Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Detection frequency of human herpesviruses-6A, -6B, and -7 genomic sequences in central nervous system DNA samples from post-mortem individuals with unspecified encephalopathy

  • Published:
Journal of NeuroVirology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this autopsy-based study, human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and -7 (HHV-7) genomic sequence frequency, HHV-6 variants, HHV-6 load and the expression of HHV-6 antigens in brain samples from the individuals, with and without unspecified encephalopathy (controls), using nested and real-time polymerase chain reactions, restriction endonuclease, and immunohistochemical analysis were examined. GraphPad Prism 6.0 Mann-Whitney nonparametric and chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis. The encephalopathy diagnoses were shown by magnetic resonance imaging made during their lifetime and macro- and microscopically studied autopsy tissue materials. Widespread HHV-6 and/or HHV-7 positivity was detected in the brain tissue of various individuals with encephalopathy, as well as in controls (51/57, 89.4 % and 35/51, 68.6 %, respectively; p = 0.009). Significantly higher detection frequency of single HHV-6 and concurrent HHV-6 + HHV-7 DNA was found in pia mater meninges, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and olfactory tract DNAs in individuals with encephalopathy compared to the control group. HHV-6 load and higher frequency of the viral load >10 copies/106 cells significantly differed in samples from individuals with and without encephalopathy. The expression of HHV-6 antigens was revealed in different neural cell types with strong predominance in the encephalopathy group. In all HHV-6-positive autopsy samples of individuals with and without encephalopathy, HHV-6B was revealed. Significantly higher detection frequency of beta-herpesvirus DNA, more often detected HHV-6 load >10 copies/106 cells, as well as the expression of HHV-6 antigens in different brain tissue samples from individuals with encephalopathy in comparison with control group indicate on potential involvement of these viruses in encephalopathy development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbott NJ, Patabendige AA, Dolman DE, Yusof SR, Begley DJ (2010) Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier. Neurobiol Dis 37:13–25. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.030

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aberle SW, Mandi CW, Kunz C, Popow-Kraupp T (1996) Presence of human herpes virus 6 variants A and B in saliva and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy adults. J Clin Microbiol 34:3223–3225

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ablashi DV, Eastman HB, Owen CB, Roman MM, Friedman J, Zabriskie JB, Peterson DL, Pearson GR, Whitman JE (2000) Frequent HHV-6 reactivation in multiple sclerosis (MS) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients. J Clin Virol 16:179–191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ablashi D, Agut H, Alvarez-Lafuente R, Clark DA, Dewhurst S, DiLuca D, Flamand L, Frenkel N, Gallo R, Gompels UA, Höllsberg P, Jacobson S, Luppi M, Lusso P, Malnati M, Medveczky P, Mori Y, Pellett PE, Pritchett JC, Yamanishi K, Yoshikawa T (2014) Classification of HHV-6A and HHV-6B as distinct viruses. Arch Virol 159:863–870. doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1902-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahlqvist J, Fortheringham J, Akhyani N, Yao K, Fogdell-Hahn A, Jacobson S (2005) Differential tropism of human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) variants and induction of latency by HHV-6A in oligodendrocytes. J Neurovirol 11:384–394

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albright AV, Lavi E, Black JB, Goldberg S, O’Connor MJ, Gonzalez-Scarano F (1998) The effect of human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) on cultured human neural cells: oligodendrocytes and microglia. J Neurovirol 4:486–494

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arbuckle JH, Pantry SN, Medveczky MM, Prichett J, Loomis KS, Ablashi D, Medveczky PG (2013) Mapping the telomere integrated genome of human herpes virus 6A and 6B. Virology 442:3–11. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2013.03.030

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ballabh P, Braun A, Nedergaard M (2004) The blood-brain barrier: an overview: structure, regulation, and clinical implications. Neurobiol Dis 16:1–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bansal AS, Bradley AS, Bishop KN, Kiani-Alikhan S, Ford B (2012) Chronic fatigue syndrome, the immune system and viral infection. Brain Behav Immun 26:24–31. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.06.016

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bates M, Monze M, Bima H, Kapambwe M, Clark D, Kasolo FC, Gompels UA (2009) Predominant human herpesvirus 6 variant A infant infections in an HIV-1 endemic region of Sub-Saharan Africa. J Med Virol 81:779–789

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Behzad-Behbabani A, Mikaeili MH, Entezam M, Mojiri A, Pour GY, Arasteh MM, Rahsaz M, Banihashemi M, Khadang B, Moaddeb A, Nematollahi Z, Azarpira N (2011) Human herpesvirus-6 viral load and antibody titer in serum samples of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 44:247–251. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2010.08.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berneman ZN, Ablashi DV, Li G, Eger-Fletcher M, Reitz MS Jr, Hung CL, Brus I, Komaroff AL, Gallo RC (1992) Human herpesvirus 7 is a T-lymphotropic virus and is related to, but significantly different from, human herpesvirus 6 and human cytomegalovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:10552–10556

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bhanushali MJ, Kranick SM, Freeman AF, Cuellar-Rodriguez JM, Battiwalla M, Gea-Banacloche JC, Hickstein DD, Fahle G, Nath A (2013) Human herpes 6 virus encephalitis complicating allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Neurology 80:1494–1500. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31828cf8a2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boutolleau D, Duros C, Bonnafous P, Caiola D, Karras A, Castro ND, Ouachee M, Narcy P, Gueudin M, Agut H, Gautheret-Dejean (2006) Identification of human herpesvirus 6 variants A and B by primer-specific real-time PCR may help to revisit their respective role in pathology. J Clin Virol 35:257–263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caruso A, Favilli F, Rotola A, Comar M, Horejsh D, Alessandri G, Grassi M, Di Luca D, Fiorentini S (2003) Human herpesvirus-6 modulates RANTES production in primary human endothelial cell cultures. J Med Virol 70:451–458

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan PK, Ng HK, Cheung JL, Ng KC, Cheng AF (2000) Prevalence and distribution of human herpesvirus 7 in normal brain. J Med Virol 62:345–348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan PK, Ng HK, Hui M, Cheng AF (2001) Prevalence and distribution of human herpesvirus 6 variants A and B in adult human brain. J Med Virol 64:42–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapenko S, Millers A, Nora Z, Logina I, Kukaine R, Murovska M (2003) Correlation between HHV-6 reactivation and multiple sclerosis disease activity. J Med Virol 69:111–117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapenko S, Krumina A, Kozireva S, Nora Z, Sultanova A, Viksna L, Murovska M (2006) Activation of human herpesvirus 6 and 7 in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Virol 37(Suppl 1):47–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapenko S, Folkmane I, Ziedina I, Chistyakovs M, Rozentals R, Krumina A, Murovska M (2009) Association of HHV-6 and HHV-7 reactivation with the development of chronic allograft nephropathy. J Clin Virol 46:29–32. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2009.05.018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapenko S, Krumina A, Logina I, Rasa S, Chistjakovs M, Sultanova A, Viksna L, Murovska M (2012a) Association of active human herpesvirus-6, -7 and parvovirus B19 with clinical outcomes in patients with mialgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Adv Virol 2012:205085. doi:10.1155/2012/205085

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chapenko S, Trociukas I, Donina S, Chistyakov M, Sultanova A, Gravelsina S, Lejniece S, Murovska M (2012b) Relationship between beta-herpesviruses reactivation and development of complication after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. J Med Virol 84:1953–1960. doi:10.1002/jmv.23412

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen T, Hudnall SD (2006) Anatomical mapping of human herpesvirus reservoirs of infection. Mod Pathol 19:726–737

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen JI, Fahle G, Kemp MA, Apakupakul K, Margolis (2010) Human herpesvirus 6-A, 6-B and 7 invitreous fluid samples. J Med Virol 82:996–999. doi:10.1002/JMV.21751

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cuomo L, Trivedi P, Cardillo MR, Gagliardi FM, Vecchione A, Caruso R, Calogero A, Frati L, Faggioni A, Ragona G (2001) Human herpesvirus 6 infection in neoplastic and normal brain tissue. J Med Virol 63:45–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dewhurst S, Mcintyre K, Schnabel K, Hall CB (1993) Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) variant B accounts for the majority of symptomatic primary HHV-6 infections in a population of U.S. infants. J Clin Microbiol 31:416–418

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Donati D, Akhyani N, Fogdell-Hahn A, Cermelli C, Cassiani-Ingoni R, Vortmeyer A, Heiss JD, Cogen P, Gaillard WD, Sato S, Theodore WH, Jacobson S (2003) Detection of HHV-6 in mesial lobe epilepsy surgical brain resections. Neurology 61:1405–1411

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Donati D, Marinelli E, Cassian-Ingoni R, Ahiqvist J, Hou J, Jacobson S (2005) Variant-specific tropism of human herpesvirus 6 in human astrocytes. J Virol 79:9439–9448

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Esposito L, Drexler JF, Braganza O, Doberentz E, Grote A, Widman G, Drosten C, Eis-Hübinger AM, Schoch S, Elger CE, Becker AJ, Niehusmann P (2015) Large-scale analysis of viral nucleic acid spectrum in temporal lobe epilepsy biopsies. Epilepsia 56:234–243. doi:10.1111/epi12890

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fotheringham J, Akhiani N, Vortmeyer A, Donati D, Williams E, Oh U, Bishop M, Barrett J, Gea-Banacloche J, Jacobsons S (2007a) Detection of active human herpesvirus-6 infection in the brain: correlation with polymerase chain reaction detection in cerebrospinal fluid. J Infect Dis 195:450–453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fotheringham J, Donati D, Akhyani N, Fogdell-Hahn A, Vortmeyer A, Heiss JD, Williams E, Weinstein S, Bruce DA, Gaillard WD, Sato S, Theodore WH, Jacobsons S (2007b) Association of human herpesvirus-6B with mesial temporal lobe epilepsia. PLoS Med 4:e180

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimaki K, Mori T, Kida A, Tanaka M, Kawai N, Matsushima T, Kishi K, Fujisawa S, Sakura T, Yokota A, Kanda Y, Taguchi J, Akiyama H, Kanamori H, Maruta A, Okamoto S, Sakamaki H (2006) Human herpesvirus 6 meningoencephalitis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Int J Hematol 84:432–437

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ginanneschi F, Donati D, Moschettini D, Dominici F, Cermelli C, Rossi A (2007) Encepaloradiculomyelitis associated to HHV-7 and CMV co-infection in immunonompetent host. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 109:272–276

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman AD, Mock DJ, Powers JM, Baker JV, Blumberg BM (2003) Human herpesvirus genome and antigen in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. J Infect Dis 187:1365–1376

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall CB, Caserta MT, Schnabel KC, Long C, Epstein LG, Insel RA, Dewhurst S (1998) Persistence of human herpesvirus 6 according to site and variant: possible greater neurotropism of variant A. Clin Infect Dis 26:132–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harberts E, Yao K, Wohler JE, Maric D, Ohayon J, Henkin R, Jacobson S (2011) Human herpesvirus-6 entry into the central nervous system through the olfactory pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:13734–13739. doi:10.1073/pnas.1105143108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • He J, McCarthy M, Zhou Y, Chandran B, Wood C (1996) Infection of primary human fetal astrocytes by human herpesvirus 6. J Virol 70:1296–1300

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufer BB, Flamand L (2014) Chromosomally integrated HHV-6: impact on virus, cell and organismal biology. Curr Opin Virol 9:111–118. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2014.09.010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura Y, Nakayama A, Kato T, Miura H, Ishihara N, Ihira M, Takahashi Y, Matsuda K, Yoshikawa T (2015) Pathogenic role of human herpesvirus 6B infection in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. J Infect Dis

  • Kempf W, Adams V, Mirandola P, Menotti L, Di Luca D, Wey N, Muller B, Campadelli-Fuime G (1998) Persistence of human herpesvirus 7 in normal tissues detected by expression of a structural antigen. J Infect Dis 178:841–845

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kozireva S, Užameckis D, Bariševs M, Murovska M (2009) Sensitivity and reproducibility of polymerase chain reaction assays for detection of human herpesviruses 6 and 7. Proc Latvian Acad Sci 63:180–185, Scopus

    Google Scholar 

  • Massih RCA, Razonable RR (2009) Human herpesvirus 6 infection after liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 15:2561–2569. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.2561

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meyding-Lamade U, Strank C (2012) Herpesvirus infections of the central nervous system in immunocompromised patients. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 5:279–296. doi:10.1177/1756285612456234

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mirandola P, Secchiero P, Pierpaoli S, Visani G, Zamai L, Vitale M, Capitani S, Zauli G (2000) Infection of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells by human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7). Blood 96:126–131

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mori Y, Yamanishi K (2007) HHV-6A, 6B, and HHV-7: pathogenesis, host response, and clinical disease. In: Arvin A, Campadelli-Fuime G, Mocarski E, Moore PS, Roizman B, Whitley R, Yamanishi K (eds) Human herpesviruses: biology, therapy, and immunoprophylaxis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Chapter 46

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa T, Kimura I, Abe Y, Oka A (2007) HHV-6 encephalopathy with cluster of convulsions during eruptive stage. Pediatr Neurol 36:61–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niehusmann P, Mittelstaedt T, Bien CG, Drexler JF, Grote A, Schoch S, Becker A (2010) Presence of human herpes virus 6 DNA exclusively in temporal lobe epilepsy brain tissue of patients with history of encephalitis. Epilepsia 51:2478–2483. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02741.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nora-Krukle Z, Chapenko S, Logina I, Millers A, Platkajis A, Murovska M (2011) Human herpesvirus 6 and 7 reactivation and disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Medicina (Kaunas) 47:527–531

    Google Scholar 

  • Opsahl ML, Kennedy PG (2005) Early and late HHV-6 gene transcripts in multiple sclerosis lesions and normal appearing white matter. Brain 128:516–527

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roga S, Gardovskis J, Pavārs A, Berķis U (2014) Brain tissue post-mortem detection techniques for pathomorphologic brain examination in cases of encephalopathy, Patent, International application No.PTC/LV2014/000012

  • Scheurer ME, Pritchett JC, Amirian ES, Zemke NR, Lusso P, Ljungman P (2013) HHV-6 encefalitis in umbilical cord blood transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant 48:574–580. doi:10.1038/bmt.2012.180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Secchiero P, Carrigan DR, Asano Y, Benedetti L, Crowley RW, Komaroff AL, Gallo RC, Lusso P (1995) Detection of human herpesvirus 6 in plasma of children with primary infection and immunosuppressed patients by polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 171:273–280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimomura (2015) Battle with herpes for 37 years. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 119:145–166, Abstract

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strenger V, Caselli E, Lautenschlager I, Schwinger W, Aberle SW, Loginov R, Gentili V, Nacheva E, DiLuca D, Urban C (2014) Detection of HHV-6-specific mRNA and antigens in PBMCs of individuals with chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (ciHHV-6). Clin Microbiol Infect 20:1027–1032. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12639

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka K, Kondo T, Torigoe S, Okada S, Mukai T, Yamanishi K (1994) Human herpesvirus 7: another agent for roseola (exanthem subitum). J Pediatr 125:1–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka-Taya K, Kondo T, Mukai T, Miyoshi H, Yamamoto Y, Okada S, Yamanishi K (1996) Seroepidemiological study of human herpesvirus-6 and -7 in children of different ages and detection of these two viruses in throat swabs by polymerase chain reaction. J Med Virol 48:88–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Theodore WH, Shinnar S, Gaillard WD, Wainwright MS, Epstein L, Jacobson S (2008) Human herpes virus 6B: a possible role in epilepsy? Epilepsia 49:1828–1837

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tomsone V, Logina I, Millers A, Chapenko S, Kozireva S, Murovska M (2001) Association of human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 with demyelinating diseases of the nervous system. J Neurovirol 7:564–569

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torigoe S, Koide W, Yamada M, Miyashiro E, Tanaka-Taya K, Yamanishi K (1996) Human herpesvirus 7 infection associated with central nervous system manifestations. J Pediatr 129:301–305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang LR, Dong LJ, Zhang MJ, Lu DP (2006) The impact of human herpesvirus 6B reactivation on early complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 12:1031–1037

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward KN, Kalima P, MacLeod KM, Riordan T (2002) Neuroinvasion during delayed primary HHV-7 infection in an immunocompetent adult with encephalitis and flaccid paralysis. J Med Virol 67(4):538–541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward KN, Leong HN, Nacheva EP, Howard J, Atkinson CE, Davies NWS, Griffiths PD, Clark DA (2006) Human herpesvirus 6 chromosomal integration in immunocompetent patients results in high levels of viral DNA in blood, sera, and hair follicles. J Clin Microbiol 44:1571–1574. doi:10.1128/JCM.44.4.1571-1574.2006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss N, Miller F, Cazaubon S, Couraud PO (2009) The blood-brain barrier in brain homeostasis and neurological diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1788:842–857. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.022

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamanishi K, Okuno T, Shiraki K, Takahashi M, Kondo T, Asano Y, Kurata T (1988) Identification of human herpesvirus-6 as a causal agent of exanthema subitum. Lancet 1:1065–1067

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yao K, Mandel M, Akhyani N, Maynard K, Sengamalay N, Fortheringham J, Ghedin E, Kashanchi F, Jacobson S (2006) Differential HHV-6A gene expression in T cells and primary human astrocytes based on multi-virus array analysis. Glia 53:789–798

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yao K, Crawford JR, Komaroff AL, Ablashi DV, Jacobson S (2010) Review part 2: human herpesvirus-6 in central nervous system diseases. J Med Virol 82:1669–1678. doi:10.1002/jmv.21861, Review

  • Yoshikawa T, Asano Y (2000) Central nervous system complications in human herpesvirus 6 infection. Brain Dev 22:307–314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshikawa T, Asano Y, Akimoto S, Ozaki T, Iwasaki T, Kurata T, Goshima F, Nishiyama Y (2002) Latent infection of human herpesvirus 6 in astrocytoma cell line and alteration of cytokine synthesis. J Med Virol 66:497–505

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshinari S, Hamano S, Minamitani M, Tanaka M, Eto Y (2007) Human herpesvirus 6 encephalopathy predominantly affecting the frontal lobes. Pediatr Neurol 36:13–16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, de Bolle L, Aquaro S, van Lommel A, DE Clerco E, Schols D (2001) Productive infection of primary macrophages with human herpesvirus 7. J Virol 75:10511–11051

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a grant from the Latvian Council of Sciences (Nr. 478/2012) “Elucidation of the involvement of β-herpes viruses HHV-6 and HHV-7 infection in the development of encephalopathy, encephalitis, and epilepsy by using multidisciplinary approach” and BALTINFECT project (Nr. 316275).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. August Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, Ratsupites iela 5, Riga, Latvia

    Svetlana Chapenko, Santa Rasa, Maksims Cistjakovs, Simons Svirskis, Zane Zaserska & Modra Murovska

  2. Study Department, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia

    Silvija Roga

  3. Pathology Department, Riga 1st Hospital, Riga, Latvia

    Silvija Roga

  4. Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia

    Sandra Skuja & Valerija Groma

Authors
  1. Svetlana Chapenko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Silvija Roga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sandra Skuja
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Santa Rasa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Maksims Cistjakovs
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Simons Svirskis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Zane Zaserska
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Valerija Groma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Modra Murovska
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Svetlana Chapenko.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethics approval

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Riga Stradins University.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chapenko, S., Roga, S., Skuja, S. et al. Detection frequency of human herpesviruses-6A, -6B, and -7 genomic sequences in central nervous system DNA samples from post-mortem individuals with unspecified encephalopathy. J. Neurovirol. 22, 488–497 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-015-0417-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-015-0417-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation