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Thermodynamic Analysis

  • Review Article - Special Issue - Mechanical Engineering
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Abstract

This review mainly summarizes some of the developments on the various aspects of thermodynamic analysis within the past 15 years. Therefore, it is limited and will omit some valuable work unintentionally, mainly because of the vast number of publications in the field. The thermodynamic analyses mainly aim at assessing the thermodynamic imperfections and suggest possible ways of improving these imperfections. In this review, thermodynamic analyses have been summarized under these methodologies: (i) second law analysis, (ii) exergy analysis, (iii) pinch analysis, (iv) equipartition principle, (v) Gibbs free energy minimization, (vi) thermoeconomics, (vii) exergoeconomics, and (viii) extended exergy analysis. The exergy analysis, which is the most popular methodology, is discussed for the following systems: (1) power cycle applications, (2) biomass and coal gasification, (3) solar energy applications, (4) refrigeration, (5) waste heat utilization, (6) distillation column systems, and (7) heat and fluid flow in micro channels. Besides that, statistical and non equilibrium thermodynamics are discussed briefly. One of the main conclusions of this review is that thermodynamic analysis has been confined mainly to heat and fluid flow systems. Thermodynamic analysis with its unifying power may be more useful and effective if it is successfully expanded toward diverse and multi-scale processes in physical, chemical, and biological systems.

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Abbreviations

a 1, a 2 :

Parameters in Eq. (6.9)

A :

Affinity, J mol−1; availability, kJ kg−1

\({\breve{A}}\) :

Affinity, J mol−1

Be :

Bejan number

c p :

Heat capacity, J kg−1 K−1

C i :

Concentration of specie i, mole m−3

de :

Exchange through the boundary

di :

Internal change

Da:

Damköhler number, dimensionless

D i :

Diffusion coefficient of species i, m2 s−1

D S,e :

Effective diffusion coefficient for the substrate S, m2 s−1

D D,e :

Coupling coefficient related to the Dufour effect, J m2 mol−1 s−1

D T,e :

Coupling coefficient related to the thermal diffusion (Soret effect), mol m−1 s−1 K−1

e :

Energy source per unit volume (W/m3),

ex :

Specific exergy, kW kg−1

ex f :

Exergy flow, kW kg−1

Ex :

Exergy, kW

E :

Activation energy of the chemical reaction, J mol−1

F :

Faraday constant

H :

Enthalpy, kJ/kg

ΔH r :

Reaction enthalpy, J mol−1

I :

Current, A

g :

Gravitation acceleration, m s−2

G :

Gibbs free energy

J :

Diffusive mass flux (flow), mol m−2 s−1

J q :

Conduction heat flux (flow), W m−2

J r :

Volumetric reaction rate, mol m−3 s−1

K :

Thermal conductivity

k e :

Effective thermal conductivity, W m−1 K−1

k B :

Boltzmann constant

k i :

Rate constant for chemical reaction i

K :

Equilibrium constant

L ik :

Phenomenological coefficients

L qr :

Element of coupling coefficient between chemical reaction and heat flow, mol K/(m2 s)

L ir :

Element of coupling coefficient between chemical reaction and mass flow, mol2 K/(J m2 s)

Le:

Modified Lewis number, dimensionless

L ik :

Phenomenological coefficients

L qr :

Coupling coefficient between chemical reaction and heatflow, mol K m−2 s−1

L Sr :

Coupling coefficient between chemical reaction and massflow, mol2 K J−1 m−2 s−1

m :

Mass, kg

n :

Number of moles, number of components

N :

Amount, mole, kg

N r :

Number of independent reactions

Q :

Partition function

p i :

Probability

P :

Pressure, kPa; total entropy production, kJ K−1

P*:

Saturation pressure

q :

Conduction heat flow, W/m2

q C :

Condenser duty, W

q R :

Reboiler duty, W

r :

Spacial vector, m

R :

Gas constant, kJ mol−1 K−1

S :

Entropy, kJ K−1

\({\dot{S}_{\rm prod}}\) :

Rate of entropy production

t :

Time, s−1

T :

Temperature, K

T o :

Reference temperature

u :

Internal energy

v:

Velocity m s−1

V :

Total volume, m3

y :

gas phase composition

W :

Work

x :

Thermodynamic force ratio

X :

Thermodynamic force

z :

Elevation, dimensionless distance; charge

Z :

Phenomenological stoichiometry; partition function, configuration integral

α :

Number of atoms

γ :

Arrhenius group, dimensionless

\({\varepsilon}\) :

Cross coefficient related to Soret effect,dimensionless

η :

Energy conversion efficiency

θ :

Dimensionless concentration defined

κ :

Cross coefficient dimensionless

μ :

Chemical potential, J/mol

ρ :

Density, kg/m3

σ :

Entropy production; cross coefficient, dimensionless

τ :

Dimensionless time

τ q :

Phase-lag in the heat flux

τ T :

Phase-lag in the temperature gradient

Θ:

Viscous dissipation function, s−2

\({\varphi}\) :

Dimensionless temperature

ω :

Cross coefficient related to Dufour effect, dimensionless

θ :

Dimensionless composition

λ :

Relation in Eq. (7.1)

ν :

Stoichiometric coefficient

\({\psi}\) :

Electric potential, V

τ :

Dimensionless time

ω :

Dimensionless parameter related to Dufour effect

b:

Backward

D:

Dufour

e:

Effective

ext:

External

eq:

Equilibrium

f:

Forward

r:

Reaction

S:

Soret

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  1. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA

    Yaşar Demirel

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Demirel, Y. Thermodynamic Analysis. Arab J Sci Eng 38, 221–249 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-012-0450-8

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