi handwritten city names. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Montreal, Canada (2008), pp. 397–402
Haghighi, P.J.; Nobile, N.; He, C.L.; Suen, C.Y.: A new large-scale multi-purpose handwritten Farsi database. In: Kamel, M., Campilho, A., (eds.) Image analysis and processing—ICIAP 2009. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5627, pp. 278–286. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02611-9_28
Razavi, S.M.; Kabir, E.: A dataset for online Farsi handwriting. In: Proceedings of the 6th National Conference on Intelligent Systems (in Farsi), Kerman, Iran (2004), pp. 218–225
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ghods, V., Kabir, E. & Razzazi, F. Fusion of HMM Classifiers, Based on x, y and (x, y) Signals, for the Recognition of Online Farsi Handwriting: a Large Lexicon Approach. Arab J Sci Eng 39, 1713–1723 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-013-0747-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-013-0747-2